Many changes in the scale and structure of the Korean rice cropping system have been made over the past few decades. Still, insufficient research has been conducted on the sustainability of this system. This study analyzed changes in the Korean rice cropping system’s sustainability from a system ecology perspective using an emergy approach. For this purpose, an emergy table was created for the Korean rice cropping system in 2011, 2016, and 202, and an emergy-based indicator analysis was performed. The emergy analysis showed that the total emergy input to the rice cropping system decreased from 10,744E+18 sej year-1 to 8,342E+18 sej year-1 due to decreases in paddy field areas from 2011 to 2021, and the proportion of renewable resources decreased by 1.4%. The emergy input per area (ha) was found to have decreased from 13.13E+15 sej ha-1 year-1 in 2011 to 11.89E+15 sej ha-1 year-1 in 2021, and the leading cause was a decrease in nitrogen fertilizer usage and working hours. The amount of emergy used to grow 1 g of rice stayed the same between 2016 and 2021 (specific emergy: 13.3E+09 sej g-1), but the sustainability of the rice cropping system (emergy sustainability index, ESI) continued to decrease (2011: 0.107, 2016: 0.088, and 2021: 0.086). This study provides quantitative information on the emergy input structure and characteristics of Korean rice cropping systems. The results of this study can be used as a valuable reference in establishing measures to improve the ecological sustainability of the Korean rice cropping system.

예이츠의 극은 “초연하고, 영적이고 이상적인” 이지만은 않다. 그의 극은 형식이 바뀜에 따라 극적으로 변해서 청중의 극의 경험을 바꾼다. 그의 극은 신비한 경험이다. 즉, 배우, 청중, 그리고 극작가 사이의 유대인데, 이것은 이들이 개인의 스토리를 넘어 초월에 도달하게 한다. 본 논문은 󰡔에머의 유일한 질시󰡕를 분석한다. 먼저, 본 논문은 청중의 경험을 반영하는 미 장 빔의 복잡한 체계를 분석한다. 그 다음 청중자신들의 신비한 경험의 이미지로서 이 체계의 핵심에 있는 환과의 거의 완전한 결합인 쿠훌린의 꿈을 해석한다. 이 논문은 예이츠가 어떻게 이상적인 청중이 그의 극에서 무엇을 경험하게 만드는지, 어떻게 그가 자신이 의도하는 청중의 반응을 반영하려고 하는지를 보여준다.

예이츠와 셰익스피어는 극작품에서 유령이나 요정과 같은 초자연적인 존재를 많이 사용했는데 작품에서의 활용은 목적이 다를 뿐만 아니라 접근 방법이 다 르다고 할 수 있다. 셰익스피어는 초자연적인 존재들을 인물들의 인간성을 부각시키는 데 사용된다. 특히 마음속에 숨겨진 욕구나 감정 또는 무의식을 드러내는데 사용한다 는 것을 주목해 볼 수 있다. 셰익스피어의 유령은 인간들과 닮아 있고 인물들의 반응 을 적극적으로 끌어낸다. 예이츠의 유령들은 추상적이고 동떨어진 느낌을 주는데 이런 방식의 표현은 셰익스피어와 다른 목적을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 본 논문은 유령 이야 기를 다룬 대표적인 드라마 셰익스피어의 􋺷맥베스􋺸와 예이츠의 􋺷에머의 유일한 질투􋺸 를 중심으로 살펴본다.

『에머의 유일한 질투』에서 나타나는 고스트를 통해 예이츠가 만드는 분위기는 귀괴하고 섬뜩한데, 이것은 르네상스시대 때에 고스트 이야기를 하는 방법으로 획기적으로 여겨졌던 셰익스피어의『햄릿』에서와 유사하다. 이 논문은『에머의 유일한 질투』에서 예이츠의 고스트의 사용을 논하고 이제는 고전이 되어버린『햄릿』의 기법과 비교하고자 한다.

에머지 개념을 이용하여 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역의 자연환경과 사회경제활동을 평가하고 하구역 관리와 관련한 시사점을 제시하였다. 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역의 자연환경과 사회경제활동에 대한 에머지 평가는 대형 하천이 유입하는 환경적 특성과 주변 지역의 사회경제활동 중심으로 기능하는 경제적 특성 등 이들 하구역의 특성을 잘 보여주었다. 각 하구역으로 유입하는 주요 자연환경 에머지는 하천, 조석, 강수 등 이었다. 그러나 이들 재생가능에머지가 세 하구역의 전체 에머지 유입량에서 차지하는 비율은 8% 미만으로 아주 적었다. 이에 비해 하구역의 외부에서 구입하여 지역경제에 투입하는 에머지의 비율은 92~98%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 단위면적당 에머지사용량, 인구수용력, 환경부하비율, 에머지지속성지수 등 다양한 에머지 지수가 현재 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역에서 이루어지고 있는 사회경제활동의 지속성이 아주 낮다는 것을 보여주었다. 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 낙동강하구역의 자연환경이 우리 경제에 기여하는 가치는 729~2,206만 Em/ha/yr으로 높게 평가되었다. 이는 우리나라 전체평균보다 2배 이상 높은 것인데, 하구역의 자연환경이 가지고 있는 생태경제적 중요성을 반영한다. 따라서 각 하구역이 가지고 있는 생태적 경제적 잠재력을 유지하고 회복하기 위한 하구환경관리정책의 수립 시행이 시급하다고 할 수 있다. 이는 인구 및 경제 집중의 완화, 하구의 환경수용력을 고려한 이용 개발 등 하구환경에 압력에 미치는 부정적 영향을 줄이기 위한 수요조절 측면의 정책과 훼손된 생태계의 복원, 인공생태계의 조성 등 생태계의 구조와기능을 회복하여 우리가 이용할 수 있는 생태계 서비스를 증가시키는 공급조절 측면의 두 가지 방향으로 추진할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the theme of The Only Jealousy of Emer, one of W. B. Yeats's 'Cuchulain plays'. The central action of the play is the struggle of three women—Emeer, Eithne Inguba and Fand—for possession of Cuchulain. Unlike Eithne Inguba's confused, cowardly action, Emer's behavior is brave as well as insightful. And as the chorus suggests, Fand's allurements are transitory. Fand's metallic allurement contrasts with Emer's passionate suffering. Fand wants to catch him to fulfill herself, not to aid in his salvation. Emer is more courageous than Eithne Inguba, more self-sacrificing than Fand, and more forgiving than Aoife. Emer's love for her husband transfigures her, whereas Aoife's vindictive hatred for Cuchulain costs them their only child. Emer is certainly a Yeatsian heroine who performs as nobly as Deirdre or Cuchulain. Yeats's most immediate source for his Cuchulain plays was Lady Gregory's Cuchulain of Muirthemne, but he significantly altered the source to serve his purposes. Emer's thwarted desire to attack Fand with her knife is one of the few links between Yeats's source and his much changed finished work of art. From this primitive tale of vengeance and jealousy, Yeats created a sophisticated drama of mental suffering and self-sacrifice. A second major change in the source involves Cuchulain's recollection of Fand's attempt to ensnare his soul. Both his fear upon awakening and his later praise of Emer for saving him suggest that he is glad of his deliverance, not despondent over the loss of Fand. Yeats's greatest modification came in his treatment of Emer's temperament. Instead of the jealous wife of seeking vengeance for herself, she is jealous only for her husband's well-being. By renouncing the love of the man she needs to end her loneliness, Emer proves herself superior to the source heroine. In the final version, Yeats dramatized, through Emer's hope for the return of Cuchulain's love for her, through her initial inability to give up her hope of winning back his love, and through her final renunciation of his love, the depth of her love and the extent of her sacrifice.

『에머의 유일한 질투』에서의 쿠쿨레인은 예이츠의 다른 극에서 보여주는 두려움 없는 신화적 영웅이 아니다. 그는 자연계와 초자연계 사이에서 분열되어 있으며 자신의 운명 또한 에머의 손에 달려있는 전적으로 수동적인 인물로 그려진다. 이러한 쿠쿨레인의 속수무책과 그를 둘러싸고 일어나는 세 여인 및 브로크리우가 보여주는 욕망의 파노라마는 그의 영웅적 모습이 단순히 그들이 갖고있는 그의 경험적 종합으로는 설명할 수 없는 어떤 면이 있음을 암시한다. 즉 이들의 욕망을 고려해야만 경험적 종합으로 환원되지 않은 그의 영웅적 이미지를 이해할 수 있다. 본고에서는 이들 욕망사이의 갈등을 기억과 희망의 변증법을 중심으로 고찰한다. 에머가 에이스니로 하여금 쿠쿨레인의 이름를 부르고 그에게 키스를 하도록 하는 제의적인 모습은 그의 영웅적 정체성과 이름과 욕망간에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보여준다. 한편 에머에게 주어진 잔인한 선택은 확정되지 않은 미래를 이미 확정된 것으로 가정함으로써, 에머는 미래의 희망을 희생한 것이 단순히 비극으로 끝나지 않고 그녀의 욕망을 비밀스럽게 실현시킨다. 시디의 여인(the woman of sidhe)의 욕망은 쿠쿨레인과의 결합을 통해 자신의 영혼의 완전히 실현하려는 것이다. 쿠쿨레인이 비통한 과거의 기억으로 인해 자신과의 결합에 머뭇거리는 것을 알고 그 기억을 자신과의 키스로 지우도록 유혹한다. 그런데 이 초자연적인 세계에 살고 있는 이 여인은 결코 자신의 욕망을 실현할 수 없는 운명에 놓여있는데 이는 모든 기억을 지운다는 그 세계조차 이미 언어와 기억으로 물들어 있기 때문이다. 이 극에서 에머와 시디의 여인의 욕망이 좌절되는 것에 비해 브로크리우만은 자신의 욕망을 실현하는 것처럼 보인다. 하지만 그 실현을 위해서는 자신과 철저히 동일시했던 쿠쿨레인의 모습을 포기해야하는 대가를 치루어야 가능하다. 이러한 점에서 그의 욕망은 애매한 실현으로 그친다. 이렇게 욕망은 결코 실현되지 않으며 항상 대체되고 환치된다는 점은 이 극의 초두의 두 노래에서 이미 암시되어 있다. 이 노래는 여인의 미와 이를 묘사하는 비유사이의 긴장, 특히 지나간 비유에 대한 기억과 다가올 비유에 대한 기대 사이의 긴장을 잘 보여준다. 이 긴장은 욕망을 둘러싸고 진행되는 기억과 희망의 변증법을 상징적으로 예시해 준다

유역 변경을 통한 수자원 확보방안으로 추진되고 있는 소규모 저류댐 건설에 대한 평가를 사례로 들어 자연 환경의 개발 계획에 대한 비용-편익 분석에 에머 지(Emergy)라고 하는 새로운 개념을 적용하였다. 에머지 개념은 환경 자원들이 우리 경제의 진정한 부에 기여하는 바를 평가하려는 시도이다. 에머지 평가를 위한 모델들은 시스템의 네트워크 특성들을 특별한 기호들을 이용하여 전체적으로 보여주는 모델링 언어인 에너지 시스템 언어(Energy Systems Language)를 이용하여 작성하였다. 제안된 댐 건설이 가져오는 대부분의 에머지 편익은 이 댐의 건설 목적인 용수 공급에 있었다. 댐의 건설로 형성될 호수의 생산성 증가로 인한 에머지 편익은 0.01% 미만으로 미미하였다. 주요 에머지 비용은 댐 건설비용 (28.2%), 유지관리비용 (27.2%), 사회적 혼란(22%), 수몰민의 이주비용(12.5%) 등으로 나타났다. 에머지 산출비율(Emergy yield ratio)은 퇴적물의 손실이 포함되지 않았을 경우 1.06, 퇴적물의 손실 포함되었을 경우 1.02로 나타나, 제안된 댐 건설의 순산출(Net yield) 은 그리 크지 않았다. 전통적인 비용-편익 분석 방법에 의한 비용-편익비(1.62)와 비교하여 볼 때, 에머지 개념을 이용한 비용-편익 평가에서는 제안된 댐의 편익이 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 에머지 산출비율은 생물종에 포함된 높은 에머지 때문에 시스템의 경계내에서 댐의 건설로 희귀 생물종의 손실이 일어난다면 1.0 미만으로 나타날 것이다. 이 경우 댐의 건설이 초래하는 에머지 비용은 에머지 편익보다 더 크게 될 것이다. 본 연구는 환경 자원이 감소하는 현 시점에 있어서 환경의 보다 나은 관리라는 측면에서 개발 계획들의 영향을 평가하는 데 적용될 수 있는 새로운 방법론을 소개하였다.

Emergy methodology was used to analyze the biophysical basis of Korean agriculture and assess its sustainablility. Total yearly emergy input into Korean agriculture was 7.72×10²² sej/yr in 2013. Purchased inputs were the dominant emergy source, accounting for 90.1% (6.95×10²² sej/yr) of the annual input. This clearly indicates that the Korean agriculture is a modern, industrialized system that depends mostly on market goods and services derived from nonrenewable resources. The monetary equivalent of the total emergy input was 18.9 trillion ₩/yr, 1.5 times greater than the total production cost from farm expense surveys. Emergy return on investment of Korean agriculture was low, with an emergy yield ratio of 1.11. Korean agriculture appears to exert pressure on the environment as revealed by the high environmental loading ratio of 9.30. With very low emergy input from renewable sources (9.7%) and high environmental pressure, Korean agriculture is not sustainable, with an emergy sustainability index of 0.12. This study suggests that higher use efficiency of and lower dependence on nonrenewable purchased inputs need to be prioritized in an effort to enhance the sustainability of Korean agriculture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze emergy flows of rice for evaluating the value of rice production and sustainability. Emergy analysis evaluates the sustainability of systems or processes considering all the inputs to make a product or a sevice. In this study, we analyzed the emergy flows and indices of rice productionand compared the regional emergy values using statisticcal analysis: input materials, hours per unit area(10a), and production costs. As the results, we found that the rates of external investment (EIR= 18.87) and environmental loading (ELR=21.7) are significantly high during the rice cultivation. However, emergy yield ratio(EYR) shows that rice is a valuable resource because EYR is 5.12 and environmental Sustainability IndexSI value is as low as 0.24 and it shows rice has low sustainability. This study also shows that Chungcheongnam-do has the highest SI value for rice production due to low environmental loading and abundant natural energy during rice cultivation. These results of rice emergy flows and sustainability assessments could provide a way of sustainable rice cultivation with decrease of environmental loading from fertilizer.

The Nakdong River being used as drinking water sources for the Busan metropolitan city has the vulnerability of water management due to the fact that industrial areas are located in the upper Nakdong River. This study used emergy analysis method to evaluate ecological-economics of water treatment systems of D water treatment plant (WTP) where located in the downstream of the Nakdong River. The emergy methodology is a system evaluation tool that uses energy as the common currency to compare different resources on a common basis. Emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (EmSI) of D WTP were 1.16 and 0.18, respectively. It means not resources and sustainable system but consumer goods and not sustainable system. Ratio of emergy benefit to the purchaser (EBP) shows 2.7 times higher than economic costs. To change the weak water source and situations we need to diversity water intake.

Solid wastes are among the most pressing environmental and resource concerns in Korea. The Korean government has been implementing various management alternatives to reduce the production of solid wastes and recover valuable resources from them. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) manufacturing facilities are one of projects that aim at recovering energy from solid wastes. This study used the emergy evaluation procedure to assess the feasibility of an RDF manufacturing facility in Wonju, Korea. By converting 10,442.6 tons of combustible solid wastes into 5,801 tons of solid fuel in 2007, this facility prevented the loss of useful resources with an emergy quantity of 3.70 × 1019 sej/yr. This amounted to a potential worth of 7.04 billion emW/yr. Total emergy input required to produce 5,801 tons of RDF was 5.91 × 1019 sej/ yr with an emvalue of 11.3 billion emW/yr. The Wonju RDF manufacturing facility contributed more to the Korean economy beyond its investment cost as revealed by the emergy yield ratio of 2.67. Direct emergy benefits and costs of the RDF facility were calculated as 1.20 × 1010 emW/yr and 3.31 × 109 emW/yr, respectively, resulting in the net emergy benefit/cost ratio of 2.62. This indicates that the RDF facility was a feasible option for managing solid wastes for the city of Wonju in Korea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of the emergy concept and methodology in evaluating management alternatives for solid wastes in Korea.

This research outlines a new method for evaluation of shellfish production in Gamak Bay based on the concept of EMERGY. Better understanding of those environmental factors influencing oyster production and the management of oyster stocks requires the ability to assess the real value of environmental sources such as solar energy, river, tide, wave, wind, and other physical mechanisms. In this research, EMERGY flows from environment sources were 76% for shellfish aquaculture in Gamak Bay. EMERGY yield ratio, Environmental Loading Ratio, and Sustainability Index were 4.26, 0.31 and 13.89, respectively. Using the Emergy evaluation data, the predicted maximum shellfish aquaculture production in Gamak Bay and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, U.S.) designated area in Gamak Bay were 10,845 ton/y and 7,548 ton/yr, respectively. Since the predicted shellfish production was approximately 1.3 times more than produced shellfish production in 2005, the carrying capacity of Gamak Bay is estimated to be 1.3 times more than the present oyster production.

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

The emergy concept was used to valuate the contributions of a tidal flat ecosystem included in the fourth stage reclamation plan for the Youngsan River area to the Korean economy. Emergy contributions of the ecosystem were compared with those of economic valuations performed on the same ecosystem. The tidal flat ecosystem contributed 3.55 million Em\/ha annually. This, however, cannot be compared directly with those of the economic valuations because both methodologies approach the valuation of ecosystems in different perspectives. The emergy methodology is a donor-based valuation in which what goes into making a product or service is measured, while the economic valuation is a receiver-based approach in which human receivers determine the value of an ecosystem product or service. An emergy valuation was conducted for the three ecosystem functions included in the economic valuations to compare the results of both methodologies on the same basis. Fishery production and pollutants removal contributed 9.86 million Em\/ha/yr and 0.88 million Em\/ha/yr, respective1y. The conservation value of the tidal flat ecosystem was 3.55 million Em\/ha/yr. Overall, the emergy valuation that try to include works of both human and nature on the same basis resulted in higher economic contribution of the tidal flat ecosystem than that calculated by the economic methodologies in which only human works are measured based on the willingness-to-pay of people. This study showed that the emergy concept could provide an alternative tool for policy decision-making regarding utilization and conservation of ecosystems by approaching the ecosystem valuation from a different perspective than that of economic methodologies.

The cost of the construction and management of new apartment buildings was evaluated using a monetary analysis and an emergy concept to provide a new perspective regarding the housing policy of Korea. The systems of analyses were typical apartment buildings with an area of 76.03㎡ per household in Korea built on the same size of land area. Three apartment buildings with different stories were evaluated and compared; 5-story, 15-story, and 20-story apartment buildings. The durable years of those apartments were assumed to be 40 years. The total cost of the construction and management of an apartment building was divided into three categories of construction, land purchase, and management. A 20-story apartment showed the highest cost and a 15-story apartment the lowest in the monetary cost analysis. In contrast, the emergy evaluation revealed a different pattern in the cost of construction and management, the cost increasing from a 5-story apartment to a 20-story one. This means that the higher the apartment constructed, the greater the cost in terms of real wealth. This result suggests that new evaluation methodologies like the emergy analysis should be used together with the monetary analysis to provide better insights on the national housing policy.