본 실험에서는 외인성 효소 첨가제 및 혼합 세균 배양을 통한 고상발효(Solid-state fermentation, SSF)가 채종박(Rapeseed meal, RSM)의 체외건물소화율(In vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD) 및 단쇄지방산(Short chain fatty acid) 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 외인성 효소 칵테일(첨가 및 미첨가) 및 RSM에 대한 SSF(발효 및 비발효)를 나타내는 2 x 2 요인 설계가 적용되었다. 3-step 돼지 소화율 모델을 적용하여 채종박의 건물 소화율을 분석하였으며, 72시간 대장발효 후 상층액을 수집하여 단쇄지방산 생성량을 분석한 후 칼로리 단위로 변환하여 가소화에너지 소화율을 분석하였다. 소장 (IVDMDh) 및 전장 (IVDMDt) 건물소화율에서는 고상발효된 채종박이 더 높게 나타났다 (각각 p < 0.01). 마찬가지로, 외인성 효소 첨가제 처리구에서 채종박의 소장 소화율(IVDMDh)이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.06). Acetic acid 및 butyric acid의 생산은 대조구에 비해 고상발효 처리 시 유의하게 더 생산되었으며 (각각 p < 0.01), 이는 총 단쇄지방산의 생산 증가 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.09). 에너지 소화율에서는 채종박의 고상발효 및 외인성 효소제 첨가가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 ( p < 0.01). 그러므로 채종박의 고상발효 처리는 단백질 이용성을 비롯한 영양적 가치를 향상시키는데 효과적이라고 사료된다.

This study was carried out to examine the physical characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its optimal culture condition using coffee by-products. Recently, recycling resources and employing eco-friendly materials have been raised as significant issues in the food industry. As the coffee industry develops, interests and efforts for recycling coffee wastes are also growing. This study attempted to confirm the production of BC by utilizing spent coffee grounds filtrate as a medium. In order to confirm the optimal culture conditions for BC production, different culture methods, initial pH, culture temperature, and culture period were examined. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 30oC, and the optimal culture period was 14 days. The cultivated BC was dried by hot air drying, freezedrying, and mold drying, respectively. Then, the properties of the BC films, such as tensile strength, elongation, water-solubility, thickness, and chromaticity were compared. The drying method affected the shape and structure of the final BC films. The production of BC film is expected to expand opportunities for recycling coffee by-products and contribute to solving environmental problems caused by food waste.

The objective of this study was to know the in vitro effects of supplemental anthelmintic plant extracts on the inhibition of protozoa for reducing methane production in the rumen. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. The plant extracts (Lonicera japonica, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera, Ruta graveolens) known to have anthelmintic effect were added to the in vitro fermentation bottles containing the rumen fluid and medium. The rumen protozoal population was depressed by the addition of Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera and Ruta graveolens. The methane production was also significantly (p<0.05)reduced by addition of Pyrethrum (2.20 ml/g DM), Torreya nucifera (2.36 ml/g DM) and Ruta graveolens (2.20 ml/g DM). The microbial growth in the treatments of Ruta graveolens or anthoxylum piperitum was the greatest after 12 h and 24 h incubations, respectively. The results of this study indicated that anthelmintic plant extracts appeared to reduce methane production by inhibition of ruminal protozoa related with the methanogens living endosymbiotic in protozoal cells.

본 연구는 항생제가 첨가되지 않은 돼지 혼합액상 정액을 17 정액 보관고에 보관하면서 보관일수의 증가가 따라 정자의 운동성, 정액 내 세균의 증식 여부 및 체외 수정란 생산 효율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 정자의 운동성은 1일 (78.72.4%)에 비하여 3일(78.72.4%)과 5일째(64.82.4%)는 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮은 운동성을 나타내었다. 보관일수에 따른 정액 내 세균수의 변화는 보관 5일이 Cfu로 0일과 3일의 Cfu와 C

It is study was designed to characterize endotoxin-induced prostaglandin production in primary cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The time course for prostag)andim synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated VSMC showed that the maximum production was reached in 12 hours. LPS induced prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS) activity in VSMC and the time course profile in the changes of PGHS activity paralleled that of total prostaglandin production. Differential treatment showed that 4 hours' exposure to LPS was enough for the maximum effect on the prostaglandin production and this effect was completely inhibited by the co-treatment of actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor. These results suggest that LPS effect might be determined within 4 hours. Actinomycin D increased PGHS activity without affecting prostaglandin production if added 4 hours after LPS treatment. On the other hand, cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, augmented LPS-induced prostaglandin production if treated during first four hours, but it inhibited LPS-induced PGHS activity regardless of treatment schedule. These results suggeat the existence of multiple regulating mechanisms in the LPS-induced prostaglandin synthesis.

Production of Bacterial Cellulose (BC) by Gluconacetobacter sp. A5 was studied in shaken culture using different cost-effective carbon sources and its structural and mechanical properties were evaluated. Glycerol showed the highest level (7.26 g/l) of BC production, which was about three times higher than the yield in glucose medium. BC production depended not only on the decrease in pH, but also on the ability of Gluconacetobacter sp. A5 to synthesize glucose from different carbon sources and then polymerize it into BC. All BC produced from different carbon sources exhibited a three-dimensional reticulated structure consisting of ultrafine cellulose fibriles. Carbon sources did not significantly change the microfibrile structure of the resulting BC. BC produced from glucose medium had the lowest water-holding capacity, while BC from molasses medium had the highest. XRD data revealed that all BC were cellulose type І, the same as typical native cellulose. The crystalline strength of BC produced in glucose medium was the highest, and that in molasses medium was the lowest. Our results suggest that glycerol could be a potential low-cost substrate for BC production, leading to the reduction in the production cost, and also to produce BC with different mechanical properties by selecting appropriate carbon source.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has played important role as new functional material for food industry and industrial products based on its unique properties. The interest in BC from static cultures has increased steadily in recent years because of its potential for use in medicine and cosmetics. In this study, we investigated culture condition for BC production by Acetobacter sp. F15 in static culture. The strain F15, which was isolated from decayed fruit, was selected on the basis of BC thickness. The optimal medium compositions for BC production were glucose 7%, soytone 12%, K2HPO4 0.2%, NaH2PO4ㆍ2H2O 0.2%, lactic acid 0.05% and ethanol 0.3%, respectively. The strain F15 was able to produce BC at 26℃-36℃ with a maximum at 32 ℃. BC production occurred at pH 4.5-8 with a maximum at pH 6.5. Under these conditions, a maximum BC thickness of 12.15 mm was achieved after 9 days of cultivation; this value was about 2.3-fold higher than the thickness in basic medium. Scanning electron micrographs showed that BC from the optimal medium was more compact than plant cellulose and was reticulated structure consisting of ultrafine cellulose fibrils. BC from the optimal medium was found to be of cellulose type I, the same as typical native cellulose.