선박 발전기의 여자기는 출력 단자 전압을 일정하게 유지하기 위하여 여자전류 제어를 통해 자속을 조정한다. 여자기 내부에 있는 전압제어기는 통상적으로 비례 적분 제어방식이 사용되는데 게인과 시정수에 의해 결정되는 응답 특성은 적절치 못한 설정값에 의 해 원하지 않는 출력을 내며 이로 인해 선내 전력의 품질과 안정성을 떨어뜨릴 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 IEEE에서 제공하는 AC4A 타입의 여자기 모델을 통해 얻을 수 있는 안정적인 입출력 데이터를 활용하여 신경망 회로를 학습시킨 후 기존의 비례 적분 제어방식의 전압제 어기를 학습된 신경망 회로 제어기로 대체하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 그 결과 기존 대비 최대 9.63%까지 오버슈팅이 개선되었으며, 안정적인 응답 특성에 대한 우수성을 확인하였다.

Zinc-ion Batteries (ZIBs) are currently considered to be effective energy storage devices for wearable electronics because of their low cost and high safety. Indeed, ZIBs show high power density and safety compared with conventional lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and exhibit high energy density in comparison with supercapacitors (SCs). However, in spite of their advantages, further current collector development is needed to enhance the electrochemical performance of ZIBs. To design the optimized current collector for high performance ZIBs, a high quality graphene film is suggested here, with improved electrical conductivity by controlling the defects in the graphene film. The graphene film showed improved electrical conductivity and good electron transfer between the current collector and active material, which led to a high specific capacity of 346.3 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1, a high-rate performance with 116.3 mAh g-1 at a current density of 2,000 mA g-1, and good cycling stability (68.0 % after 100 cycles at a current density of 1,000 mA g-1). The improved electrochemical performance is firmly because of the defects-controlled graphene film, leading to improved electrical conductivity and thus more efficient electron transfer between the current collector and active material.

유기 전구체와 금속 이온, 또는 금속-옥소 클로스터 간의 규칙적 배열을 통한 종의 다양성을 장점으로 하는 금속- 유기 골격체(Metal-Organic Frameworks, MOFs)는 에너지 사용량이 높은 상변화 기반 분리공정을 대체할 수 있는 에너지 효율 적인 막 기반 분리 기술의 개발 가능성을 열어주었다. 이에 최근 10년 동안 다결정 MOFs 분리막 합성 기술에서 상당한 진전 이 있었지만, 매우 제한된 종류의 MOFs만이 활용되고 있다. 이러한 기술 개발의 정체는 다결정 분리막의 비 선택적인 확산 경로인 결정 사이 결함(intercrystalline defects)에 대한 명확한 해결법이 없기 때문이다. 후처리 성능 제어기술(postsynthetic modifications, PSMs)은 기존 분리막을 플랫폼으로 활용하고 이를 물리적 그리고/혹은 화학적으로 처리함을 통해 분리 특성 을 개선 혹은 변경하는 기술을 말한다. PSMs 기술은 특정 분리막을 개발하는 데 있어서 새로운 MOFs를 설계하거나 막 합성 기술을 개발하지 않아도 된다는 장점이 있어서 다결정 MOF 분리막의 다양성을 제공하기 위한 새로 부상하는 전략으로 평가 된다. 본 총설에서는 PSMs 기술을 7개의 세부기술((1) 공유결합법, (2) 결정간 결함 플러깅법, (3) 결정 내부 결함 치유법, (4) 기공내 기능성 소재 함침법, (5) 기공 경화법, (6) 전구체 치환법 및 (7) 비정질화법)로 분류하고, 각 세부기술의 연구 동향 및 도전과제 그리고 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하고자 한다.

Tuned mass damper (TMD) is widely used to reduce dynamic responses of structures subjected to earthquake loads. A smart tuned mass damper (STMD) was proposed to increase control performance of a traditional passive TMD. A lot of research was conducted to investigate the control performance of a STMD based on analytical method. Experimental study of evaluation of control performance of a STMD was not widely conducted to date. Therefore, seismic response reduction capacity of a STMD was experimentally investigated in this study. For this purpose, a STMD was manufactured using an MR (magnetorheological) damper. A simple structure presenting dynamic characteristics of spacial roof structure was made as a test structure. A STMD was made to control vertical responses of the test structure. Two artificial ground motions and a resonance harmonic load were selected as experimental seismic excitations. Shaking table test was conducted to evaluate control performance of a STMD. Control algorithms are one of main factors affect control performance of a STMD. In this study, a groundhook algorithm that is a traditional semi-active control algorithm was selected. And fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was used to control a STMD. The FLC was optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm. The experimental results presented that the TMD can effectively reduce seismic responses of the example structures subjected to various excitations. It was also experimentally shown that the STMD can more effectively reduce seismic responses of the example structures conpared to the passive TMD.

The TMD has a simpler structure than other vibration control devices and shows excellent control performance for the standardized vibration occurring in the structure. However, when the vibration cycle of the structure coincides with the vibration cycle of the TMD due to the sudden external loads, the off-tuning occurs, which threatens the structure while increasing the vibration width of the TMD. Therefore, Electromagnetic Tuned Mass Damper (ETMD) was developed as a semi-active TMD that prevents off-tuning while exhibiting excellent control performance like TMD. To verify the control performance of the developed ETMD, the bending behavior control performance evaluation experiment using a simple beam bridge was performed. The experimental method compared the mutual control power by experimenting with the existing TMD method and the developed ETMD under nine excitation frequency conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that the control effect of ETMD was about 4.85% higher than that of TMD at 3.02Hz, which generates the maximum displacement in the simple beam bridge. Also, the off-tuning occurred in some excitation conditions when using TMD, although the off-tuning did not occur when using ETMD. Therefore, the excellent control performance of the ETMD developed in this study was verified.

The Calorifier is a device that supplies hot water to the crew for showering and cooking. In particular, problems such as hot water not coming out when a trainee and a crew member take a shower at the same time may occur due to a malfunction of the temperature control valve that controls the temperature. In particular, when the hot water usage time is almost constant, such as a training ship, a high calorific value is required. When there is no dissatisfaction with the use of hot water, satisfaction with the educational environment is improved. Therefore, in this study, a solenoid temperature control valve is applied to increase satisfaction with hot water use, and a mechanical time switch is applied to the hot water circulating water pump to save energy.

Recently, due to high theoretical capacitance and excellent ion diffusion rate caused by the 2D layered crystal structure, transition metal hydroxides (TMHs) have generated considerable attention as active materials in supercapacitors (or electrochemical capacitors). However, TMHs should be designed using morphological or structural modification if they are to be used as active materials in supercapacitors, because they have insulation properties that induce low charge transfer rate. This study aims to modify the morphological structure for high cycling stability and fast charge storage kinetics of TMHs through the use of nickel cobalt hydroxide [NiCo(OH)2] decorated on nickel foam. Among the samples used, needle-like NiCo(OH)2 decorated on nickel foam offers a high specific capacitance (1110.9 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g) with good rate capability (1110.9 - 746.7 F/g at current densities of 0.5 - 10.0 A/g). Moreover, at a high current density (10.0 A/g), a remarkable capacitance (713.8 F/g) and capacitance retention of 95.6% after 5000 cycles are noted. These results are attributed to high charge storage sites of needle-like NiCo(OH)2 and uniformly grown NiCo(OH)2 on nickel foam surface.

Ni-rich계 양극 소재는 낮은 가격과 높은 용량으로 인해 고용량 달성을 위한 상용화 소재로 주목받고 있지만, 이 소재의 경 우 전기화학적 불안정성으로 인한 한계를 가진다. 그래서 다양한 표면 코팅 방법을 통해 성능향상을 이루고 있지만, 성능향상이 소 재와 코팅 방법때문인지 또는 코팅 범위가 넓어진 것 때문인지는 모호하게 남아 있다. 본 연구에서는 전이금속으로 양극 활물질을 코팅할 때 전구체 코팅 범위에 따른 리튬이온배터리 전기화학 성능평가를 분석하였다. 상업용 LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 양극 소재 표면을 에탄올 용액에 용해된 리튬-코발트와 리튬-주석 아세테이트 전구체를 코팅하였고, 교반속도를 다르게 하여 (200 rpm 및 600 rpm) 전구체 코팅 범위를 다르게 하였다. 리튬-코발트 아세테이트 전구체의 경우 교반속도가 증가할수록 코팅 범위가 증가하였지만, 리튬 -주석 아세테이트 전구체의 경우 교반속도가 증가할수록 코팅 범위가 감소하였다. 하지만 원소의 종류에 관계없이 코팅 범위가 넓 은 경우에 상대적으로 우수한 전기화학적 성능을 나타내었다. 코팅된 양극 활물질의 물리적 특성은 SEM 및 XRD를 이용하여 분석하 였으며, 전기화학적 성능은 초기 충·방전 용량, 사이클 안정성 및 율속특성 테스트를 통해 조사하였다.

본 연구에서는 Froude 수 1.0으로 운항하는 길이 약 10m 급 소형 고속선박의 에너지 효율 설계를 위해 선미부에 트림 탭을 부착하였고, 선저 면과의 각도에 따른 항주자세와 저항성능의 변화를 살펴보았다. 성능 해석은 CFD 해석을 통해 수행되었으며, 축척에 의한 영향을 보기 위해 모형선과 실선에 대해 각각 해석을 수행 후 두 결과로부터 예측된 실선의 성능을 비교하였다. 나선에 대한 해석 결과는 두 결과가 전반적으로 유사하였고, 트림 탭이 부착된 경우 선저 면과의 각도가 동일할 때 자세 변화량이 달라 전 저항의 차이로 이어졌지만 자세에 따른 저항 변화 경향은 유사하였다. 이로부터 축척 효과가 있더라도 저항 저감 경향으로부터 최적 항주자세를 찾을 수 있으나, 트림 탭에 의한 자세 변화와 실선 주위 유동의 특성을 알기 위해서는 실선에 대한 직접적인 해석이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

A smart tuned mass damper (TMD) is widely studied for seismic response reduction of various structures. Control algorithm is the most important factor for control performance of a smart TMD. This study used a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) among reinforcement learning techniques to develop a control algorithm for a smart TMD. A magnetorheological (MR) damper was used to make the smart TMD. A single mass model with the smart TMD was employed to make a reinforcement learning environment. Time history analysis simulations of the example structure subject to artificial seismic load were performed in the reinforcement learning process. Critic of policy network and actor of value network for DDPG agent were constructed. The action of DDPG agent was selected as the command voltage sent to the MR damper. Reward for the DDPG action was calculated by using displacement and velocity responses of the main mass. Groundhook control algorithm was used as a comparative control algorithm. After 10,000 episode training of the DDPG agent model with proper hyper-parameters, the semi-active control algorithm for control of seismic responses of the example structure with the smart TMD was developed. The simulation results presented that the developed DDPG model can provide effective control algorithms for smart TMD for reduction of seismic responses.

The railroad facilities are intended for long-term operation as the initial acquisition costs necessary for infrastructure construction are high. Therefore, regular maintenance of railroad facilities is essential, and furthermore, system reliability through systematic performance evaluation is required. In this study, the signal control system of railroad electrical equipment was selected as the subject of research and the performance evaluation target facility selection study was conducted using AHP. The results of the study can contribute to the reliability of the signal control system as well as to the reliability of the railroad system, which is a higher system.

In this study, a motion control problem for the vessel towed by towing ship on the sea is considered. The towed vessel does not have self-control capabilities such that its course stability totally depends on the towing ship. Especially, in the narrow canal, river and congested harbor area, extreme tension is required during the towing operation. The authors, therefore, propose a new control system design method in which the rudder is activated to provide its maneuverability. Based on the leader following system configuration, a nonlinear mathematical model is derived and a backstepping control is designed. By experiment results with nonlinear control framework, the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are presented.

리튬금속전지(LMB)는 매우 큰 이론 용량을 갖지만 단락(short circuit), 수명 감소 등을 야기하는 덴드라이트(dendrite) 가 형성되는 큰 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)에 graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet를 고르게 분산시킨 PDMS/GO 복합체를 합성하였고 이를 박막 형태로 코팅하여 덴드라이트의 형성을 물리적으로 억제할 수 있는 막의 효과를 이끌어내었다. PDMS의 경우, 그 자체로는 이온 전도체가 아니기 때문에 리튬 이온의 통로를 형성시켜 리튬 이온의 이동을 원활하게 하기 위하여 5wt% 불산(HF)으로 에칭하여 PDMS/GO 박막이 이온전도성을 가질 수 있도록 하였다. 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)을 통해 전면 및 단면을 관찰하여 PDMS/GO 박막의 형상을 확인하였다. 그리고 PDMS/GO 박막을 리튬금속전지에 적용하여 실시한 배터리 테스트 결과, 100번째 사이클까지 쿨롱 효율(columbic efficiency) 이 평균 87.4%로 유지되었고, 박막이 코팅되지 않은 구리 전극보다 과전압이 감소되었음을 전압 구배(voltage profile) 를 통해 확인하였다.