Working during decommissioning of nuclear facilities can subject workers to a number of industrial health and safety risks. Such facilities can contain hazardous processes and materials such as hot steam, harsh chemicals, electricity, pressurized fluids and mechanical hazards. Workers can be exposed to these and other hazards during normal duties (including slips, trips and falls, driving accidents and drowning). Industrial safety accidents, along with their direct impacts on the individuals involved, can negatively affect the image of nuclear facilities and their general acceptance by the public. Industrial safety is the condition of being protected from physical danger as a result of workplace conditions. Industrial safety program in a nuclear context are the policies and protections put in place to ensure nuclear facility workers are protected from hazards that could cause injury or illness. Preventive actions are those that detect, preclude or mitigate the degradation of a situation. They can be conducted regularly or periodically, one time in a planned manner, or in a predictive manner based on an observed condition. Corrective actions are those that restore a failed or degraded condition to its desired state based on observation of the failure or degradation. In industrial safety, the situations or conditions of interest are those observed via the performance monitoring, investigations, audits and management reviews. Preventive and corrective actions are those designed to place or return the system to its desired state. Preventive actions where possible are preferred as they eliminate the adverse condition prior to it occurring. When an accident or incident occurs, the primary focus is on obtaining appropriate treatment for injured people and securing the scene to prevent additional hazards or injuries. Once the injured personnel have been cared for and the scene has been secured, it is necessary to initiate a formal investigation to determine the extent of the damage, causal factors and corrective actions to be implemented. Certain tools may be needed to investigate such incidents and accidents. Initial identification of evidence immediately following the incident includes a list of people, equipment and materials involved and a recording of environmental factors such as weather, illumination, temperature, noise, ventilation and physical factors such as fatigue and age of the workers. The five Ws (what, who, when, where and why) are useful to remember in investigation of incidents and accidents.

Despite of careful planning of decommissioning projects, there are often surprises when facilities are opened for dismantling purposes, or when material is removed from hot cells, etc. Unexpected incidents and findings during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities have been referred to in the past as unknowns. However, many of the problems encountered during implementation of decommissioning are well known, it is simply that they were not expected to arise. In some other cases, the problem may not have been encountered in the decommissioning team’s experience, forcing the development of new techniques, tools and procedures to address the unexpected problem, with the attendant delays and cost overruns that this often involves. Unknowns in decommissioning cannot be eliminated, regardless of the efforts applied. This is especially the case in old facilities where documentation may have been lost or where modifications were carried out without updates to reports. As a result, when planning for decommissioning, it is prudent to assume that such problems will occur, and ensure that arrangements are in place to deal with them when they arise. This approach will not only improve the efficiency of the decommissioning project, but will also improve the safety of the operations. One of the most common root causes of unexpected events in decommissioning is the lack of detailed design information or missing records of modifications, maintenance issues and incidents during operation. It is therefore necessary to check the completeness of design information in existing plants and to ensure that configuration management techniques are applied at all stages of the lifetime of a plant. In the case of a new plant, archiving samples of materials can be a valuable source of information to support decommissioning planning. During the lifetime of plants, it is likely that modifications will be carried out involving the construction of new buildings. The opportunity should be taken in these circumstances to consider the layout, the physical size and other attributes of the plant to ensure that they do not make decommissioning of existing facilities more difficult and also to optimize the potential for reuse in support of the decommissioning of the whole site, later in the life of the facility. Characterization of all aspects of a plant is essential to reduce the number of unknowns and the likelihood of unexpected events. This characterization should be extensive, but there is a limit to the level of detail that should be sought as the cost versus benefit gain may reduce. Reducing unknowns by retrospectively obtaining physical data associated with a facility is a useful means of characterization, and there are many tools in existence that can be used to carry this out accurately and effectively. Regardless of the efforts that are employed in decommissioning planning, unexpected events should be anticipated and contingency plans prepared. Although the details of the event itself may not be anticipated, its impact may affect safety and environmental discharge, and may or may not involve radiological impacts. Regardless of more serious impacts, unexpected events are likely to result in modifications to the decommissioning plan, incur delays and cost money. Finally, regardless of the status of a facility, whether at the concept stage or at the decommissioning stage of its life cycle, it is never too early to begin thinking and planning for decommissioning.

해양을 이용하려는 수요자 증가에 따라, 해양공간을 합리적으로 배분하기 위해 해양공간계획(Marine Spatial Planning)제도가 도 입되었다. 이 중 어업활동보호구역은 수산자원보호 등 어업활동 보호를 위해 지정되었다. 그러나, 어업활동보호구역을 주로 항해하는 어 선은 우리나라에서 발생하는 해양사고의 약 70 %를 차지할 정도로 위험에 노출되어 관리가 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 어업활동보호구 역 내 어선 통항 안전 확보를 위해 어업활동보호구역과 항만·항행구역에서 발생하는 해양사고를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 해양용도구 역의 교통량을 조사하고 선종별, 사고 유형별, 톤수별, 사고원인별, 인명피해별로 해양사고를 조사하였다. 분석 결과 각 유형별 단위 면적 당 해양사고는 대부분 항만·항행구역에서 더 많이 발생하였으나 전체적으로 발생한 해양사고는 어업활동보호구역이 높았다. 특히 인명사 고가 많이 발생하여 통항 안전관리가 필요한 것으로 식별되었다.

PURPOSES : This study empirically analyzes the determinants of fatal accidents based on raw data on traffic accidents occurring in Chungnam in 2020. METHODS : Regression models based on theoretical arguments for fatal traffic accidents are estimated using a binomial logit model. RESULTS : The prediction model for fatal accidents is affected by the degree of urbanization of the region, month and day of the accident, type of accident, and type of law violation. In addition, speeding or illegal U-turns among law violations appear more likely to result in fatal accidents. The road surface conditions at the time of the accident do not show a significant difference in the probability of fatality among traffic accidents. However, the probability of a fatal accident is rather lower in case of a snowy road; this is plausible, as drivers tend to drive more carefully in bad weather conditions. CONCLUSIONS : Among traffic accidents, fatal accidents appear to be affected by the time and place of the accident, type of accident, and weather conditions at the time of the accident. These analysis results suggest policy implications for reducing fatal accidents and can be used as a basis for establishing related policies.

신안군 해역의 섬을 통한 관광사업이 활발해지면서 도서 간을 연결하는 해상교량은 현재까지 총 13개가 완공되었다. 그러나 통항로에 설치된 해상교량은 선박통항에 있어 위험성을 주며, 특히 섬과 섬을 연결하는 연도교의 경우 수로의 폭이 매우 좁아 그 위험도 는 더욱 높다. 본 연구는 신안군 해역의 연도교에 대한 해상교통조사를 토대로 교각과 선박의 충돌위험도를 항만수로의 위험도 평가 모 델인 IWRAP(IALA Waterway Risk Assessment Program)을 활용하여 평가하였다. 그 결과 신안1교가 충돌확률이 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었으 며, 통항선박의 대부분은 연안 여객선으로 나타났다. 또한, 신안1교는 대상해역의 교각 중 가장 충돌사고가 많이 발생한 곳으로 본 연구 에서는 그 원인을 분석하고자 하였다. 신안1교 해역환경의 위성사진을 영상처리기법으로 분석한 결과 해도에는 볼 수 없는 장애물이 교 량 근처에 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로 인해 장애물을 피해 교량의 통항유도방식인 양방향 통항과 달리 한 방향으로 통항이 집 중되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 영상처리기법을 활용한 위험원인 분석방법은 향후 연도교의 위험요인 분석을 하는데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This paper attempted to analyze the correlation between the risk image of the evacuees in the tunnel and the variables that affect the evacuation behavior due to the closed feeling. As to whether there is a difference in the level of recognizing the tunnel risk image according to the distribution of jobs, the null hypothesis was rejected at the significance probability of 0.002, so it can be said that the level of recognition of the tunnel risk image varies depending on the job group. In the distribution difference between gender and tunnel risk image recognition level, the significance probability was 0.012, indicating that the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that the tunnel risk recognition distribution according to gender was different. As a result of analyzing the distribution difference between the tunnel's closed feeling and the tunnel risk perception level, the significance probability was 0.001, and the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that there was a difference in the tunnel risk image level.

Mt. Umyeon is a low-altitude mountain near a residential area, and the actual forest area is not large due to the fact that development for use as a living green space is being completed and in progress across the mountain, so the buffering action for landslides was weak. The unit was located at the top of Mt. Umyeon, and there were reports of contents related to the military unit in some accident areas. Some experts suggested that the landslide that started on the cut side of the unit could be one of the causes of the landslide at Mt. Umyeon. It is presumed that there was a sudden collapse of trees that had fallen due to erosion inside the valley. In the case of the Umyeon landslide, localized torrential rain is the biggest cause, but the fact that it suffered a lot of damage is the result of no preemptive measures. In particular, it can be said that the damage was caused by the concentration of residential and commercial facilities due to the unplanned urban expansion without prior review of the feng shui geography of settlement areas. The important lesson we have learned is that we should recognize nature as living things and live in harmony and coexistence between humans and nature through understanding and cooperation. Adapting to changes in the environment can survive, but if it doesn't, it will be slaughtered. As such, geography influences changes in feng shui. Changes in feng shui have a profound effect on not only humans but also the natural ecosystem.

We analyzed work safety risk factors, which are likely to occur during fishing in gillnet fishing vessels using the written verdict of the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal from 2016 to 2020, and considered work safety management. Of the total of 37 fatal accidents, three cases in the East Sea, six cases in the South Sea, and 28 cases in the West Sea were very frequent. The accident rate per vessel by sea area (%) was 0.08% in East Sea, 0.12% in South Sea, and 0.40% in the West Sea. Based on the East Sea, the number of fatal accidents was 1.6 times higher in the South Sea and 5.4 times higher in the West Sea. Six cases (16.2%) occurred during departure and preparation for fishing in the fishing process, and all other 31 cases (83.8%) occurred during fishing operation. In the order of accident types, 21 cases (56.8%) of being struck by object, eight cases (21.6%) of contact with machinery and six cases (16.2%) of falls from height were found to be fatal accidents in gillnet fishery. Human factors, such as fishers’ carelessness and negligent safety management by captain accounted for 27 cases (73.0%) of the main cause, and 35 cases (94.6%) of the secondary cause. In addition to human factors such as fisher’s carelessness and negligent safety management by captain, mechanical factors, environmental factors and management factors must be improved together to reduce human casualties. These results are expected to be utilized as basic data for reducing safety accidents during the work of fishers.