Liquid phase exfoliation of natural graphite is an industrially effective solution for graphene preparation. However, many countries have identified natural graphite as a strategic resource and restricted its mining. In this report, we used abundant and readily available needle coke (NC) as a graphene exfoliation precursor and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a dispersant to prepare a sandwich structured conductive graphitized NC nanosheets (GNCNs) by liquid phase exfoliation, freeze-drying and high-temperature graphitization, in which a graphene layer is sandwiched between two thin CMC layers. CMC could increase the liquid absorption and retention ability of the conductive agent and improve the migration rate of lithium ions. The highly ordered graphene layer could accelerate the transmission of electrons. The GNCNs with 0.4 wt% CMC addition showed good rate performance (144.6 mAh g− 1 at 5 C) and high cycle stability (96.2% after 200 cycles at 1 C) for LiFePO4 (LFP) battery. The traditional Super-P (SP) conductive agent exhibited low-rate performance (113.9 mAh g− 1 at 5 C) and cycle performance (89.9% after 200 cycles at 1 C). This study offers a novel approach to selecting graphene precursors and has promising applications for conductive additives in high-performance LFP batteries.

Emojis and avatars are widely used in online communications, but their emotional conveyance lacks research. This study aims to contribute to the field of emotional expression in computer-mediated communication (CMC) by exploring the effectiveness of emotion recognition, the intensity of perceived emotions, and the perceived preferences for emojis and avatars as emotional expression tools. The following were used as stimuli: 12 photographs from the Yonsei-Face database, 12 Memojis that reflected the photographs, and 6 iOS emojis. The results of this study indicate that emojis outperformed other forms of emotional expression in terms of conveying emotions, intensity, and preference. Indeed, the study findings confirm that emojis remain the dominant form of emotional signals in CMC. In contrast, the study revealed that Memojis were inadequate as an expressive emotional cue. Participants did not perceive Memojis to effectively convey emotions compared with other forms of expression, such as emojis or real human faces. This suggests room for improvement in the design and implementation of Memojis to enhance their effectiveness in accurately conveying intended emotions. Addressing the limitations of Memojis and exploring ways to optimize their emotional expressiveness necessitate further research and development in avatar design.

1995년 WTO 체제가 출범한 이후 전통적인 무역장벽 이외에 기술규정, 표준 및 적합성평가절차 등과 같은 비관세 기술장벽이 국가 간 교역의 중요한 이슈로 대두되었다. 본 연구는 무역기술장벽의 제거에 필요한 기술기반을 마련하기 위하여 국가측정표준기관 (NMIs) 간에 체결된 국제도량형위원회 상호인정협정(CIPM MRA)의 이행이 한국의 교역에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 국가측정표준의 동등성에 관한 자료인 CMC 를 대용변수(proxy)로 중력모형을 활용하여 실증분석한 결과, CMC는 한국의 교역에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 소득이 높은 국가의 CMC가 낮은 국가에 비하여 더 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라와 같이 무역의존도가 높은 국가의 경우, 공공재로 인식되고 있는 국가측정표준의 확립과 향상을 위하여 지속적인 자원투입을 하는 것이 경제성장에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

Cho Hye-jin. 2016. “Negotiation of Meaning in Computer-Mediated Communication in Relation to Task Types”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 271~309. The present study aims to explore how negotiation of meaning occurs in a task-based CMC among ESL students. Paired with one another, 18 ESL students were asked to engage in online discussion once a week for 3 weeks in order to complete 3 types of language task: jigsaw, information-gap, and decision-making tasks. The finding shows that only a few examples (11%) contributed to negotiation routines. Twenty-one percent of the negotiation routines were identified as modified interactions. The information-gap task elicited the most negotiation routines. However, what the students perceived was different from the numerical results regarding task types. They reported that the jigsaw was the most intriguing and beneficial task rather than the information-gap. Relatively little negotiation routine can be attributed to learner perceptions of tasks. Learner behaviors such as not asking questions, their eagerness to proceed with the task, and face-saving action were observed as efforts to maintain social communication. Sending segmented messages instead of complete sentences was found as a face-saving action as well.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder (CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability.

This paper is a case study of reliability assessment with field warranty data of Clutch Master Cylinder(CMC) in hydraulic clutch system. We estimate lifetime distribution using field warranty data which contain much useful information for understanding reliability of the system in the real-world environments. However, the estimated parameters are far from existing reference values, which seems to be caused right censored field warranty data. To modify the parameters, we use the information of the durability test which is performed to verify that the lifetime of the item meets the required level. After that, we can observe that the modified parameters are closer to the existing reference values. This case study shows a possible idea to supplement lack of right censored field warranty data and its applicability

Previous task-based focus on form studies have shown that second language (L2) learners are strongly interested in lexis, which allows minimal attention for morphosyntax. A possible reason may be a lack of sufficient lexical knowledge crucial for completing a meaning-oriented task. In other words, from an L2 information processing perspective, learners may have limited attentional capacity to focus on the multiple aspects of a language, so they choose to focus on words as they express their meaning. But this leaves little attention for less salient and meaningful grammatical forms. Thus, this study investigated if providing learners with lexical assistance during a synchronous text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) task would reduce their attention to lexis and divert that attention to morphosyntax. Twenty Korean learners of English performed a picture-based narrative task in dyads through online text chatting. While engaging in this task, one group of learners (n=10) was able to refer to a list of English words for the task, while the other group (n=10) was not. The findings showed no statistically significant differences between and within the groups. Possible explanations are discussed with suggestions for teaching and future research.

The purpose of this current study aims to examine how much Korean EFL students incorporate their given peer responses into their final versions of writing in two different types of CMC environment, chatting and bulletin board, and whether there was any improvement in participants’ writing quality in the final drafts. 38 Korean EFL participants wrote first drafts, received peers’ responses through either chatting or bulletin board, individually revised their drafts based on their peer responses and wrote their final drafts. The overall results revealed that regardless of using either chatting or bulletin board, the participants incorporated higher portion of their given responses into the revised drafts. Although no significant differences were obtained with respect to two different modes, chatting and bulletin board, in terms of writing improvement in participants’ final drafts, there were significant differences found within chatting and bulletin board classes with both holistic and analytic measurement. Therefore, the present study suggests the importance of utilizing both CMC tools in writing environment for EFL students and applying them at appropriate steps in the writing process.

본 연구에서는 히알루론산나트륨/카르복시메틸셀룰로오스나트륨(HA/CMC)으로 구성된 유착방지 막을 제조하였고, 쥐에서 유착방지용에 대한 효과를 평가하였다. 유착방지 막은 HA/CMC 용액을 동결건조한 후 1-에틸-3-(3-디메틸아미노프로필)카보디이미드 (EDAC)로 가교하여 제조하였다. Sprague-Dawley쥐의 맹장/복벽 찰과상 모델에서 복부 중앙선 절개 후 장막과 복벽을 bone burr로 1×2;(cm2) 크기로 찰과상을 만들고, 상처 면 주위의 3곳을 봉합사로 고정시켰다. 상처난 장을 실험군의 경우 HA/CMC 막으로 덮어주었으며, 대조군은 아무처치도 하지 않은 상태로 복벽을 마주보게 하였다. 대조군의 대부분은 수술 후 7, 14, 21, 28일에 유착정도 3 이상을 나타내었고, 반면 실험군의 60~70%는 수술 후 14, 21, 28일에 유착정도 2 이하를 나타내었다. 이는 유착세기에서도 유사하였다. 일반적으로 유착정도와 유착세기는 수술 후 14일까지 점차 증가하였고, 수술 후 21일에는 거의 동일하거나 약간 증가하였으며, 28일째에는 감소하였다. 대조군은 유착정도와 유착세기, 유착면적에서 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이 유착방지막은 수술 후 유착방지에서 좋은 임상결과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.