This study explores a church leader’s perceptions of language policy goals and cultural practices within a Korean-American church, as well as the changes prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on theories of ethnic churches, language planning and policy, and communicative frameworks of organizational identity, the study employs critical discourse analysis and thematic analysis. Data were collected through multiple qualitative methods, including participant observation of English and Korean worship services, two in-depth interviews, audio recordings, and artifact documentation. The findings highlight the dual role of first language and cultural practices in affirming both ethnic identity and Christian faith among Korean congregants. Furthermore, this research illuminates the integrative role of the church—both institutionally and socially—during a global crisis. The church leader’s motto, “Stay well and stay connected,” was expressed through linguistic and cultural adaptations that promoted a sense of belonging and positive identity amidst uncertainty.

가속화되는 글로벌 환경 속에서 현지 소비자를 유인하기 위한 효과적인 전략에 대한 논의가 활발 히 이루어지고 있다. 특히, 브랜드 글로벌성을 강조한 글로벌 소비자 문화 포지셔닝과 현지 문화 어필을 통해 친밀감을 높이는 현지 소비자 문화 포지셔닝은 해외 기업에게 있어 효과적인 마케팅 커뮤니케이션 구축을 위한 주요한 의사결정 요인이다. 본 연구는 글로벌 패션 매거진의 내용 분석 을 통해, 패션 브랜드의 매거진 광고에 있어 소비자 문화 포지셔닝의 트랜드를 탐색하고자 한다. 특히, 패션 매거진의 경우, 제품의 속성에 대한 직접적인 정보 전달보다 유명인 광고를 통해 브랜 드 메시지 및 이미지를 전달하는데 초점을 두고, 유명인 광고에 있어 글로벌 혹은 현지 소비자 문 화 포지셔닝의 행태를 탐색하고자 한다. 또한, 유사한 문화권임에도 글로벌성과 현지성의 선호에 따른 브랜드의 전략적 방향이 다를 수 있음을 기반하여, 중국과 일본의 패션 매거진의 내용 분석을 통해 유명인 광고의 차이를 확인하고자 한다. 이를 위해 글로벌 패션 매거진으로 대표되는 Vogue 및 GQ가 2023년에 중국과 일본에서 발행한 패션 매거진을 기반으로 내용 분석을 실시하였다. 분 석 결과, 중국의 경우 현지성을 강조한 유명한 광고의 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 글로벌 명 품 브랜드의 경우, 중국과 일본 모두에서 표준화된 글로벌 접근이 지배적인 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 패션 매거진의 통합적인 내용 분석을 통해 유명인 광고의 글로벌성과 현지성의 패턴을 비교 분석하였다는 점에서 학문적인 의의가 있으며, 유명인 광고의 패턴은 국가별 차이가 있음을 확인하 고, 특히 중국의 경우, 소비자 친밀감 및 신뢰감을 기반한 현지 소비자 문화 포지셔닝의 중요성을 시사하였다는 점에서 의의가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 프랑스와 영국의 탈식민주의 방법론을 비교하며, 유럽중심 주의, 재현(representation), 지식 생산에 대한 접근 방식을 살펴보았다. 문헌분석과 비교방법론을 사용하여, 존재론적이고 마르크스주의적 전통 에 뿌리를 둔 프랑스의 사유가 체계적인 비판을 강조하는 방식, 특히 에 메 세제르(Aime Cesaire)와 프란츠 파농(Frantz Fanon) 등의 탈식민화 와 저항을 조망하였으며, 에드워드 사이드(Edward Said), 가야트리 스피 박(Gayatri Spivak), 호미 바바(Homi Bhabha) 등의 이론을 통해 문화 연구, 페미니즘 이론, 탈구조주의에 영향을 받은 영국의 포스트식민주의 이론이 상징적이고 교차적인 역학, 재현과 ‘하위’로 분류되는 사람들의 주변화에 중점을 두는 관점을 탐구하였다. 연구 결과 양국 이론의 전통 이 가진 강점과 한계를 알 수 있었으며, 프랑스의 접근은 구조적 식민주 의를 비판하는 데 중점을 두지만 영국의 접근은 상징적이고 재현적인 메 커니즘을 해체하는 데 초점을 맞추고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이러한 관 점들의 통합을 통해 이 연구는 탈식민주의에 대한 전체론적 비판을 위한 융합적 틀을 제시하며, 탈식민지 연구가 지식의 탈식민화와 주변화된 목 소리의 증폭이라는 사명을 진전시킬 수 있음을 제언하였다. 특히, 이 두 전통의 융합이 식민주의가 남긴 물질적·상징적 억압을 통합적으로 이해 하는 데 기여할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 이러한 전체적 접근이 단순히 과거의 식민지 경험을 분석하는 것을 넘어, 디콜로니얼을 향한 탈식민시대와 미래의 지식 체계와 학문적 실천을 재구성하는 데 중요한 학문적 함의를 가진다.

Background: Effective trunk stabilization has been a cornerstone in physiotherapy, particularly for individuals with lower back issues. While bridging exercises were traditionally employed for this purpose, there has been a growing interest in their modified versions to optimize therapeutic benefits. Objectives: To investigated the differential effects of traditional and modified bridging exercises, particularly when varying leg support and integrating abduction maneuvers during sling-assisted exercises, on trunk muscle responsiveness. Design: Cross-Sectional study. Methods: A group of twenty participants was subjected to three exercise protocols: Bilateral Limb Bridging (BLB), Single Limb Bridging (SLB), and Single Limb Bridging combined with Hip Abduction (SLBHA). Using Surface Electromyography (EMG), the study captured the activation patterns of the Internal Oblique (IO), Erector Spinae (ES), and Multifidus (MF) muscles. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc examination for detailed insights. For data consistency, normalization was executed based on Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contractions, and EMG data interpretation was conducted using the RMS technique. Results: The most prominent variations in muscle activation were identified in the IO muscles on both sides. The left IO displayed marked activation disparities between BLB vs. SLB and SLB vs. SLBHA. Analogous observations were made for the right IO when comparing BLB to SLBHA and BLB to SLB. Conversely, ES and MF muscle activations remained consistent across the different exercises. Conclusion: Modified bridge exercises with sling-assisted leg supports with abduction can selectively activate IO muscles, with a noticeable asymmetrical effect favoring the left side.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the function of stroke patients could be improved by simultaneously performing bridging and masticating exercises. And, this was tested by examining whether the effects of arousal and cognitive improvement due to mastication muscle activity could affect exercise ability. Objectives: To compare the effects, the movement of the center of pressure and the stability limit change were measured using a balance analysis platform (BT4). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, 36 chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to either single training group of the bridging exercise or combined training group that performed both the bridging exercise and the mastication exercise. The exercise was performed for thirty minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks. Results: In both groups, the static balance ability improved after exercise, but the dual-task training group had a better improving effect on the distance and area of the center of pressure while the eyes was open. The dynamic balance ability also improved after exercise, and the dual-task training was more effective in reducing forward, left, and right movements, but not in backward movement. Conclusion: The importance of mastication was recognized in the rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients, and it can be expected to use mastication to improve balance in stroke patients in the future.

In this paper we try to classify three kinds of Peace Island Bridging Culture such as Jeju 4.3 Peace Village, UNESCO Environmental Village and Longevity Village, which compose vision of Jeju Social Healing Villages through villager case studies. We can demonstrate Jeju as one of the world’s historical longevity islands which specialize not only environmental villages as UNESCO World Natural Heritages, Geoparks and Biosphere but also Jeju 4.3 peace village overcoming tragedy of the Jeju Massacre between 1948 50 1954.

Background: Bridging exercises are used to enhance the functional stability of the lumbopelvic region in clinical settings. Although most of the studies on bridging exercises have compared the complete activation of the trunk muscles, some recent studies have examined the functional stability of the trunk and the lumbopelvic region and assessed the appropriate recruitment of the local and global muscles during different task levels. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in muscle thickness in the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles during a common bridging exercise on an unstable surface and to determine whether these changes differ based on the surface used. Methods: Twenty-five healthy young adults (8 males, 17 females) were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the exercise progression with a sling bridge group or the ball bridging exercise progression group, each with three stages of increasing difficulty. Each position was measured three times with an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, and the mean values were recorded for analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed between the TrA, IO, or EO muscle thickness ratios between the sling and ball exercise groups (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in the EO muscle thickness ratios between the tasks irrespective of whether the sling or ball was used. However, the TrA and IO thickness ratios in both groups were significantly greater during stages 2 and 3 compared to stage 1. Conclusion: The results suggest that the use of slings and balls during bridging exercises is effective in activating the deep abdominal muscles.

Virtual Reality (VR) is no longer only a buzzword, but pronounced to be the next revolutionary platform after PCs and smartphones (Bellini et al., 2016). Up to this point research on VR has been primarily focusing on virtual product experiences (e.g.Klein, 2003; Li, Daugherty, & Biocca, 2002) or brand experiences (e.g.Van Kerrebroeck, Brengman, & Willems, 2017), whereas no research using a VR in conjunction with service concepts or provider-consumer relationships could be found. However, with service characteristics such as intangibility and a high uncertainty in purchase decisions the new technology could prove very useful in supporting customers in their purchase decisions (Lovelock & Wirtz, 2011). VR is able to simulate the consumption more similar and closer to a direct experience than other media and is hence be able to support the customer in his decision decision. Furthermore, and induced by the feeling of telepresence or spatial presence customers are transported to the virtually created service environment and hence enabled to familiarize with the service and connect with the service provider prior to the actual consumption (Balasubramanian, Konana, & Menon, 2003). The theoretical foundation lies with the Construal Level Theory (CLT) and the concept of psychological distance. As Trope and Liberman (2010) induce, objects that are closer to one’s direct experience (low psychological distance) are mentally construed on a lower (more concrete) level and thus perceived with a lower psychological distance or in other words close from the self, here, and now (Liberman & Trope, 1998; Trope & Liberman, 2010). The study at hand shows a direct positive relationship between the level of telepresence and the participants’ construal level, enabling service providers to reduce the level of psychological distance to their consumers with the help of VR. Further, the positive relationship between construal level and participants’ level of trust, risk and perceived firm knowledge could be proven as significant with the data at hand. This is both supporting and extending the existing literature (Darke, Brady, Benedicktus, & Wilson, 2016; Edwards, Lee, & Ferle, 2009). The results contribute to an increasing interest of the potential of construal level theory application in a service environment and offer great potential for service practitioners to reduce psychological distance to their customers and in the following increase trust and reduce risk, both being very central challenges when it comes to the purchase decision for services.

Many paddy cultivating farmers in the country are forced to use their limited resources to produce adequate food for their family, leading to the degradation and reduction in potential of these resources. The yield levels of paddy at the farmers’ level and in the Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted in the farmers’ fields is not at par with potential yield of the paddy variety. The gap between potential yield of crop variety and yield realized in FLDs refers to Research gap and the yield gap between FLDs and due to farmers’ practice refers to Extension gap. The earlier studies conducted in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular highlighted the existence of both research and extension gaps with reference to paddy. It is essential that, the narrowing of both research and extension gaps is not static, but dynamic considering the influence of technological interventions in boosting paddy yields at FLDs level and at farmers’ level and also with the improvement of the yield potential of paddy varieties. This calls for integrated and holistic approaches to address these two gaps and with this background, the researcher aimed at this in depth study. The findings revealed that, research gaps are high with reference to weed management and pest management and extension gaps are high with reference to farm mechanization followed by fertilizer management. Reliable source of seed, capital use and frequency of meetings with Scientists or Agricultural Officers significantly influence the extension gaps in paddy. Farmers also prioritized socio-economic and technical constraints and the analysis infers that, it is high time now for the farmers to adopt the planned technological interventions on scientific scale to minimize the extension gaps to the extent possible. As the enabling environment in the State of Andhra Pradesh is highly encouraging for the farmers with relevant policy instruments in the form of subsidized inputs, free power, credit at concessional rates of interest, constructing irrigation projects etc., the adoption of the proposed technological interventions significantly contribute to minimizing both research and extension gaps in paddy cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stable and unstable bridging exercises on the EMG activity of abdominal muscles. Twenty healthy women participated in this study and the muscle activities of left-right rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles were recorded during 4 bridging exercises (unilateral/ bilateral, stable/unstable). The activity of the right EO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in unstable condition, and left EO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right IO muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in an unstable condition, and left IO muscle also produced the same result. The activity of the right RA muscle was the highest during unilateral exercise in a stable condition, and left RA muscle produced the same result. Unstable/unilateral (USUL) represented the highest activity among the 4 exercises. EO/IO muscles represented the highest activity during the USUL exercise, and RA did so during the stable/unilateral exercise. These results suggest that specific posture (USUL) can be administered targeting a specific side of abdominal muscles.