This study investigates the internal structure of the Habitat and Riparian Health Index (HRI) by identifying conditional dependencies among its components and the mechanisms that form grade boundaries, rather than treating HRI as a simple arithmetic sum. Using the 2024 national river assessment dataset, the analysis combined bootstrap-supported Bayesian Networks for stable dependency inference with classification decision trees for explicit grading rules and threshold identification. A multi-criterion priority scheme integrating network centrality, contribution to total-score variability, and classification contribution was also applied to derive management priorities within and across basins. Across all basins and analytical perspectives, Flow Velocity Diversity consistently emerged as the most influential component. It occupied the central position in the dependency structure and accounted for the largest share of variability in the composite score, indicating that it operates as a system-level outcome in which channel morphology, bed condition, and anthropogenic constraints converge. The grading mechanism was strongly asymmetric. Deficiencies in riverbank protection functioned as a dominant trigger for rapid grade deterioration, whereas attainment of the highest grade required a conjunctive and non-linear pathway in which sufficient flow heterogeneity was accompanied by the sequential resolution of structural constraints, particularly those associated with transverse structures and embankments. Basin-level comparisons further showed that network structures were not interchangeable, with the Nakdong River basin exhibiting the most distinct configuration and basinspecific priority patterns. These results imply that management should separate strategies aimed at preventing degradation through bottleneck control from strategies aimed at achieving top-tier conditions through coordinated, multi-component interventions.

Understanding the distinct hydro-biogeochemical dynamics of lotic and lentic systems is crucial for integrated watershed management, particularly in regions with complex land-use patterns. This study investigated the spatiotemporal water quality variations in Gunsan City, Republic of Korea. Monthly monitoring was conducted at 17 sites (8 rivers and 9 reservoirs) from May 2024 to May 2025 to analyze 11 physicochemical parameters. Multivariate statistical approaches, including Factor Analysis of Mixed Data and K-means clustering, were employed to elucidate the interactions between water body types and seasonal factors. Factor analysis identified two primary gradients explaining 42.7% of the total variance: anthropogenic nutrient loading (Axis 1) and seasonal metabolic-physical drivers (Axis 2). The study revealed distinct spatial heterogeneity; rivers exhibited significantly higher electrical conductivity and nutrient concentrations (e.g., TN, TP) compared to reservoirs, clustering into a high-pollution group driven by point and non-point sources. Seasonally, rivers showed a marked concentration effect during the dry winter season due to reduced base flow, whereas reservoirs maintained relatively stable water quality attributed to the dilution capacity of larger water volumes. Shallow reservoirs like Backseokje exhibited characteristic water quality pattern, such as hypoxia related to organic matter decomposition and high vegetation cover. These findings suggest that a differentiated management approach is essential: mitigating point-source and non-point-source pollution and securing base flow for rivers during dry seasons, while regulating internal biogeochemical processes and inflows for reservoirs.

As the impacts of climate change become increasingly pronounced, the role of ecosystems as sinks for atmospheric greenhouse gases has become increasingly important. In particular, wetlands have gained attention due to their high carbon storage capacity relative to their area. This study aimed to compare soil carbon storage and soil respiration between riverine wetlands and forest wetlands in Korea, and to identify key environmental factors influencing these processes. Seasonal surveys were conducted on the soil physical and chemical properties, carbon storage, and soil respiration in two riverine wetlands in the Geum River basin and one forest wetland in Goheung, Jeollanam-do. The analysis showed that the forest wetland stored 425.08±167.32 kg m-2 of carbon, approximately 26 times more than the 101.09±103.56 kg m-2 stored in riverine wetland soils. The forest wetland exhibited slow hydrological flow and low bulk density, creating conditions favorable for organic matter accumulation. Soil respiration measurements showed values of 0.31±0.28 gCO2 m-2 hr-1 in the riverine wetlands and 0.83±0.58 gCO2 m-2 hr-1 in the forest wetland, with no statistically significant difference between the two. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship with soil temperature (p<0.05) in both wetland types, indicating that temperature is an important factor regulating soil respiration. Additionally, total phosphorus was identified as a key factor in riverine wetlands, whereas pH was a major influencing factor in the forest wetland.

National parks serve as protected areas that ensure the sustainable use of representative natural ecosystems. In South Korea, approximately 46% of the nation’s total species and 65% of its endangered species inhabit national parks. Comprehensive resource surveys have been conducted every 5 years in accordance with the Natural Parks Act to safeguard these invaluable biological resources. However, species identification in these surveys still largely relies on traditional methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often subject to investigator bias. This study investigated freshwater fish communities in stream ecosystems at four national parks-Seoraksan, Woraksan, Deogyusan, and Hallyeohaesang-using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to evaluate the consistency of its results with those of conventional surveys. A total of 33 fish species (five orders, 11 families) were recorded in both methods. eDNA detected 31 species (detection rate: 93.9%), whereas conventional methods identified 22 species (66.7%). However, species richness values were significantly correlated between the two methods. eDNA exhibited higher detection efficiency (88.7-100.0%) across all parks than conventional methods (64.3-72.2%). Six endangered species were identified in total, four of which (66.7%) were detected by eDNA. The results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a more sensitive, efficient, and reliable tool for assessing freshwater fish diversity in national parks than conventional methods. Overall, eDNA offers a valuable complement or potential alternative to conventional survey methods for the long-term monitoring of freshwater fish biodiversity.

This study aims to advance Korea’s aquatic ecosystem assessment framework by developing and validating an Integrated Assessment Index (IAI) that synthesizes three biological indicators: the Diatom Assessment Index (DAI), the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment Index (BAI), and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI). Using biomonitoring data collected from 2019 to 2021, three integration methods: the minimum grade method, most frequent grade method, and arithmetic mean method, were compared. The arithmetic mean method demonstrated the highest suitability and was adopted as the final integration approach. The resulting IAI showed stronger correlations with major water quality factors (BOD, TN, TP) than individual biological indices, indicating its enhanced capacity to capture both water quality gradients and ecological response patterns across biological assemblages. Application of the IAI to aquatic ecosystem assessment data from 2016 to 2023 revealed that the overall ecological condition of Korean rivers remained at a “fair (C)” level. Approximately half of the sites were classified as good to very good (A~B), while around 20% were rated as poor to very poor (D~E). Annual cycle analysis further indicated that first-year surveys within each monitoring phase exhibited higher proportions of good conditions, whereas second- and third-year surveys showed increasing frequencies of fair conditions, suggesting cumulative environmental stressors or progressive habitat alteration. Mid-sized basin target standards achievement analysis showed a clear discrepancy between waterquality and biological outcomes. While BOD and TP targets were met at relatively high rates, IAI achievement rates were the lowest across all major river basins (18~33%). This indicates that current water quality centered management goals insufficiently reflect actual ecological conditions. The results highlight that improvements in physico-chemical factors alone are insufficient for biological recovery and that habitat structure, flow regime, and substrate conditions are critical drivers of ecological integrity. Overall, the IAI effectively integrates biological and physico-chemical information, offering a more comprehensive quantification of river aquatic ecosystem health than single metric approaches. The index demonstrates strong potential as a practical tool for future policy applications, including mid-sized basin target management, ecological restoration prioritization, and integrated water resource planning.

Biological assessments of streams have been developed in many countries to evaluate ecological integrity. A multimetric index is one of the primary methods used for this purpose, incorporating chemical, physical, and biological variables of the environment. In Korea, the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index (BMI) is currently applied in national biological monitoring programs; however, BMI reflects only organic pollution and does not account for other environmental variables in streams. This study aimed to develop a new multimetric index, the Benthic Macroinvertebrate-based Multimetric Index (BMMI), for assessing the ecological integrity of Korean streams. We analyzed data from 3,307 sites, including water quality information. Reference and disturbed streams were identified based on PC 1 scores with 7 environmental factors (Axis 1 of the PCA), genus levelbased taxa richness, and BMGI values used for trimming. From an initial set of 82 candidate metrics, six (genus level-based taxa richness, Shannon’s diversity index, percent of taxa in E.P.T., percent of individuals in collectorsgatherers, percent of individuals in clingers, BMGI based on saprobity) were selected through statistical analyses, including coefficient of variation and discriminant analysis. BMMI successfully distinguished between reference and disturbed streams and showed significant correlations with various environmental factors. These results indicate that BMMI is suitable for evaluating the ecological integrity of streams in Korea. Therefore, it is recommended that stream ecosystem assessments transition from BMI to BMMI in the future to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of stream integrity.

Current assessments of stream ecosystem health in Korea using benthic diatoms rely primarily on the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), which is highly sensitive to phosphorus concentrations but has limited ability to capture complex environmental stressors such as organic pollution and physical habitat degradation. To address these limitations and enhance the ecological diagnostic capacity of diatom-based assessments, we developed a Korean-type multimetric diatom index, the Diatom Assessment Index (DAI). Using benthic diatom assemblage data and environmental variables collected from 3,029 sites nationwide between 2019 and 2021, we screened candidate metrics based on variability, redundancy, discriminatory power, and sensitivity analyses. Five metrics-TDI, proportion of motile diatoms, proportion of sensitive diatoms, proportion of saprophilous diatoms, and the [Achnanthes / (Achnanthes+Navicula)] ratio-were ultimately selected and integrated to calculate the DAI score. Applying the DAI to an independent dataset from 3,005 sites (2022~2024) demonstrated that the index exhibited a near-normal distribution across assessment classes, in contrast to the TDI, which tended to be skewed toward specific ranges. The DAI showed strong correlations not only with physicochemical parameters such as BOD and TP but also with physical habitat indicators, including flow velocity and the proportion of fine substrates. In addition, the DAI was significantly correlated with other biological indices, such as the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI) and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI). These results indicate that the DAI provides a more comprehensive and ecologically meaningful measure of stream health in Korea and can serve as an effective tool for national aquatic ecosystem assessment and management.

This study examines the current framework for diagnosing the causes of stream ecosystem impairment in South Korea and proposes strategies to improve the effectiveness of aquatic ecosystem restoration policies. While technical guidelines and manuals for impairment diagnosis have been developed, they remain limited in practice due to weak legal enforceability, lack of integration with restoration planning, and insufficient coordination between related laws such as the Water Environment Conservation Act and the River Act. To address these issues, this study highlights the need for institutional reforms, including the legal establishment of a national inventory of impaired streams, the development of a comprehensive management plan, and the incorporation of diagnosis results into river planning processes. It also proposes clarifying the roles of central and local agencies to enhance administrative efficiency and reduce project fragmentation. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the potential of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as a paradigm shift in stream restoration. The application of NbS should be linked to the results of scientific diagnosis and tailored to the specific characteristics and impairment mechanisms of each stream. By strengthening the link between diagnosis, planning, and implementation, and adopting ecosystem-based approaches such as NbS, this study aims to inform integrated policy and institutional directions for sustainable stream restoration in South Korea.

Water environment management in Korea has long been driven by chemical water quality standards; however, such an approach does not adequately reflect the structural and functional integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Accordingly, the introduction of biological water quality criteria (biocriteria) has emerged as a key task for establishing ecosystem-centered water environmental policies. This study reviewed the scientific and legal foundations necessary for developing biocriteria suited to Korean aquatic ecosystems and proposed practical approaches for institutionalizing them as environmental standards. To this end, we conducted a comparative analysis of biocriteria implementation cases in major countries, including the United States, the European Union (EU), and Canada, and examined both the applicability and limitations of domestic multi-metric index (MMI)-based biological indicators. In addition, we evaluated the potential linkage with national legislation, including the Framework Act on Environmental Policy and the Water Environment Conservation Act, and proposed an institutionalization roadmap. This study emphasizes the necessity of establishing biocriteria as a policy turning point for securing the ecological health of Korean freshwater ecosystems and building an integrated water environment management framework.

본 연구는 남북 공유하천인 임진강과 북한강을 대상으로 하이드로 헤 게모니 이론을 적용하여 남북한 협력과 갈등의 역학을 분석했다. 임진강 과 북한강에서 북한은 상류국으로서 지리적 우위를 가지지만, 남한의 대 응 전략에 따라 북한의 일방적 헤게모니 행사가 제한되었고 협력의 가능 성이 나타났다. 임진강에서는 남한이 하류 지역에 대한 통제와 군남댐 등 전략적 시설의 기술적 우위, 대체 수자원 확보, 생태 평화 담론을 활 용함으로써 북한의 일방적인 헤게모니 행사가 효과적으로 제한되었다. 반면, 북한강에서는 북한은 유량 조절, 기술 격차와 불안정한 수자원 관 리 능력, 절대적 영토주권주 담론을 통해 일방적인 헤게모니를 행사할 수 있었다. 이에 반해 남한은 수도권 상수원의 전략적 중요성과 높은 의 존도로 인해 북한의 권력 행사를 효과적으로 제한하는 데 어려움을 겪었 다. 본 연구는 남북 공유하천에서의 갈등 양상이 유역별 특성에 따라 다 르게 나타나며, 이를 해결하기 위해 차별화된 접근 전략과 비헤게모니 국가의 대응 전략이 필요함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 조경시공 전문가의 관점에서 지속가능한 하천 유지관리 환경단체가 참여하는 통합적 관리방안을 제안하는 것을 목표로 한다 가. 현이재드 국라내인 을하 천수 립관하리고는 지홍역수사 방회지 와및 기외반 하시천설 관 유리지 정에책 중 분점석을, 두수고원 시있 으4대며 하, 생천태의 복 현원장과 조 여사가, 주기민능 이인 식충 분평히가 를고려 통되해지 주 않요고 문 있제다점. 을본 도연출구하는였 국다내. 분생태석적 결 고과려 하가천 미 유흡지한관 것리으의로 거 나버타넌났스다가. 분이산에되 따어라 있 본어 연 일구관에성서이는 부종족합하적고인 유하지천보 유수지 방관식리의 전 차략이을로 제 안인한해 다를. 보 첫존째해, 생야태 한적다 접. 둘근째 방, 식지을역 사도회입 하참여여 를자 연활형성 화호하안여 복 자원원, 식봉생사 관 기리반 조의절 하, 천최 소모한니의터 링준 설프을로 그통램해을 수 운생영태하계 고수질 지 모역니 주터민링과, G이IS해 공관간계 자분석 간 등 협을력 도을입 강함화으할로 필써요 유가지 있관다리.의 셋 효째율, 스성마과트 의 기사술결을정 의활 용정하확여성 을드 론높,여 Io야T 한기다반. 또유지한관 본리 연 가구이에드서라는인 주을기 개적발인하 청였소다,. 정식책생적 관 개리선, 준을설 위 규해정 중, 앙시정설부물와 유 지지방보자수치 등단을체 ,포 시함민한단 표체준가화 협된력 하하는천 거실버현넌함스으 로체써계 도를시 구 축하하천고의 유지속지가관능리 성프과로 회세복스력를을 통 향합상하시여킬 효 율수성 있을을 제 것고으할로 필 기요대가된 있다.다 향. 이후러 연한구 전에략서을는 다양한 하천 환경에서 본 연구의 가이드라인을 적용하고 효과성을 검증하는 실증 연구가 필요하다.

대규모 하천의 수량(river storage) 변동으로 인해 발생하는 지각 변형을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) 기반의 지각 변위 자료와 GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 인공위성 중력 자료, 그리고 WaterGAP 수리 모형 산출 자료를 종합적으로 분석하였다. 우리는 아마존 강 유역에 대해 수로에 집중되어 분포하는 하천 수량 변동을 선 형태의 하중으로 모형화하고, 이로부터 유발되는 지각의 탄성 변형을 계산해 GNSS 관측치와 비교하였다. 이를 통해, 이 지역에서 발생하는 계절적 지각 변위 중 하천 수량 변동에 기인하 는 성분을 선 하중 모형으로 성공적으로 설명할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 원격 탐사 자료를 활용해 대규 모 하천의 수량 변동을 추정할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 이를 토대로 GRACE가 관측하는 육상 물 저장량(terrestrial water storage, TWS)에서 토양 수분이나 지하수 변동 등의 개별 요소를 분리 및 검증할 수 있는 방법론을 제시한다. 나아가, 본 연구에서 제안된 접근법은 기후 변화로 인한 수문학적 재해 예측과 수자원 관리 등 다양한 분야에서 더욱 정교한 해석과 활용을 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

Ecological indicators are tools used to evaluate the state of specific environments by monitoring the ecological characteristics and changes of organisms, and they are widely utilized in environmental monitoring and management. Such indicators should be sensitive to environmental changes, maintain long-term stability, and be easy to investigate and analyze. This study aimed to evaluate whether the spraint density of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) can monitor the state and changes in river ecosystems. Using spraint density data over nine years (2014~2024), we analyzed temporal and spatial changes in otter distribution. Generalized Additive Models were applied to assess annual variability, and spatial clustering and distribution changes were examined using Hotspot Analysis and Geo-SOM (Geo-Self-Organizing Map). The results indicated stable spraint density trends in most sub-watersheds, with higher variability in developed areas. This study highlights the potential of spraint density as a cost-effective and simple ecoological indicator for long-term river ecosystem monitoring.

Biodiversity encompasses species diversity, which includes species richness and species evenness. High species diversity is known to contribute to community stability and the potential for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning. However, the most commonly used species diversity indices have some limitations, as they require species-specific abundance data for each community. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity measures the evolutionary distances between species within a community, reflecting ecological and/or evolutionary divergences and niche differences, without requiring abundance data. This study assessed biodiversity by calculating phylogenetic diversity indices for freshwater fishes (19 species) and aquatic insects (49 species) at three sites within Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks. The aquatic insects studied belong to the EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), which are widely used as bioindicators of aquatic ecosystems. Two mitochondrial DNA genes were used as molecular markers: COI and cyt b for fish, and COI and 16S rRNA for the EPT - group. Overall, Odaesan National Park exhibited higher phylogenetic diversity in both fishes and aquatic insects compared to Seoraksan National Park, although this difference was not statistically significant. The highest phylogenetic and species diversity were observed for fish at the OD2 site (Woljeong District) and for the EPT group at the OD1 (Gyebangsan) and SA2 (Jangsudae) sites. Correlation analysis revealed that phylogenetic diversity indices were more positively associated with species richness than species diversity indices. This study serves as a pilot project for establishing standardized methods for assessing biodiversity in national park habitats using phylogenetic diversity. It also aims to inform various policies, such as the development of biodiversity assessment systems and the prioritization of protected areas within national parks.

Recently, Korean government has incorporated the assessment and restoration of river continuity as a key component of its integrated water management policy. While, methodologies for evaluating discontinuities and degradation, as well as the procedures for assessment and restoration, have been developed and proposed, there is a need for further improvement. Therefore, further research is required to establish a conceptual framework for continuity specific to domestic river ecosystems and to formulate appropriate assessment methods and restoration strategies. In this study we conduct a comparative analysis of the concepts, restoration approaches, and comprehensive evaluation methods for river continuity as proposed by Japan, the United States, and the European Union (EU), all of which have long-standing frameworks for river continuity assessment and restoration projects. Each country demonstrates distinct objectives and guidelines: Japan emphasizes habitat continuity within the context of river and watershed continuity, the United States integrates continuity as a tool for watershed management, and the EU prioritizes biodiversity conservation by advocating for the removal of artificial barriers and promoting the restoration of free-flowing rivers (FFR). By investigating these international examples, this study provides insights that can guide the development of long-term strategies and evaluation criteria for securing aquatic ecosystem continuity in Korea.

안양천의 어류 군집 특성과 어류상에 대한 수질의 영향을 밝히기 위해 2022년 4~6월과 8~10월에 20개 지점을 2회 조사하였다. 조사 기간 동안 채집된 어류는 5목 10과 34종 3,186개체였다. 우점종은 피라미(Zacco platypus, 43.4%) 였고, 아우점종은 붕어(Carassius auratus, 10.1%), 그 다음으로 잉어(Cyprinus carpio, 7.6%), 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus, 6.2%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi, 5.2%), 대륙송사리(Oryzias sinensis, 5.1%), 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva, 4.7%), 긴몰개(Squalidus gracilis majimae, 4.4%), 버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 3.5%), 치리(Hemiculter eigenmanni, 3.3%), 흰줄납줄개(Rhodeus ocellatus, 1.4%), 가숭어(Chelon haematocheilus, 1.0%) 등의 순으로 우세하 게 출현하였다. 출현종 중 한국고유종은 각시붕어(Rhodeus uyekii), 긴몰개, 몰개(Squalidus japonicus coreanus), 참갈 겨니, 얼록동사리(Odontobutis interrupta) 5종(14.7%)이었고, 외래종은 이스라엘잉어(Cyprinus carpio Israeli type), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus), 배스(Micropterus salmoides), 구피(Poecilia reticulata) 4종(11.8%)이었다. 어류 군집 분석 결과, 우점도는 상류가 높았고 하류로 가면서 낮아졌으며, 다양도와 풍부도, 균등도는 본류보다 지류에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 하천건강성을 평가한 결과, 7개 지점에서 보통(C), 8개 지점에서 나쁨(D), 5개 지점에서 매우 나쁨(E)으로 평가되어 좋지 않았다. 수질은 8개 지점을 평가한 결과, 4개 지점은 보통(III), 2개 지점은 나쁨(V), 1개 지점은 약간 나쁨(IV), 1개 지점은 약간 좋음(II)으로 평가되어, 전체적인 수질은 나쁘게 나타났으며, 수질이 하천건 강성과 어류의 서식에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 안양천에 어도가 없는 보가 많이 설치되어 있어 어류의 이동에 장애물로 작용하고 있었다. 따라서 하천건강성을 높이고 안정적인 어류의 서식을 위해서는 수질을 개선할 수 있는 체계적인 관리방안이 필요하고 보에 어도 설치가 요구되었다.

This study analyzed the monitoring results of fishways at 16 weirs constructed on four large Rivers to provide data helpful for the operation and management of fishways. The average utilization rate of the fishways at the weirs was confirmed to be 64.9%. When comparing the dominant species in the mainstream and fishway monitoring results, differences were observed in 9 weirs (56.3%). This indicated that the species prevalent in the mainstream were not necessarily the ones most frequently using the fishways. The average number of individuals using the fishways per day was 336. When classifying the fish species using the fishway by life type, 92.3% were primary freshwater fish, and migratory species accounted for only 5.6%. Analysis based on the season of fishway usage revealed that an average or higher number of fish species used the fishways from May to October, with the highest number of individual users occurring from June to August. Between May and July, 80% of the fish species using the fishways were in their spawning period, while during other season, less than 40% were species that move during the spawning period. The fishways that showed a significant alignment between the spawning period and the fishway passage period were Rhinogobius brunneus, Leiocassis nitidus, Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, Pseudogobio esocinus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, and Pungtungia herzi, in that order. When comparing the fishway monitoring results of the Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir and the Dalseong Weir with the upper part water level of the weir, both the number of fish species and individuals using the fishway showed positive correlations with the upper part water level of the weir. This suggests that a higher water level of the weir increases the inflow discharge within the fishway, leading to increased use by fish (number of individuals in Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, P<0.001; number of species in Dalseong Weir, P<0.05). This study summarized and analyzed the results of fishway monitoring at 16 weirs built on four large Rivers, considering fishway efficiency, operation and management, monitoring period, and regulation of water level in the upper part of the weir. It is thought that this will help understand the status of fish use in fishways on large River and aid the construction, operation, and management of fishways in the future.

하천시설물은 정보의 관리주체가 국가하천과 지방하천 등에 따라 달라서 통합되어 관리되지 못하고 있는 점, 설계 및 시공 단계의 정보화 축적이 미흡하여 시설물 정보의 망실이 우려되는 점 등 하천분야로 BIM 도입을 하기 위해서는 해결해야 할 과제들이 산재해 있다. 또한, 이로 인해 유지운영단계에서의 시설물 정보 활용 수준 역시 상당히 미흡한 편이다. 따라서, 하천시설물의 효과적인 유지 운영을 위해서는 표준분류체계에 따라 시설물 정보를 정리함으로 데이터의 일관성을 확보하고 효율성을 증대시킬 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 하천분야의 시설물 특성을 고려하여 하천분야의 BIM 정보모델 도입과 3차원 기반의 하천시설의 효율적인 유지 운영 전환을 위한 BIM 표준분류체계를 적용하는 방안을 제시한다.

Recently, in relation to climate change, many studies have been conducted to predict the potential habitat area and distribution range of tilapia and the suitability of habitat for each species. Most tilapia are tropical fish that cannot survive at water temperatures below 10 to 12°C, although some tilapia can survive at 6 to 8°C. This study predicted habitable areas and the possibility of spreading of habitat ranges of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus) known to inhabit domestic streams. Due to climate change, it was found that habitats in the Geum River, Mangyeong River, Dongjin River, Seomjin River, Taehwa River, Hyeongsan River, and the flowing in East Sea were possible by 2050. In addition, it was confirmed that tilapia could inhabit the preferred lentic ecosystem such as Tamjin Lake, Naju Lake, Juam Lake, Sangsa Lake, Jinyang Lake, Junam Reservoir, and Hoedong Reservoir. In particular, in the case of tilapia, which lives in tributaries of the Geumho River, Dalseo Stream, and the Nakdong River, its range of habitat is expected to expand to the middle and lower of the Nakdong River system. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to prepare physical and institutional management measures to prevent the spread of the local population where tilapia currently inhabits and to prevent introduction to new habitats.