Background: Most of the previous researches on the abnormality of breathing pattern have focused on the silence of functional movements owing to such abnormality, however, have not been clearly identified the relationship between the abnormal breathing pattern on one hand and kinesiophobia and flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) on the other hand. Objective: To compare patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and healthy person in the abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP during flexion and extension of the trunk. Design: Case-control study. Methods: The research subjects consisted of a group of 15 healthy adults and another group of 15 patients with CLBP. Capnography was used to measure the endtidal CO2 (EtCO2) and respiratory quotient (RQ). The muscle activity of multifidus and erector spinae of the subjects was measured during flexion and extension of the trunk to identify their FRP. The Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) were utilized to measure their breathing patterns and kinesiophobia, respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was conducted in order to analyze the normal distribution of the measured data. Their general characteristics were identified by the descriptive statistics and the independent t-test was performed to identify the differences between the two groups in terms of abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP. The level of significance was set at α=.05. Results: The patients with CLBP had significantly less EtCO2 and shorter breathing hold time (BHT) than normal healthy person (p<.05). The patient with CLBP also had significantly greater kinesiophobia than healthy person (p<.05), and had less FRP than the healthy person (p<.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that the CLBP had greater abnormality of breathing pattern and kinesiophobia with less FRP than healthy person.

목적: 본 연구는 시기능이상과 읽기능력변인의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 교정시력 1.0 이상인 평균나이 22.74세 남녀 120명을 대상으로 양안시기능과 읽기능력변인을 검사 하였다. 양안시기능검사는 원,근거리 수평사위, 폭주근점, 조절용이성을 측정하였고 임상기준값에 의해 정상군과 이상군으로 분류하였고, 읽기능력변인의 종류는 읽기속도, 주시횟수, 주시시간, 주시반복횟수, 이해도, 읽기등급이며 VisagrapⅡ(ReadAlyzer)를 이용해 검사하였다. 읽기능력변인에 대한 시기능이상군과 정상군의 차이는 독립표본 t-검정(Independent t-test)로 평가하였고, 시기능이상의 정도에 따른 읽기능력변 인의 상관성은 Pearson`s 상관분석을 통해 분석하였으며 유의수준은 p < 0.05로 하였다. 결과: 원·근거리 모두에서 외사위군은 정상군에 비해 읽기속도는 감소하고, 주시횟수는 증가하였으며(p < 0.05), 근거리 외사위군에서는 사위도가 증가함에 따라 읽기속도가 감소하였고, 주시반복횟수의 증가로 인해 읽기등급이 감소하였다(p < 0.05). 조절용이성은 이상군이 정상군에 비해 읽기속도가 더 느렸고(p < 0.05), 조절용이성이 증가함에 따라 읽기속도가 증가하였다(p < 0.05). 결론: 주시거리에 관계없이 정상범위를 벗어난 외사위안은 내사위안보다 읽기능력에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 이는 독서 시 요구되는 폭주량이 내사위보다 외사위에서 더 크기 때문이라 사료된다. 일부 시기능이상은 읽기속도 등의 읽기능력변인에 영향을 줄 수 있으나 다른 변인과 상관성이 없다면 읽기능력에 미치는 영향이 미미할 것이라 생각된다. 따라서, 읽기능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 외사위와 조절용이성 이상을 교정 할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

This study carried out and analyzed survey data on captains and mates of Korean coastal large trawlers in order to examine factors affecting body abnormalities and fatigue on bridge teams from work and environment at bridges of trawlers. The summarized result may be summed up as follows: multiple regression analysis with body pain and fatigue as dependent variables yields t-values of –2.559 (p<0.05) and –3.928 (p<0.05) respectively. From the result, environment at bridges (views, spaces and exhaust) were negative factors in affecting bridge workers’ pain and fatigue. Thus, it is determined to secure available spaces to improve the workers’ views through windows in front of, besides and rear bridge and create more pleasant atmospheric environment at bridge.

경남 창원시의 농경지에 산란된 한국산 도롱뇽(Hynobius leechii)의 알주머니 126개를 채집하여 그 길이의 변이를 조사하고 그 속의 5330개 수정란을 대상으로 수적변이를 조사하였다. 그리고 그 중 어떤 시약의 처리 없이 자연적으로 일어난 이상발생의 패턴과 조직학적 이상을 연구하였다. 알주머니의 길이 변이 폭은 11~29 cm이었으며 평균 길이는 19 cm, 상대빈도가 가장 높은 것은 20 cm 길이였다. 배의 수는 주머니 당 19~98개의 변이 폭을 나타냈으며 39~43개 사이가 가장 빈번하게 나타났다. 84개의 알주머니에서 323의 배가 발생이상을 보였으며 23종류의 발생이상패턴이 정리되었다. 그 중 외형상 심각한 이 상을 보이는 개체들의 조직절편을 관찰한 결과 눈의 색소형성부진, 뇌신경세포의 붕괴, 갑상선종, 인두형성부진, 심장위치불명, 미분화간엽조직의 미발달 등을 포함하고 있었다. 이러한 이상은 환경의 질 저하에 따른 수중 유해물질에의 노출에 의해 양서류가 악영향을 받아 최근 급격히 그 수가 감소하는 것과 관련이 있을 것이다.

For the 2 years of farming, at the indoor circulating aquaculture system, four kinds of skeletal deformities were found among 60 Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus. Deformities saw jawbone’s luxation, abnormality of upper lip and malocclusion. Spinal deformity was most fatal deformities with low weight and small length. Jawbone’s luxation had 1 maxilla and 2 mandibles. Abnormality of upper lip had just lip was back over. Malocclusion’s left maxilla and right maxilla were not balanced. This experiment was any deformities in this species through the deformity can grasp how it affects.

Positional clonging (map-based cloning) of mutations or genetic variations has been served as an invaluable tool to understand in-vivo functions of genes and to identify molecular components underlying phenotypes of interest. Mice homozygous for the cerebellar deficient folia (cdf) mutation are ataxic, with cerebellar hypoplasia and abnormal lobulation of the cerebellum. In the cdf mutant cerebellum approximately 40% of Purkinje cells are ectopically located within the white matter and the inner granule cell layer (IGL). To identify the cdf gene, a high-resolution genetic map for the cdf-gene-encompassing region was constructed using 1997 F2 mice generated from C3H/HeSnJ-cdf/cdf and CAST/Ei intercross. The cdf gene showed complete linkage disequilibrium with three tightly linked markers D6Mit208, D6Mit359, and D6Mit225. A contig using YAC, BAC, and P1 clones was constructed for the cdf critical region to identify the gene. A deletion in the cdf critical region on chromosome 6 that removes approximately 150 kb of DNA selection. cdf mutant mice with the transgenic copy of the identified gene restored the brain abnormalities of the mutant mice. The positional cloning of cdf gene provides a good example showing the identification of a gene could lead to finding a new component of important molecular pathways.