Definition 진단 검사용 Gadolinium을 이용한 MR 조영제와 같은 저분자량세포외액 물질은, 인간 배아 또는 태아에 대한 연구가 완전히 진행되지 않아 임산부에 대한 사용이 제한적이다. 표준 MR 조영제는 영장류의 태반을 통과하는 것으로 보고되었고 IV 주입 후 11분 이내에 태아의 방광에서 관찰된다[1]. Gadolinium 조영제는 비슷한 방식으로 태반장벽을 넘어 태아에게 전달되는 것으로 추정된다. Gadolinium 조영제를 수유중인 여성환자의 영상 검사를 위해 사용시 환자와 주치의는 모유를 통해 분비되는 조영제가 유아에게 미치는 잠재적인 유독성에 대하여 고려해야 한다. 문헌에 따르면 Gadolinium에 의한 조영제가 모유로 분비된 물질이 유아의 위장관에서 재흡수 되는 경우는 흔하지 않다고 한다. Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents pregnantpatients Gadolinium에 의한 MR 조영제가 임상 용량대로 사용될 때 태반을 통해 태아에게 전달된다고 알려져 있으나, 조영물질을 사용했던 임산부들의 통제된 기형변화 연구는 충분하지가 않다. 임신 초기 3개월 단계에서 Gadolinium chelates에 노출된 26명의 여성을 대상으로 한 single cohort 연구에서는 기형변이나 돌연변이가 관찰되지 않았다. breast– feeding mothers 산모에게 IV로 주입된 용량의 0.04% 미만이 처음 24시간 동안 모유를 통해 분비되고, 아이가 먹은 조영제의 1% 미만이 위장관에서 재흡수 되므로 아이가 모유로부터 재흡수 하리라고 예상되는 조영제의 양은 산모에게 IV로 주입된 조영제 사용량의 0.0004% 미만이다. Recommendation 임신 상태환자가 MR 검사를 시행할 때에는, 환자에게 MR 검사 시행시의 장점 및 위험성과 다른 진단 검사로의 대체 가능성 등에 대한 정보를 제공해야 하며, 검사 진행하기를 원하는지에 대해 서류상의 동의서를 제공하는 것을 권고한다. 문헌을 살펴보면, 유아가 먹는 모유에서 분비되는 Gadolinium 조영제의 아주 작은 양이 독성 영향의 원인이 된다고 보고된 예는 없었다[4].. 따라서 Gadolinium 조영 물질을 사용한 후에 모유 수유를 계속하는 것은 산모와유아에게 안전하다는 보고는 신뢰 할 수 있다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and educational needs regarding breast feeding of women's mothers and mother-in-laws with a grandchild aged less than 24 months. The degree of knowledge regarding breast feeding was 14.84 points out of 25 points, while the attitude toward breast feeding was 83.88 points. Additionally, 16.4% of the respondents reported that education regarding breast feeding was unnecessary. There were significant differences in knowledge regarding breast feeding among individuals of different age (p<0.05), economic status (p<0.05), and with different aged grandchildren (p<0.05). Additionally, there were significant differences in attitude toward breast feeding based on the type of feeding (p<0.05), the practice of breast feeding (p<0.01), and reasons for low breast feeding rate (p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge regarding breast feeding and attitude toward breast feeding. The factors affecting knowledge regarding breast feeding were attitude toward breast feeding and middleclass economic status. In addition, the factors affecting attitude toward breast feeding included knowledge of breast feeding and the practice of breast feeding. Overall, the subjects had high educational needs regarding breast feeding; therefore, women's mothers and mother-in-laws should be given the opportunity for various types of education to improve their breast feeding knowledge.

This study investigated the effect of a health-related lifestyle on knowledge, attitude, control belief and behavior intention toward breast-feeding of male and female university students in order to develop a breast-feeding education program for students of childbearing age. The subjects were 445 university students (125 male and 325 female) residing in eight provinces in Korea. The overall percentage of subjects intending to breast-feed their baby was 80.7% (73.6% of males and 84.2% of females). Overall, 84.2% of the subjects had high concerns about their health status. Scores reflecting a positive attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding were significantly higher (p<0.05~p<0.001) in female students, students majoring in medicine, and higher grades. The students who scored high at attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs also had a significantly higher (p<0.001) intention to breast-feed. When we investigated the sub factors of attitudes toward breast-feeding, significantly more students taking nutrient supplements scored high for physiological factors (p<0.05) and health-related factors (p<0.01). Significantly more non-smoking and non-drinking students scored high for health-related factors (p<0.001) and physiological factors (p<0.001), respectively. The intention to breast-feed was found to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in students who did not smoke, but not with other health-related lifestyles. In summary, these results indicate that the majority of university students intend to breast-feed, with students having a positive attitude, higher knowledge, and stronger control beliefs having a higher intention to breast-feed. Although a student's health-related lifestyle affects their attitudes on the physiological and health-related aspects of breast-feeding, only smoking status had an observable connection on the intention to breast-feed. Thus, when developing breast-feeding education programs for students, we recommend efforts to enhance a favorable attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding.

The breast feeding habits of 507 college students were evaluated between March 27 to April 26 (2006). Data were collected from self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS for Windows V.12.0. The study population consisted of 245 (48.3%) male and 262 (51.7%) female college students that answered ‘yes’ when asked whether they had been breast feed. A total of 52.7% of the study population were fed with breast milk (most frequent answer), as opposed to 11.0% that were fed with infant formula (least frequent answer) during their infancy. When asked whether they ever got educated on breast feeding, 78.1% of the college student subjects answered ‘no’. A total of 95.1% of the female college students replied ‘yes’ when asked if they intended to breast feed their child. Moreover, 62.2% of the college student subjects indicated that their parents had an influence on their decision to breast feed. A comparison between male and female college students indicated that female college students had a superior knowledge level of the general characteristics of breast feeding over the male subjects (p<0.05) . Moreover, a comparison of the different levels of college attained suggest that freshman college students had the highest knowledge level, followed by senior, sophomore and junior college students in terms of advantage, BF Tabu (p<0.05). Also, students provided with education on breast feeding had a higher knowledge level than college students with no formal education. In summary, the results suggest that the knowledge on breast feeding in college students were different by general characteristics such as gender, major and school year, and education on breast feeding in advance was appeared to be an important factor, therefore nutritional education course on breast feeding is recommended for the college students.

Infanthood is a crucial period when mental and emotional developments take place along with physical growth. Adequate supply of nutrition is essential during this period and there is an urgent need for proper education and guidance on balanced nutrition. Therefore, this study was designed to assess to current status of lactation and to investigate mothers' perspectives on human milk and formular milk. As random samples for this study, a total of 352 mothers having infant under the age of 4 were surveyed. 27.3% of mother surveyed were breast-feeding, 38.0% were formula-feeding and 34.7% were mixed-feeding. According to the result of this study, the percentage of breast feeding was on the decrease, while the dependence on formular milk was on the rise. The main reason of formula-feeding was insufficient secretion of human milk on mothers part. The major factors that affect to select feeding method were employment status, degree of education, family income and age. Also, the interviewees desired the product fortified with special ingredients that are hot contained in formular milk currently available in the market. The most concerned problem of formula milk was indigestion and the interviewees wanted the formular milk to be improved digestibility.