Currently, flies are used to pollinate Welsh onion for seed production. However, the use of flies for pollination has caused problems in Welsh onion seed production due to sanitation issues, smell, and the difficulty of feeding the flies. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pollination with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), flies (e.g., houseflies, flesh flies, blue bottle flies), mason bees (Osmia cornifrons), honeybees (Apis mellifera) and blowflies (Lucilia illustris) in a small net screen house (2.2m×1.7m×2.5m) for onion seed production. Although the number of flies was about three times than that of other insect pollinators, fies and bumblebees showed equivalent pollination ratios, but the remaining three insect species showed lower values. For the percentage of seed set per umbel, the number of seeds per flower and umbel, bumblebees and flies showed similar results. These results showed that pollination by bumblebees can be used as an alternative approach in breeding Welsh onion. An analysis of the most appropriate colony of bumblebees for use as pollinators for breeding Welsh onion in a small net screen house showed that colony of fifty to eighty bees was the most efficient level. The visiting time on the flower and spending time from a flower to another flower of B. terrestris worker on small net screen house was 2.2 seconds and 1.8 seconds, respectively.

 ,  , This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var) in the early transplanting stage. The changes of welsh onion biomass, yield loss, and T. tabaci density were investigated according to the inoculation periods of T. tabaci. In the early transplanting stage of welsh onion, the yield loss (%) increased with increasing inoculation periods: 17.0, 53.3, 38.4, and 80.8% yield loss in 5, 10, 15, and 20 d inoculation periods, respectively. The relationship between Cumulative Insect Days (CID) of T. tabaci and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of T. tabaci on welsh onion was estimated to 30 CID per plant based on the yield loss 12% (an empirical gain threshold 5% + marketable rate 93% of welsh onion). ET was calculated to 24 CID, which corresponds to 80% of EIL. Until a more defined EIL-model is developed, the present results should be useful for T. tabaci management in early growth stage of welsh onion. The effect of T. tabaci attack on the yield of welsh onion in late growing season (120 days after transplanting) was also examined. The yield of welsh onion increased at a low population density of T. tabaci and decreased at higher densities, showing a typical over-compensatory response.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L. var). The changes of welsh onion biomass and T. tabacci density were investigated after introductions of T. tabacci at different densities and days: By the results of the experiment in the early welsh onion cultivation periods (30d after transplanting), the biomass of welsh onion significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of T. tabacci. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of welsh onion was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL and ET of T. tabacci on welsh onion were estimated at 24 and 20 CID per plant, respectively. By the results of the experiment in the late cultivation periods of welsh onion (about 120d after transplanting), the welsh onion biomass was also significantly different inoculation thrips densities to welsh onion. The EIL and ET were calculated as 35 and 28 thrips per welsh onion plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for T. tabacci management during the cultivations of welsh onion.

Control thresholds for the management of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) were evaluated on welsh onion of two different planting time. Two inoculation times were tested for each planting and the number of inoculated larva was 5, 10, 20, 40 per twenty plants. The injured rate of leaves was 33.5% to 10.9% at 7th September at 40 to 5 larva inoculation plot on the five days planting. That of leaves was 20.5% at 40 larva on the twenty days planting. The yields of welsh onion on non-inoculation plot were 4,395 ㎏ per 10a. The rate of reduced yields was 49.2%(1,774.2 ㎏) and 36.5%(2,220.5 ㎏) at 40 larva inoculation on the 5 and 20 days planting, respectively. The linear relationships between population density and yield reduction were as following, it was Y=-43.474X + 3419.6 (R² = 0.9698) for 5 days and Y=-32.977X + 3518.9 (R² = 0.9928) for 20 days. Based on these results the control threshold level was estimated to be 1.8 larva for 5 days and 4.6 larva for 20 days per 20 plant. The more damaged leaves by S. exigua larva, the more yield reduction on welsh onion.

본 실험은 겨울철 파의 양액재배시 배양액 온도를 13, 18, 23℃로 처리하여 잎파의 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 수행하였다. 13-23℃ 범위 내에서 배양액 온도가 증가할수록 생체중도 증가하였다. 초장도 13℃보다 18, 23℃ 처리구에서 더 길었으며, 지상부, 지하부 건물율은 18℃ 처리구에서 가장 무거웠다. 식물체내 K의 함량은 18℃ 처리구에서 가장 높았으며, Ca, Mg의 함량은 23℃보다 13, 18℃ 처리구에서 더 높았다. 비타민 C의 함량은 배양액 온도가 증가할수록 감소하였으나, 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. Pyruvic acid 함량은 13, 18℃ 처리구에서 높았으며, nitrate의 함량은 반대로 23℃ 처리구보다 13, 18℃ 처리구에서 낮았다. 따라서 파의 생육과 품질을 고려한다면, 겨울철 파의 양액 재배시 적절한 배양액 온도는 18℃ 내외로 생각된다.

본 실험은 양액내 NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 잎파(Allium fistulosum L.) 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 양액내 pH는 NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 9:1인 처리구에서는 상승하였고, NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 1:1, 1:3인 처리구에서는 하강하는 경향이 있었으나, 3:1 처리구에서는 안정적인 PH를 유지하였다. 외관상 생육은 NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 9:1인 처리구에서 가장 양호하였으며, NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 1 :3인 처리구에서 가장 저조하였다. 식물체내의 NO3--N의 함량은 양액내의 NO3--N 비율이 높을수록 증가하였다. Pyruvic acid 함량은 생육이 양호한 NO3--N : NH4+-N 비율이 9:1, 3:1인 처리구에서 높았으며, 1:3처리구에서는 낮았다.

This study was conducted to investigate for the natural methane emission inhibitor as a feed additive no adversely effect on rumen fermentation. Five different Control (Wheat barn (0.05 g), MRA(Methane Reduction Additive)-1 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.05 g)), MRA-2 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (0.025 g) +Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), MRA-3 (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), and MRA-4 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.02 g) + Tannic acid (0.02 g) + Wheat barn (0.01 g) mixed) contents were used to perform 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation for in vitro fermentation. Ruminal pH values were ranged within normal ruminal microbial fermentation. Dry matter digestibility was not significantly different across the treatments during the whole fermentation time. Also, the result of microbial growth had no adversely effect on during the whole fermentation time. At 24 h, methane emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than all treatments except to MRA-1. Especially, MRA-4 carbon dioxide emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control at 9, 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition MRA-4 propionate concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) than control at 24 h incubation. The result of RT-PCR Ciliate-associated methanogens were significantly lower (P<0.05) at MRA-1, MRA-3 and MRA-4 than control at 24 h incubation. Based on the present results, MRA-4 could be suggestible methane emission inhibitor as a natural feed additive.

본 연구에서는 양파와 파간 종간교잡 F1의 불임성의 한 요인으로 여겨지는 염색체 이상과 교잡식물체의 염색체의 조성을 밝혀 향후 종간교잡을 이용한 양파의 형질개량과정에 종간교잡 육종의 효율성을 높이고자 하였다. 종간교잡식물체의 감수분열 염색체를 관찰한 결과 중기에 7쌍의 2가염색체와 2개의 1가염색체가 관찰되었다. 체세포 염색체수는 16개로 양파, 파의 염색체 수와 같았으며 GISH한 결과 파와 양파의 염색체가 각각 8개씩 확인되었다. 5S, 45S, T

Allium 속 근연종인 파와 양파간 종간교잡을 이용하여 양파로부터 새로운 형질을 도입하는 과정에서 유래되는 종간교잡 F1과 여교잡 세대들의 게놈크기의 변화를 flow cytometry를 이용하여 측정한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 양파와 파의 종간교잡 F1의 식물학적 특성은 양친의 중간형을 보였으나 여교잡이 진전됨에 따라 반복친인 파의 표현형이 우세하였다. flow cytometry를 이용하여 2C nuclear DNA content을 측정

대파를 부위별로 분획하여 대파 전체, 잎, 줄기, 뿌리를 동량 처리하여 각각 autoclaving법에 의하여 대두유를 기질로 WOSO를 제조하였다. 이들 4종 WOSO의 이화학적 특성은 큰 차이가 없었으며, 대파 잎향미유의 경우 Lovibond 색상에서 고유의 청색을 상대적으로 강하게 나타내는 특성을 나타내었다. 휘발성 향기성분은 총 35종이 검출되었으며, 주요 향기성분은 methyl propenyl trisulfide와 propenyl prop

Interspecific hybrids between onion (Allium cepa L.) and green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) were produced using pistillate parents of two male sterile onion (msC1, msC2) and one male sterile green onion line (msF1), and pollen parents of one male fertile