Background: The gastrocnemius tightness can easily occur. Gastrocnemius tightness results in gait disturbance. Thus, various interventions have been used to release a tight gastrocnemius muscle and improve gait performance. Moreover, focal muscle vibration (FMV) has recently been extensively researched in terms of tight muscle release and muscle performance. However, no study has investigated the effects of FMV application on medial gastrocnemius architectural changes. Objects: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of FMV on medial gastrocnemius architecture in persons with limited ankle dorsiflexion. Methods: Thirty one persons with <10° of passive ankle dorsiflexion participated in this study. We excluded persons with acute ankle injury within six months prior to study onset, a history of ankle fracture, leg length discrepancy greater than 2 cm, no history of neurological dysfunction, or trauma affecting the lower limb. The specifications of the FMV motor were as follows: a fixed frequency (fast wave: 150 Hz) and low amplitude (0.3–0.5 mm peak to peak) of vibration; the motor was used to release the medial gastrocnemius for 15 minutes. Each participant completed three trials for 10 days; a 30-second rest period was provided between each trial. Medial gastrocnemius architectural parameters [muscle thickness (MT), fiber bundle length (FBL), and pennation angle (PA)] were measured via ultrasonography. Results: MT significantly decreased after FMV application (p < 0.05). FBL significantly increased from its baseline value after FMV application (p < 0.05). PA significantly decreased from its baseline value after FMV application (p < 0.05). Conclusion: FMV application may be advantageous in reducing medial gastrocnemius excitability following a decrease in the amount of contractile tissue. Furthermore, FMV application can be used as a stretching method to alter medial gastrocnemius architecture.

중서부지역 청동기시대 전기 주거의 기둥배치, 노지, 저장공, 출입구와 같은 내부구조를 파악하여문화상의 일면을 살펴보았다. 가락동식과 역삼동식 주거지가 노지형태 차이에 의해 구분되는 것과 같이, 주거 내ㆍ외부 구조도 차별된다. 가락동식 주거지는 ‘주심도리+이열-도리ㆍ보식 구조(Ⅰa)’의 우진각형(또는 팔작형) 지붕이며, 역삼동식 주거지는 ‘주심도리식 구조(Ⅲa)’의 맞배형 지붕이 대표적이다. 전자는 상부구조의 안정성이 장점이지만 증축이 상대적으로 힘들고 목재 사용량이 많은 단점을 가진다. 후자는 증축에 매우 용이하지만 지붕 하중을 견디기에는 다소 불안정하다. 따라서 두 형식의 주거는 장ㆍ단점이 모두 존재하기 때문에 취락별로 선택 채용된 것으로 판단된다. 이후 두 구조의단점을 보완하는 점에서 ‘중앙 초석 또는 주열 구조(ⅡㆍⅢcㆍⅢd)’가 등장한 것으로 생각된다.주거의 기둥배치는 선호된 열(도리)×행(보)의 간격이 존재하고 있어, 칸(間)의 개념과 함께 목조건축 기술이 보급되었던 것으로 추정된다. 그리고 벽체는 주심구조에서 판재형 나무를 사용한 형태로바뀌며, 이는 목재가공과 결구 기술의 발전을 보여준다.노는 소형이 주거 안쪽에 설치되고, 중ㆍ대형이 출입구와 인접한 공용공간에 위치한다. 소형은 취사와 난방에 모두 사용되는 노의 기능 가운데 취사에 효율적이며, 난방이 필요하지 않는 시기의 제습과 조명에도 도움이 되었을 것이다. 저장공은 노 반대편인 출입구 주변에 밀집 분포하며, 저장량은 식량자원 공급이 원활하지 않는 겨울과 초봄 정도만 소비할 정도로 여분의 잉여는 존재할 수 없었던 것으로 보인다. 주거 내부구조는 취사공간, 공용공간(작업ㆍ식사ㆍ취침), 저장공간, 출입구 등으로 적극적으로 활용된 것으로 생각된다.청동기시대 전기 대형주거지는 단독 출입구, 집중된 저장공, 노의 사용으로 보아 ‘공동생산ㆍ공동소비’가 이루어진 사회경제 체제로 판단된다. 이후 주거가 소형화되고 내부 저장공이 점차 소멸해 가면서, 생산ㆍ분배ㆍ소비ㆍ잉여 재분배 등과 같은 사회경제 체제가 다각적으로 변화하였다.

This study primarily aims to illuminate the characteristics of Meoreum in Korean traditional fitting system according to the respective types and its periodical changes. Using the research findings as a chronological indicator by which to estimate the construction date of the building is the secondary purpose. In this study 42 of Byeoldang and pavilion architecture remaining in Yeongnam district were examined through the field surveys and methods of documentary research. The research results are as follows. First, Meoreum, which is located below the windows or doors, provides protection against the outer wind and has the function to prevent some warm air of the room from flowing outside. Second, Meoreum was recorded as Yoeum(了音), Woneum(遠音), and Maleum(末音) in Yeong-geon-ui-gwe (營建儀軌) of Joseon period. While Yoeum(了 音) was used in Yeong-geon-ui-gwe (營建儀軌) of 1776 and 1856, Woneum(遠音) had been also used continuously since the year of 1800. The word, Maleum(末音) can be seen in Lim-won-gyeong-je-ji (林園經濟志), published in 1827. Woneum(遠音) and Maleum(末音) seem to be the Yi-du(吏讀) types of expression of Meoreum which is being extensively used now. Third, the kinds of Meoreum can be classified as TohMeoreum, TongMeoreum, TongpanMeoreum, and J janeunMeoreum. TongMeoreum and TohMeoreum were mostly used at the front part of Ondol-rooms, the backside of main floor called Daechung(大廳), and at the space between Daechung and rooms in the Pavilions and Byeoldangs(Annexes) that had been built in the early Joseon dynasty. TohMeoreum was usually used at the bottom parts of windows between Daechung and Ondol-rooms. TongpanMeoreum was mainly used in the mid-Joseon period and relatively high height was the distinctive feature of Meoreum at that time. J janeun Meoreum, used mainly in the late Joseon dynasty, has become lower and lower gradually in height since 19th century, so people could enter the room through the windows(fittings). Such changes in Meoreums types has brought about the flow of human traffic directly from Toenmaru, narrow wooden porch running along the outside of a room to Ondol-rooms.

The plan type of Korean protestant church architecture underwent changes as following five stages according to the changes of the distinction between the sexes. First stage - At the beginning of missionary work in Korea, Koreans generally worshiped in missionary houses which were traditional Korean styles. The plan type of these houses was a simple '-' figure. At that time, men and women worshiped separately because of the idea of the distinction between the sexes. They either worshiped in different places at the same time or in the same place at the different time. Second stage - At this stage, men and women started to worship together in the same place. At the beginning of this stage, men sat in the front of the chapel on a rostrum, and women sat behind the men. The plan type of the chapel was a simple '-' or a rectangular figure. Later, they sat separately on the right and left side. There are the visual interceptions which were set up between them. As the number of church members increased rapidly, a new type of church architecture appeared. It was a 'ㄱ' figure. At that time the entrances were separated by the sexes. Third stage - At this stage, the visual interceptions disappeared as the idea of the distinction between the sexes became weak. As new churches had been constructed by the plan type of rectangular figure, the visual interceptions weren't set up anymore. Fourth stage - At this stage, the separated entrances were unified as one. But the arrangement of their seats didn't change because of the old idea of the distinction between the sexes. Fifth stage - In the final stage, the plan type of the church architecture was not determined by the idea of the distinction between the sexes but social, economical, technological facts and the influence of the foreign architecture. At this stage, new and various kinds of the plan type appeared such as the fan, round, squared, or oval figure as well as the rectangular figure. Men and women were not classified anymore. They started to sit and worship together in the same place. Also, when men and women sat separately from side to side because of the Idea of the distinction between the sexes, men sat on the right and women sat on the left side of rostrum. It didn't applied Confucian ideas but the idea of protestant church; protestant churches have the idea that the right side is more important but it does not in Confucianism.

Phosphorus is one of the macronutrients essential for plant growth and development, as well as crop productivity. Many soils around the world are deficient in phosphate (Pi) that plants can utilize. To cope with the stress of Pi starvation, plants have evolved many adaptive strategies, such as changes of root architecture and enhanced Pi acquisition form soil. To understand molecular mechanism underlying Pi starvation stress signaling, we characterized the activation-tagged mutant showing altered responses to Pi deficiency compared to wild type Arabidopsis and named hsp3 (hypersensitive to Pi starvation3). hsp3 mutant exhibits enhanced phosphate transporter activity, resulting in higher Pi content than wild type. However, in root architectural change under Pi starvation, hsp3 shows hyposensitive responses than wild type, such as longer primary root elongation, lower lateral root density. Histochemical analysis using hsp3 mutant expressing auxin-responsive DR5::GUS reporter gene, indicated that auxin allocation from primary to lateral roots under Pi starvation is aborted in hsp3 mutant. Molecular genetic analysis of hsp3 mutant revealed that the mutant phenotype is caused by the lesion in ENHANCED SILENCING PHENOTYPE4 (ESP4) gene whose function is proposed in mRNA 3’ end processing. Here, we propose that mRNA processing plays a crucial role in Pi homeostasis in Arabidopsis.