Ethyl formate (EF) is a naturally occurring insecticidal compound and is used to control pests introduced from abroad, in quarantine, by a fumigation method. In particular, it is mainly used as a substitute for methyl bromide and is less toxic to humans and less harmful to plants. This study aimed to investigate the possible acute toxicity of EF to useful organisms, and how to reduce phytotoxicity in watermelon, zucchini, and oriental melon. After fumigation with EF for 2 h, the LC50 values for earthworms, honey bees, and silkworms were 39.9, 7.09, and 17.9 g m-3, respectively. The degree of susceptibility to EF was in the order of earthworms, silkworms, and honey bees based on the LC50 value, and EF fumigation induced stronger acute toxicity to honey bees. Phytotoxicity was observed in watermelon leaves treated with a concentration of 7.5 g m-3 EF, and when treated with a concentration of 10.0 g m-3, it was confirmed that the edges of watermelon leaves were charred and seemed to be damaged by acids. Zucchini and melon, and other cucurbits, showed strong damage to the leaves when treated with a concentration of 10 g m-3, and sodium silicate, at concentrations of 10% and 20%, was used to reduce phytotoxicity. Therefore, acute toxicity towards nontarget organisms and phytotoxicity during the fumigation of EF should be reduced for efficient agricultural pest control.

담관암은 예후가 좋지 않은 암 중 하나이다. 최근 몇 년 동안 발병률과 사망률이 증가했지만 치료 방법은 그 선택지가 제한적이다. 다양한 임상 실험이 이루어지고 있지만, 아직 효과적인 치료법은 개발되지 않았다. 이에 최근 담관암에서 분자유전학적 프로파일링이 진행됨에 따라 표적치료제에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 표적치료제를 실제 환자에 적용하기 위해서는 다양한 임상적 요구사항이 충족되어야 한다. 환자의 조직이나 혈액에서 분자생물학적 검사가 수행되어야 하며, 적절한 분석 방법을 사용하여 치료제를 사용할 환자 및 표적 물질을 결정해야한다. 담관암과 관련하여 유전적 변이는 중간 수준을 보인다. 이를 바탕으로 최근 분자생물학적 표적을 위한 새로운 약제들이 많이 개발되고 있다. 가장 흔한 유전적 이상은 간내 및 간외 담관암에서 거의 유사한 패턴을 보여준다. 그러나 HER2 유전자 증폭은 간외 담관암에서 더 잘 관찰되고 FGFR2 융합, IDH1 돌연변이 및 RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK 신호 시스템 돌연변이는 간내 담관암에서 더 자주 발견된다. HER2 증폭을 타겟으로 하는 zanidatamab, FGFR 융합에 pemigatinib/ infigratinib, IDH1 돌연변이에는 ivosidenib, BRAFV600E 돌연변이에는 dabrafenib으로 임상 2상 또는 3상을 진행하고 있다. 또한 NTRK, BRCA 및 ARID1A 유전자 돌연변이를 표적으로 하는 약제에 대한 임상 시험이 진행 중이다. 이들 표적 치료제는 담관암에서 새로운 치료제의 밝은 미래로 기대를 받고 있다.

Artificial intelligence is driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution and is in the spotlight as a general-purpose technology. As the data collection from the battlefield increases rapidly, the need to us artificial intelligence is increasing in the military, but it is still in its early stages. In order to identify maritime targets, Republic of Korea navy acquires images by ISAR(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar) of maritime patrol aircraft, and humans make out them. The radar image is displayed by synthesizing signals reflected from the target after radiating radar waves. In addition, day/night and all-weather observations are possible. In this study, an artificial intelligence is used to identify maritime targets based on radar images. Data of radar images of 24 maritime targets in Republic of Korea and North Korea acquired by ISAR were pre-processed, and an artificial intelligence algorithm( ResNet-50) was applied. The accuracy of maritime targets identification showed about 99%. Out of the 81 warship types, 75 types took less than 5 seconds, and 6 types took 15 to 163 seconds.

The ROK Army must detect the enemy’s location and the type of artillery weapon to respond effectively at wartime. This paper proposes a radar positioning model by applying a scenario-based robust optimization method i.e., binary integer programming. The model consists of the different types of radar, its available quantity and specification. Input data is a combination of target, weapon types and enemy position in enemy’s attack scenarios. In this scenario, as the components increase by one unit, the total number increases exponentially, making it difficult to use all scenarios. Therefore, we use partial scenarios to see if they produce results similar to those of the total scenario, and then apply them to case studies. The goal of this model is to deploy an artillery locating radar that maximizes the detection probability at a given candidate site, based on the probability of all possible attack scenarios at an expected enemy artillery position. The results of various experiments including real case study show the appropriateness and practicality of our proposed model. In addition, the validity of the model is reviewed by comparing the case study results with the detection rate of the currently available radar deployment positions of Corps. We are looking forward to enhance Korea Artillery force combat capability through our research.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences by comparing consumption tendency of the Flatfish and Salmon using focus group interview (FGI). The FGI was conducted on university students in their 20s, with a total of 38 respondents surveyed in seven focus groups. Flatfish was recognized as a food in the form of popular sliced raw fish and had customer image that fit for middle-aged men in their 40s and 50s while eating with alcohol. 20s were perceived to be out of date with their age group as flatfish was considered old fish that did not match their age. In addition, they felt low accessibility to flatfish. Salmon was perceived by 20s as a food with a higher appeal than flatfish. Salmon has been creating a brand identity in their 20s and 30s for fashionable and trendy food that appealed to younger generations. They considered characteristics of salmon high in intangible value, such as something sophisticated, trendy, and beautiful. 20s consumed various forms of salmon including salmon sushi, salmon bowl, and salmon fillet, and they perceived it as a psychologically close food that can be easily accessible. In this study, the color of species (orange color of salmon), accessibility, restaurant image, and social media exposure were found to influence the consumption patterns of two species.

We focus on the weapon target assignment and fire scheduling problem (WTAFSP) with the objective of minimizing the makespan, i.e., the latest completion time of a given set of firing operations. In this study, we assume that there are m available weapons to fire at n targets (> m). The artillery attack operation consists of two steps of sequential procedure : assignment of weapons to the targets; and scheduling firing operations against the targets that are assigned to each weapon. This problem is a combination of weapon target assignment problem (WTAP) and fire scheduling problem (FSP). To solve this problem, we define the problem with a mixed integer programming model. Then, we develop exact algorithms based on a dynamic programming technique. Also, we suggest how to find lower bounds and upper bounds to a given problem. To evaluate the performance of developed exact algorithms, computational experiments are performed on randomly generated problems. From the results, we can see suggested exact algorithm solves problems of a medium size within a reasonable amount of computation time. Also, the results show that the computation time required for suggested exact algorithm can be seen to increase rapidly as the problem size grows. We report the result with analysis and give directions for future research for this study. This study is meaningful in that it suggests an exact algorithm for a more realistic problem than existing researches. Also, this study can provide a basis for developing algorithms that can solve larger size problems.

본 연구에서는 수집영상의 매 프레임 MPC(mm/pixel coefficient) 업데이팅을 통해 축 방향과 상관없이 왜곡영상에 따른 변위를 보정하는 기법에 관해 다루고자 한다. 영상의 강제적 왜곡을 위해 다양한 촬영 각도를 설정하여 실험을 진행하였으며, 캠코더의 설치 위치를 통해 0°~55°까지 5° 단위로 12가지 촬영 각도를 조정해가며 영상을 수집·분석하였다. 본 실험에 앞서 영상기반 변위계측의 유효성 평가를 위한 예비실험을 수행하였으며, GPS 및 가속도계와 계측결과를 비교해보았을 때, 영상기반 변위계측 시스템은 충분한 유효성을 갖는다고 판단된다. 촬영 각도 별로 수집된 영상을 분석하여 구조물의 최대 진폭 및 추정 진동수를 검출하였으며, 검출결과 비교를 통해 촬영 각도에 의한 영향을 판단하고자 하였다. 또한 계측된 자유 진동으로부터 감쇠비를 추정하여 추가적인 비교를 수행 하였다. 분석 결과 최대 진폭 기준 0.325mm, 오차율 기준 5.72%의 미소한 오차를 나타냈다. 진동수 추정에서도 촬영 각도 50°를 제외 하고 전체적으로 1% 미만의 오차율을 보이며 매우 유사한 추정 결과를 나타냈으며, 촬영 각도가 변화에 따른 감쇠비는 최소 1.025% 에서 최대 1.189%의 추정결과를 보이며 촬영 각도와 상관없이 전체적으로 유사한 감쇠비를 나타냈다.

As a rule, geological disposal is considered a safe method for final disposal of high-level radioactive waste. However, some long-lived fission products like 99Tc and 129I contained in spent nuclear fuel are highly mobile as less sorbing anionic species in the subsurface environment and can mainly cause exposure dose to the ecosystem by emission of beta rays in the hundreds of keV range. Therefore, if these two nuclides can be separated and converted with high efficiency into radioactively unharmful nuclides, this would have a positive effect on disposal safety. One candidate method is to transmute these two nuclides in nuclear reactors into short-lived nuclides or into stable nuclides. For this purpose, it is necessary to evaluate which reactor type is more efficient in burning these two nuclides. In this study, the simulation results of nuclear transmutation of 99Tc and 129I in light water reactor (PWR), heavy water reactor (CANDU) and fast neutron reactor (SFR, MET-1000) are compared and discussed.

본 연구에서 국내에서 개발된 제초제저항성 GM 벼인 밀양 204호와 익산 483호가 비표적 곤충과 거미에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. GM 벼와 non-GM 벼에 대한 보리수염진딧물과 벼멸구의 기주선호도에는 차이가 없었으며, GM 벼를 섭식한 벼멸구를 포식한 황산적거미의 체중 변화에도 통계적 유의성이 없었다. 밀양 204호와 그 대조 모본 non-GM 벼에서 서식한 벼멸구를 포식한 황산적거미의 생존율에는 차이가 없었 으나, 벼멸구를 통해 익산 483호에 노출된 황산적거미의 생존율은 대조 모본 non-GM 벼에 비해 통계적으로 낮은 생존율을 나타내었다. 또한 익 산 483호의 화분을 섭식한 꿀벌 유충은 밀양 204호와 다른 non-GM 벼 화분을 제공하였을 때 보다 현저하게 긴 용기간을 보였다. 농업생태계에 서 중요한 포식 천적인 황산적거미와 양봉 산업으로서 중요한 기능을 하는 꿀벌에 GM 벼가 부정적인 영향을 보임에 따라 국내에서 개발된 제초 제저항성 GM 벼의 농업 환경 노출 이전에 충분한 추가 연구와 안전성 평가가 선행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.