연구결과 첫째, 통제변수로 투입된 일반적 특성에서는 성별, 연령, 최종학력, 가족지지가 취업에 정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났고, 기 초생활보장여부에서는 부적인 결과로 나타났다. 둘째, 독립변수로 투입 된 직업적 능력수준과 고용서비스 이용경험 정도에서는 직업적 능력을 보유한 사람이 그렇지 못한 사람에 비해 취업가능성이 높은 것으로 나 타났고, 단순근로 이상의 수행가능여부가 높을수록 취업의 가능성이 높 은 것으로 나타났다. 고용서비스 이용경험정도에서는 고용서비스 이용 경험이 많을수록 취업가능성이 높게 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 발달 장애인의 취업 가능성을 높이기 위한 정책적·실천적 함의를 제시하였 다.

PURPOSES: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of pavement management works and to develop a function for estimating the level of service (LOS) and cost of service (COS) for the systematic and quantitative management of pavement performance in the public sector. METHODS: The International Roughness Index (IRI) was used as the performance index for pavement management. Long-term pavement performance data for a period of 7 years (2007-2014) collected by the National Highway Pavement Management System and historical maintenance budget data published by the South Korean government were used to develop the LOS-COS function. Based on the function, a model for estimating the appropriate budget as well as the network conditions was suggested. RESULTS : There was high degree of correlation between pavement performance and the investment level (R = - 0.74). The developed LOS-COS function suggested that the unit cost to improve the network IRI to 1 m/km was 32.6 billion KRW. Further, the maintenance costs normalized with respect to the LOS levels were LOS-A = 88.2 billion KRW, LOS-B = 55.6 billion KRW, and LOS-C = 23.0 billion KRW. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a simple way of developing a LOS-COS function. It also shows how to develop a network budget demand and condition estimation model using the LOS-COS function. In addition, it is the first attempt to evaluate the road maintenance budget in South Korea. It is expected that these results will help in the negotiations between the road managers and budget makers.

국내에서는 도로관리를 위해 포장, 교량 등 주요 시설물에 대하여 현황관리, 시설물 조사 등을 위해 포 장관리시스템(PMS), 교량관리시스템(BMS)등의 시설물별 유지관리시스템을 운영 중이며, 조사결과를 토 대로 보수공법 및 우선순위를 선정하고 예산범위 내에 보수 ․ 보강공사를 시행하고 있다. 반면, 미국, 호 주, 뉴질랜드 등의 해외 선진국에서는 자산관리시스템을 도입하여 시설물의 조사결과를 토대로 시설물의 관리 목표, 생애주기 비용등을 종합적으로 검토하여 유지보수를 시행하여, 예산의 효율적 사용과 정량적 가치평가를 위한 근거자료로도 활용하고 있다. 이에 국내에서도 도로법 개정(14.1.14)으로 인하여 도로건 설·관리계획(5년)의 수립시 도로 자산의 활용 ․ 운용에 관한 사항을 포함토록 하고 있어“도로 자산관리체 계”에 대한 연구가 필요하게 되었다. 특히, 자산관리체계에서는 서비스수준(LOS: Level Of Service)에 따른 관리 목표의 설정을 통해, 서비 스수준과 시설물 중요도 및 위험도 등을 기준으로 최적의 투자 우선순위를 결정하게 되므로 서비스수준의 설정은 자산관리체계 도입에 있어 핵심적인 요소라 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 도로자산관리체계 도입을 위한 기초연구로 대전지방국토관리청 내의 일반국도 1호선을 대상으로 도로포장중심의 일반국도 서비스수준 산정방안을 제시하고자 한다. 대상구간은 총 134.2km의 연장으로 이 중 주기적으로 포장상태 자료 획득이 가능한 포장관리시스템의 모니터링구간을 대상으로 서비스 수준을 평가하였다. 일반적인 도로에서의 서비스 수준 선정항목은 크게 시설유지보수(Preservation), 이동성(Mobility), 안전성(Safety), 환경관리(Environmental Stewardship) 측면으로 나누어진다. 하지만 본 연구에서는 기존 유지관리 시스템과의 연계성을 고려하여 시설유지보수 의 도로포장 요소만 고려하여 서비스수준을 산정하였다. 해외 선진국들은 포장의 서비스수준을 산정하기 위한 성능지표로 크게 노면의 종단평탄성, 소성변형, 균열률, 포트홀, 마찰저항 등의 지표를 채택하고 있 음을 알 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전문가 회의 및 자료의 취득성을 고려하여 균열률, 소성변형, 종단 평탄성(IRI) 지표를 포장의 서비스수준 평가를 위한 지표로 채택하였으며 성능평가를 위한 척도는 <표 1> 과 같이 구성하였다. 또한, 전문가를 대상으로 한 설문조사자료를 AHP 기법을 활용하여 성능지표별 가중 치의 설정을 통해 구간별 서비스수준을 산정하였다. 본 연구에서는 포장관리시스템과의 연계성을 고려하여 서비스 수준의 산정방안을 제시하였다. 향후, 구간별 혹은 지역별 서비스 수준 산정결과를 기초로 하는 경제성분석을 통해 최적의 관리전략 및 효율적 인 예산배분전략의 수립이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The function failure of present major facilities is likely to lead to failure of related systems and/or whole facilities, increasing the necessity for protection of infrastructures, main structures, and major industrial facilities. In addition, safe and efficient management for urban infrastructure (waterworks and sewerage facilities, electricity, telecommunications, roads, etc) installed in the basement or on large cities grounds at various public areas is required. Recently in response to this demand, efforts for vitalizing asset management are being made such as enacting related laws and developing asset management system in the U.S., Australia, Europe and other advanced countries with the concept for a new maintenance. In our county, identifying maintenance system problems such as aging and rapid increasing of existing infrastructures and decision-making about updating maintenance is required for systematic and organizational maintenance. In this study, by comparing and observing the LOS(Level of Service) of each countries’ waterworks and risk-based LOS, we suggest the direction of future urban water infrastructure management systems for more effective management.

PURPOSES: This paper aims at the implementation of a balanced scorecard that can be widely applied to modern business management for use in the public road management sector. METHODS: This study applied the newly developed LOS-based balanced scorecard system instead of a traditional Key Performance Index (KPI) for better decision making in asset management planning. As an evaluation technique, a“ hierarchical alignment and cascading method” is also suggested. Finally, the suggested system has been empirically applied to a regional government. RESULTS : To provide stable and sustainable road services, the balanced scorecard informs the regional government of needed improvements in its asset management plans regarding budget optimization, structural management, the development of inner-business processes, and human resources. CONCLUSIONS : An LOS-based balanced scorecard for managing road services and organizations in a quantitative manner has been successfully developed and tested through a field study. The developed scorecard is a timely topic and a useful analytical tool for coping with the new phases of an aging infrastructure, tighter budgets, and demand for greater public accountability.

PURPOSES : The key point of a multimodal LOS (level-of-service) evaluation system is that all of the modes are mutually associated to determine each mode’s LOS. For example, the LOS of the bicycle mode is measured based on not only bicycle volumes, but also automobile volumes. However, the Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) still focuses on the automobile mode in evaluating the LOS of the roads. Additionally, the KHCM’s LOS of the other modes, except for the automobile, is not consistent with actual road conditions. The KHCM, therefore, needs to develop and introduce a multimodal LOS system in order to evaluate the service conditions more accurately . METHODS: As a preliminary step to the introduction of multimodal LOS research, in this study the current problem of the KHCM’s LOS system through a close review and comparison with other HCMs (highway capacity manuals) was identified. Secondly, a field survey and investigation of the urban streets to apply the HCM’s multimodal LOS system was conducted. Finally, a comparison analysis of the results of the HCM and KHCM LOS was performed. RESULTS: In the study, it was found that the results of the LOS for the automobile mode did not show a significant difference between the HCM and KHCM. However, the LOS of the bicycle and pedestrian mode tended to be worse in the multimodal LOS system, which results from considering the effects of the automobile mode. Moreover, it was found that many cases have the potential to improve the overall LOS conditions, while reducing the automobile capacity. CONCLUSIONS: With the introduction of the multimodal LOS system, road diet and complete streets can be easily applied to ans actual road improvement project. Ultimately, the multimodal LOS system should be introduced into the KHCM, which can then be applied to traffic impact studies and other road improvement projects for more accurate evaluations.

전반적인 경영환경의 글로벌화가 진전되고 기업의 국제 활동이 더욱 증가함에 따라 서비스기업들의 국제 활동 도 증가하고 있다. 다국적 기업의 해외시장 진입방식 선택 문제는 국제화 전략과 관련된 가장 중요한 의사결정 영역 중의 하나이다. 서비스기업에 있어서도 이러한 연구주제에 대한 학자들의 관심이 비교적 많은 편이지만, 서 비스기업 중 외식서비스기업에 대한 연구는 그 해외진출 활동 현황에 비해 아직 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 제조업과 구별되는 서비스 특성을 지닌 한국 외식서비스기업을 대상으로 해외시장 진입방식 및 경영 통제수준 결정요인이라는 연구주제를 고찰하고 실증적으로 분석하였다. 84개 기업, 103개 브랜드, 246개 해외 진출 건수를 표본으로 설문조사하여 얻은 107개(응답률 43.5%) 자료에 대한 로짓과 회귀분석 결과 진입방식과 경영 통제수준의 결정요인은 상당히 다르게 나타났다. 한국 외식서비스기업의 해외시장 진입방식 결정에는 서비스의 종류, 경쟁우위, 기업의 규모 등이 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 경영 통제수준에는 경쟁우위, 국제 경험, 문화적 거리, 시장기회, 최고 경영자의 마인드 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 진입방식과 경영 통제수준 사이의 관련성에도 불구하고 이 둘에 대한 연구 접근 방식이 달라야 함을 의미하기도 한다.

PURPOSES: The aim of this paper is developing user-oriented flexible Level Of Service (LOS) system for integrated asset management of various road facilities. It is essential to overcome limitations of general management systems which only focus on a type of assets (e.g. pavement, bridge etc.), and to serve a customizable LOS platform for smooth implementation and future improvement of the LOS considering various managerial environments of road agencies. METHODS: This study suggested a total framework of the LOS system as a process for self-development, operation and improvement of LOS system to conduct the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) in management process. In the process, we adopted user-customizable elements regarding asset definition, service index and evaluation method to match with the managerial environment of road agencies. In addition, we conducted an empirical study on the entire process of the suggested LOS system with a real road agency (Korea Express Highway) to prove applicability of the LOS system. RESULTS: From the empirical study, we confirmed that the suggested LOS system framework were suitable for development of customized LOS system. In addition, evaluation of asset conditions by LOS ratings, and quantification of vision achievement of the Korea Express Highway were successfully made. It would be the first trial in integrated management approach with LOS systems for numerous road facilities. CONCLUSIONS : It was recognized that easy application and sustainable improvement of the LOS was the most critical point in asset management. The suggested LOS system would be a powerful weapon as a managerial tool in preparing tight budget, aging infrastructures, and increased demands for more accountability both in Korea and internationally. Implementation of the LOS system needs to be expanded to the other infrastructure members to serve satisfactory level of service to taxpayers.

PURPOSES: This study analyzes the available working time at work-zone on the Expressway in accordance to the new capacity manual. METHODS: Sensitivity analysis on variables were conducted to calculate the adjusted capacity at work-zone based on previous researches. RESULTS : The main factors which affect available working time at the work-zone were its capacity, number of lanes, terrain and lane width. Other factors have minimal effect on the available working time. Based on the analysis, a calendar of lane closures was suggested. CONCLUSIONS : A series of studies concluded that the capacity at work-zone in the new capacity manual reduced to 76-82% of the existing manual. As such, the available working time decreased. Furthermore, the factors affecting the available working time needs to be considered when making a plan to rehabilitate the distressed pavement.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to estimate level of service of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes. METHODS : On 6 Exclusive Median Bus Lanes routes in Seoul, bus travel time and number of bus-stop per km were investigated. Also whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop was checked. Based on the data from sites, bus travel time was estimated according to length of segment, number of bus-stop per km and whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop. RESULTS : A bus travel time table was developed according to length of segment, number of bus-stop per km and whether or not passing lane exists at bus-stop. After bus travel speed and passenger car travel speed is estimated based on each travel time table and length of segment, two speeds are combined with weighted average speed using traffic volume of each lane group. Then weighted average speed is a measure of effectiveness of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes. CONCLUSIONS : It can be concluded that the proposed methodology can estimate level of service of arterial including Exclusive Median Bus Lanes considering the operation characteristics of Exclusive Median Bus Lanes.

PURPOSES : This study is to develop speed correction factor for more realistic Level-of-Service(LOS) at multilane highway. METHODS : In this study, we compared speed difference the degree of speed reductions in actual multilane road conditions with speed reduction considering speed correction factor presented in highway capacity manual using statistical techniques. And also we presents new speed correction factor analyzing collected data at national highway No.1 (Goyang~Wolrung). RESULTS : The result of analyzing and comparing new suggested speed correction factor with speed correction factor in Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) shows RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) in new speed correction factor (RMSE 1.5) is much lower than existing speed correction factor (RMSE 13.4). New suggested speed correction can be used for analyzing Level-of-Service at multilane highway. And also we suggests improvements for analysis procedure in analyzing Level-of-Service at multilane highway CONCLUSIONS : As a result of comparing differences, we draw the causes that effect the differences in speed and suggest new speed correction factor that consider traffic volumes. It can be more rational because it uses speed correction factor which can consider more realistic traffic conditions, etc.

PURPOSES : This paper aims to improve the evaluation method of the Level of Service(LOS) for urban streets presented by the current Korean Highway Capacity Manual(KHCM) and suggest its utilization plan as a part of the methods to evaluate the sustainability of a transportation policy. METHODS : This paper carried out a research in 3 steps to develop a new evaluation method. First of all, this paper reviewed the previous studies related to the LOS of urban streets and the socially requested items for a sustainable transportation system. Then this paper derived an index and weight through expert questions to select an evaluation index. Lastly, this paper compared the results according to the existing evaluation methods with the new evaluation methods through case studies. This paper used an Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) for importance analysis and weight selection between new evaluation items and indices, and applied a Grey System Theory(GST) for a synthetic and integrated evaluation between the selected evaluation indices. RESULTS : As a result of evaluating the LOS according to the existing evaluation methods and the integrated evaluation methods using a GST through case studies, it was analyzed that new methods' results are less than or equal to the existing evaluation methods; and as a result of applying a weight between evaluation indices according to AHP, it was noticed that the total score seems to rise more when the LOS in the existing evaluation is calculated lower. It was analyzed that the LOS calculated by reflecting the newly established evaluation items and the importance between indices in this study has difference from the LOS of the existing urban streets. CONCLUSIONS : It is expected that this evaluation method can diagnose the current conditions when establishing a future sustainable traffic system and can be used for the measurement of the sustainability effects of the improvement plans and so on.

국제무역 거래는 전 무역 프로세스에서 시간과 비용의 절감, 기업의 경쟁력 확보, 무역업무 처리의 간소화를 위해 전자거래 방식으로 전환되고 있으며, 전자화가 가속되고 있는 추세이다. 또한 국내 프로세스에 대해 완성 단계에 근접한 한국 전자무역시스템은 이제 글로벌 전자무역서비스를 위하여 다른 나라보다 선도적으로 글로벌화를 추진될 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 전자무역의 본격적인 활성화 및 글로벌화를 위하여 국내 수출입기업을 대상으로 전자무역 활용 수준 및 성과에 영향을 미치는 세부 요인을 글로벌 전자무역서비스를 중심으로 실증적으로 분석하였다. 따라서 선행연구 고찰을 통해, 글로벌 요인, 기업외적 요인, 기업내적 및 정보 요인으로 영향요인(또는 결정요인)을 설정하여 연구모형을 개발하였다. 이를 바탕으로 연구가설을 세우고, 연구모형에 적합한 측정문항을 도출하였으며, 이러한 측정문항을 바탕으로 국내 수출입기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 실증 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과를 보면 먼저 글로벌 요인 범주에 해당되는 글로벌 전자무역서비스 인지도와 해외 파트너사와 밀접성은 전자무역 활용에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기업외적 요인 범주에 속하는 거래기업 영향력은 전자무역 활용 수준 및 성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 여기에는 외국 거래기업의 영향력이 포함되어 있다. 또한 산업내부 경쟁강도는 전자무역 활용에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 기업내적 및 정보 요인 범주에서 기업의 규모만이 국내 수출입기업의 전자무역 활용에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 이러한 실증결과에 대한 해석을 통하여 글로벌 전자무역서비스에 대한 개발 및 홍보의 중요성과 글로벌 전자무역 네트워크 구축의 필요성을 제기하였으며, 아울러 국내외 전자무역 확산을 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study were to examine the effects of emotional dissonance on customer orientation and service delivery level, and to examine the mediating effects of the customer orientation. In order to verify the relationships and mediating effect, data were obtained from 199 nurses working in a general hospital in Changwon City were analyzed by using SPSS 12.0. and AMOS 5.0. The findings are as follows: Firstly, there was a negative relationship between emotional dissonance and customer orientation. Secondly, there was also a positive relationship between customer orientation and service delivery level. Thirdly, there was also a negative relationship between emotional dissonance and service delivery level. Finally, the customer orientation was a partial mediating effect on the relationship between emotional dissonance and service delivery level. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented including some directions for future studies.

In a real-life supply chain environment, demand forecasting is usually represented by probabilistic distributions due to the uncertainty inherent in customer demands. However, the customer demand used for an actual supply chain planning is a single deterministic value for each of periods. In this paper we study the choice of single demand value among of the given customer demand distribution for a period to be used in the supply chain planning. This paper considers distributed multi-echelon supply chain and the objective function of this paper is to minimize the total costs, that is the sum of holding and backorder costs over the distribution network under the service level constraint, by using demand selection scheme. Some useful findings are derived from various simulation-based experiments.