The 4th Industrial Revolution and the continuous development of Science and Technology have also required a speedy business promotion method in the defense industry. Advanced countries including the United States are already boldly innovating the existing high-cost and long-term acquisition system with the highest priority in weapons development to cope with the military rise of Russia and China. The Ministry of National Defense and the Defense Acquisition Program Administration have also recently introduced a quick acquisition system and are applying it to business promotion. In addition, some small-scale projects and weapons systems are being reorganized so that they can be managed by the units demanding them. After an organizational diagnosis of the Project Acquisition Group by the Ministry of National Defense in 2020, it has been reassigned as a subordinate unit of the Army Logistics Command from a direct unit managed by the Army HQ. As a result, problems such as work conflict or redundancy have been identified. In addition, a system has been implemented to shorten the acquisition period by applying a rapid acquisition program in the field of weapons systems by benchmarking the rapid acquisition program of advanced countries. The force support system project process will also need to introduce such a quick acquisition system. In addition, the Ministry of National Defense is considering ways to delegate some weapon systems to each military, which will then carry out tasks ranging from requirements determination to project management. Accordingly, it is now time to expand the organization for the management of the Army's weapons system acquisition project. Therefore, in this paper, the Army Project Acquisition Group was analyzed on its organization, acquisition procedures, and cooperation systems, with presentations of development plans for each field.

Power generation construction projects involving large amounts of capital can affect the survival of a company along with huge economic losses in the event of a business failure. In general, private companies are organizations with challenging risk taking tendencies while public companies have a risk averse tendency to avoid risk, so these differences in organizational tendencies make it difficult to respond to risk. In particular, public companies are more likely to fail than private companies because they choose the contradiction of risk picking to enter overseas markets with high uncertainty despite their tendency to risk averse due to the nature of the organization. Therefore, these organizations need risk management techniques that reflect a risk-averse strategy. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the risk management research papers of the existing overseas development EPC business in order to find the risk management techniques related to the organizational tendencies of public companies and proposes “establishing a performance audit system for risk management of the organizational tendencies of public companies” as a way to extract the risk factors through the examples of overseas development projects of public companies and to manage the organizational tendencies of public companies that affect them.

급변하는 환경과 다양한 수요, 격화된 경쟁 등에 효과적으로 대응하기 위하여 학교조직은 관료적이고 권위적인 조직에서, 유연하고 신속하며 전문적인 조직으로의 변화를 요구받고 있다. 그러나 그동안 이루어진 전통적 교육개혁은 하향적 변화전략을 채택함으로써 학교구성원의 변화에 대한 적극성을 이끌어내지 못했으며, 구성원 간 협력, 잠재력 개발, 학습 성과 등에 유의미한 변화를 가져오지 못해 왔다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 전통적 교육개혁의 대안으로, 학교조직에 ‘조직개발’이 어떻게 적용되고 있으며 그 의의는 무엇인지를 탐색하고 향후 발전방향과 과제를 제안하는 데에 목적이 있다. 학교조직에 주로 적용된 조직개발 개입방법으로 ‘총체적질관리’, ‘학습조직’, ‘전문가학습공동체’를 제시하였고 계획적 변화의 모델로서 ‘학교컨설팅’ 및 ‘긍정적 탐색’을 설명하였다. 향후 발전방향으로, 1) 독립된 경영단위 체제로서의 학교조직의 역할과 권한 부여, 2) 학교조직 개발 개입방법의 다양화 모색, 3) 학생들의 인지적, 정서적, 행동적 성과에 대한 관심, 4) 계획적 변화 모델의 엄격한 적용, 5) 학교조직의 독자적인 조직개발 개입방법 마련, 6) 학교 행정가의 조직개발 역량 구축, 7) 국가차원의 조직개발의 필요성을 제시하고 있다.

China was a feudal country for about 2,000 years when a number of uprising by peasants took place endlessly because of exploitation by bureaucrats. Those peasants requested reforms in land distribution system that would raise their social position and bring financial profits to them. The Chinese population was about 80 million in the Han period. It was slowly increased to 120 million which was maintained in the T'ang, Song, Win and Ming periods. But the population was explosively increased to 430 million in the Ching period. or this reason, lots of peasants moved to inland, mountainous places where they faced resistance from natives who had been farming there for generations. Cheongbang' was a private organization that was initially formed in the Ching period by seamen who worked at a large canal in the southern part of China. It was later integrated with Hongbang into 'Chenghongbang'. After the Xinhai Revolution, Cheonghongbang didn't intervene in political incidents any more. But some members of the organization formed another organization, or 'Banghoe' as one of the most representative crime bodies in the modern history of China. Leaders of Cheonghongbang who had been the puppets of the Chinese National Party were later moved to Taiwan along with the party, took refuge to Hong Kong and Macao or hided themselves in the Chinese emigrants of southeastern Asian countries. And there, they formed a pan-Asian crime organization, that is, 'Triad' or 'Samhaphoe'. The other members of Cheonghongbang who were left in the mainland China return to the life of ordinary people after submitting a written oath not to involve in crimes in accordance with the anti-crime guidelines of the Democratic People's Republic of China which was founded in 1949. As Deng Xiaoping implemented policies for national reforms and opening, pseudo-underworld society crime organizations began to gradually emerge in the southeastern coastal cities of the country. Since then, about 30 years have passed. Now, the organizations exist in all regions and business fields of China. They are maintaining mutual cooperative relationships with the security police. The organization is offering bribes to the police. In return, the police is aiding the crime bodies to be firmly established and continuously developed.

The Korean Corrections-Social Protection system aims at securing the custody of convicts and, at the same time, rehabilitating criminals. The system is divided into two different organizational structures: the correctional structure and the social protection structure. The former consists of detention centers, prisons, and the recidivists center. The latter consists of probation and parole offices, juvenile training schools, the center for classification and assessment of delinquents, and the center for mental disorder inmates. This article attempts to have a glance look at the problems of current organizational structures and their performance and provides recommendations to resolve the issues they have confronted. For the correctional component, the suggestions are first to establish an independent administrative entity called the Central Correctional Agency to give more flexible power and authority to the correctional officers and to make a law concerning to the status and power of correctional officers. For the social protection component, I suggest that the juvenile protection officers should be more professionalized, and that more individualized treatment is required for juvenile delinquents. In addition I also recommend that the number of probation officers should be increased and the probation programs should be more diversified.

In modern society, there are diverse sorts of VIPs including a king and individuals. Some like a king or president are in need of professional secret services, and others become VIPs by being guarded by a bodyguard company at their own request. The former is called a public guard, and the latter is a private one. In the field of the public guard, the nation should be furnished with a guard system in consideration of political circumstances to protect VIPs. That is, the parliamentary cabinet system and presidential system call for a different guard system, and the guard system's professional features vary to some degree with political situations and cultural climate. If the ultimate goal of guard is to protect the chief of the democratic and open state in a most efficient and safe manner, it's mandatorily necessary to set up a professional and specialized guard organization to provide democratic and efficient secret services. It's desired that the domestic presidential guard division should be staffed with not only expert guards but other personnels dispatched from the military and police. In the police, guard mission is splitted among various guard and security agencies, including the National Police Agency's public security bureau or the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency's public security division, 101 security unit, mobile police and 22 special guard division. As a chain of command is separated and it's difficult to manage such organizations effectively, the National Police Agency should be exclusively in charge of VIP guard and security. In the area of private guard, the private police system has shared national security task as a middle organization between the private police and private guard. But now its intent has gradually weakened, and its mission should be redefined. In addition, the way people look at private guard should change, and they should be well informed that it could serve to prevent possible crimes, protect them against crimes and get rid of their inconveniences. To make a good impression on people, the guard associations and businesses should put their efforts into reinforcing publicity activities, and the government, academic circles and press should team up with them as well.

This study aims to provide quite recent information on the organic agriculture in developed countries such as German, UK, Switzerland and USA and on the current activities of international research institutions of organic agriculture. The establishment and activity of ENOF in EU and ARNOA in Asia, IIRNOA in IFOAM was introduced shortly. Institute of Organic Agriculture in FAL/ Germany and FiBL in Switzerland, OMRI in USA, HDRA in UK and Schweisfurth Foundation in Germany were described. Also the educations in European universities for organic agriculture and the research activities and technical education system for organic farming were described. All of these informations could be useful for the further development of the strategy for Korean organic agriculture in education and research.