This study aims to investigate the proper mixing treatment concentration of ozone (O3) and sucrose to preserve and extend the vase life of the cut rose flowers ‘Dominica’. The vase solution was prepared using tap water, 3% sucrose, ozone 5.5 mg L-1, and 3% sucrose with ozone 5.5 mg L-1. The vase life was the highest in the tap water and ozone treatments at 16.3 and 16.1 days, respectively. The vase life of ozone with sucrose treatment was 6.9 days, which was 9.4 days lower than that of the control. Compared to a single treatment, the vase life termination symptoms for ozone with sucrose treatment decreased petal wilting and increased bent necks. Relative fresh weight and vase solution uptake increased up to 4 days after treatment and decreased from 2 days before vase life termination. The rate of change in petal color was high in L*, a*, and b* for the sucrose treatment than after harvest, and low for the ozone treatments. The maximum relative flower size increase rates after treatment were 195% in the control, 186% in the sucrose treatment, 171% in the ozone treatment, and 155% in the ozone with sucrose treatment.

본 연구에서는 광화학 대기질 모델인 CMAQ을 활용해 화력발전소 배출량 제거에 따른 O3 농도의 변화 특성을 분석하였다. 하동 화력발전소를 대상으로 주변 지역의 O3 농도 변화에 대한 발전소 배출량의 영향을 조사하기 위해 하 동 화력발전소의 배출량 제거 전과 후의 CMAQ 수치 모의를 수행하였다. 수치 모의 결과 O3의 주요 전구 물질인 NOx (-18.87%)와 VOCs (-11.27%)의 농도가 감소한 반면에 O3 (25.24%)의 농도는 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 화력발전소 배출량 제거로 인한 NO와 O3 농도의 상대적인 변화를 비교해 본 결과 높은 음의 상관관계(R= -0.72)를 나타내는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 O3의 농도 증가가 NO 농도 감소로 인한 O3의 적정 효과 완화로 설명 될 수 있음을 의미한 다. 해당 지역의 O3의 농도 증가가 NO의 농도 감소에 주로 영향을 받은 이유는 해당 지역이 VOC-limited (i.e., NOxsaturated) 지역이기 때문으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 특정 지역의 O3의 농도가 단순히 배출량의 증감에 따라 비례하게 나타나지 않을 수 있다는 것을 암시한다. 따라서 화력발전소 배출량 저감 조치로 인한 대기 중 O3 농도 개선 효과를 정확히 예측 및 평가하기 위해서는 지역 별 O3의 생성 및 소멸 기작에 대한 심도 있는 이해가 필요하다.

The spatial resolution of 3-Dimensional numerical model has a very important influence on the model result. The land-use and orographic effect is also influenced by the spatial resolution of the model. A large errors in model performance are produced depending on the terrain complexity. In this study we performed Air Quality Forecast model (AQF) simulation and analyzed the change in the ozone concentration depending on spatial resolution at small and medium-sized mixed areas with urban and rural area types. As the result, improving the spatial resolution improved the simulation of the downward trend of ozone at night. This was mainly due to improvement of local concentration contaminants at fragmented grid. In the case of wind speed, the model with high-resolution shows better agreement with observation at night.

In this study, we quantitatively analyze the effect of ocean emission sources on the simulated O3 concentrations in South Korea using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model. To analyze changes in O3 concentrations by ocean emissions, two different CMAQ simulations considering ocean emissions (OE case) and without considering ocean emissions (NE case) were conducted during the Korea-United States air quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (May–June 2016). The changes in the simulated O3 concentrations due to the effect of ocean emissions (OE case-NE case) appeared mostly in the ocean areas (+1.201 ppbv). The effect of ocean emissions was positive during the daytime (+1.813 ppbv), but negative during the nighttime (–0.612 ppbv). Analysis using the integrated process rate (IPR) confirmed that the increase or decrease in O3 concentration by ocean emissions was mainly due to chemical processes. Further analysis using the integrated reaction rate (IRR) showed that the daytime increase in O3 concentration was mainly attributable to the increased O3 production via O + O2 + M → O3 + M reaction as photolysis of NO2 increased due to the added ocean emissions. The nighttime decrease in O3 concentration was mainly due to the increased O3 titration by NO (NO + O3 → O2 + NO2) due to the increased NO emission. These results indicate that the changes in the concentration O3 in the sea area by the effect of ocean emissions are mainly due to increased NOx emissions. However, there could be a number of uncertainties in ocean emissions data used in this study, thus continuous comparative research using the most updated data will need to be carried out in the future.

The classification of airflow patterns during high ozone (O3) and PM10 episodes on Jeju Island in recent years (2009-2015), as well as their correlation with meteorological conditions according to classified airflow patterns were investigated in this study. The airflow patterns for O3 and PM10 were classified into four types (Types A-D) and three types (Types E-G), respectively, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and synoptic weather charts. Type A was the most dominant airflow pattern for O3 episodes, being characterized by the transport of airflows from urban and industrial areas in China with the highest frequency (about 69%, with a mean of 67 ppb). With regard to the PM10 episodes, Type E was the most dominant airflow pattern, and was mostly associated with long distance transport from Asian dust source regions along northwesterly winds, having the highest frequency (about 92%, with a mean of 136 μg/m3). The variations in the concentration of O3 and PM10 during the study period were clarified in correlation with two pollutant and meteorological variables; for example, the high (low) O3 and PM10 concentrations with high (low) air temperature and/or wind speed and vice versa for precipitation. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed PM10 levels in urban sites for different airflow patterns (Types E-F), if estimated in comparison to the data from the Gosan background site, was found to account for approximately 87-93% (on average) of its input. The overall results of the present study suggest that the variations in O3 and PM10 concentrations on Jeju Island are mainly influenced by the transport effect, as well as the contribution of local emissions.

본 연구는 고 에너지 방사선 조사에 기인된 방사선치료실 내 오존 농도의 변화를 비교·분석하고자 하였 다. 이를 위하여 치료실 주변 대기 중 오존 농도와 치료실 내 배경 오존 농도를 분석하여 고 에너지 방사선 조사에 기인된 치료실 내 평균 오존 농도를 비교하였다. 치료실 내 배경 오존 농도는 평균 17.4±7.9ppb로 방사선치료실 주변의 대기 중 오존 농도(평균 36.8±22.3ppb)보다 약 50% 정도 통계적으로 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 고 에너지 방사선 조사에 기인된 치료실 내 오존 농도는 방사선이 조사됨과 동시에 배경 오존 농도의 약 2배 수준으로 급격하게 증가되었으며 조사시간이 증가함에 따라 기울기가 일정한 증가 추 이를 보이다가 약 130초에서 180초 부근에서 최대 오존 농도를 이루고 점차 포화되는 경향을 보였으며 배 경 오존 농도로 감소하는데 소요되는 시간은 약 10분 이상이었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 고 에너지 방사 선 조사에 기인된 방사선치료실 내 오존 농도는 후각을 자극하는 오존의 특이한 냄새를 맡거나 순간적인 호흡 곤란과 마른기침으로 가슴 통증 등의 신체적 증상이 나타날 수 있는 수준으로 밀폐된 방사선치료실 에서 고농도 오존에 장시간 노출될 경우 폐 질환을 악화시킬 수 있기 때문에 각별한 주의가 요구된다.

This study analyzes the characteristics of ozone weekend effect(OWE) in Busan. O3 concentration on Sunday was over 10% higher than that on weekdays in all areas except for Kwangbokdong, Taejongdae, and Joadong. Such a difference was higher in the industrial area than in the residential area. O3 generation was facilitated by the decrease in NOx emission on Sunday in VOC-limited regime where the VOC/NOx ratio is low. Low NO concentration in the Sunday morning decreased inhibition of O3. NO-O3 crossover time on Sunday was shorter than that on weekdays which in turn extended the accumulated duration of O3. Future studies can include whether the entire Busan is VOCS-limited or the coastal area is VOCS-limited while the inland area is NOX-limited.

This work investigates the relationship between the sea breeze circulation and ozone concentrations during cold water events in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula, where coastal upwelling frequently occur. This analysis was performed based on the classification of two categories, such as cold water and non-cold water events, over the period of 2000-2009. The low air temperature (0.5℃), low SST (5℃) and the wind direction(southerly) are the features of the cold water events in the Southeastern coastal area. Moreover, ozone concentrations in the cases of the sea breeze circulation and cold water events were significantly lower (below 30 ppb) than those (70∼100 ppb) in the non-clod water events, because of the low air temperature (10∼20℃) and high wind speed (3∼5 m/s) around the southeastern coastal area.

Ozone is the secondary photochemical pollutant formed from ozone precursor such as nitrogen dioxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds(VOCs). The ambient concentration of ozone depends on several factors: sunshine intensity, atmospheric convection, the height of the thermal inversion layer, concentrations of nitrogen oxides and VOCs. Busan is located in the southeast coastal area of Korea so the ozone concentration of Busan is mainly affected from the meteorological variables related to the sea such as sea breeze. In this study the ozone concentrations of Busan in 2008~2010 were used to analyse the cause of the regional ozone difference in eastern area of Busan. The average ozone concentration of Youngsuri was highest in Busan however the average ozone concentration of Gijang was equal to the average ozone concentration of Busan in 2008~2010. The two sites are located in eastern area of Busan but the distance of two sites is only 9km. To find the reason for the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang, the meteorological variables in two sites were analyzed. For the analysis of meteorological variables the atmospheric numerical model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) was used at the day of the maximum and minimum difference in the ozone concentration at the two sites. As a result of analysis, when the boundary layer height was lower and the sea breeze was weaker in Youngsuri, the ozone concentration of Youngsuri was high. Furthermore when the sea breeze blew from the south in the eastern area of Busan, the sea breeze at Youngsuri turned into the southeast and the intensity of sea breeze was weaker because of the mountain in the southern region of Youngsuri. In that case, the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang was considerable.

This paper examines the effects of the partial solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 across the Korean peninsular on surface temperature and ozone concentrations in over the Busan metropolitan region (BMR). The observed data in the BMR demonstrated that the solar eclipse phenomenon clearly affects the surface ozone concentration as well as the air temperature. The decrease in temperature ranging from 1.2 to 5.4℃ was observed at 11 meteorological sites during the eclipse as a consequence of the solar radiation decrease. A large temperature drop exceeding 4℃ was observed at most area (8 sites) of the BMR. Significant ozone drop (18∼29 ppb) was also observed during the eclipse mainly due to the decreased efficiency of the photochemical ozone formation. The ozone concentration started to decrease at approximately 1 to 2 hours after the event and reached its minimum value for a half hour to 2 hours after maximum eclipse. The rate of ozone fall ranged between 0.18 and 0.49 ppb/min. The comparison between ozone measurements and the expected values derived from the fitted curve analysis showed that the maximum drop in ozone concentrations occurred at noon or 1 PM and was pronounced at industrial areas.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the ozone concentration according to the differences in meteorological contribution in each city over the South-Eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiments were carried out. WRF - CMAQ model was used to access the ozone differences in each case, during the episode day. Meteorological contributions estimated by WRF command a reasonable feature on the dispersion of ozone concentrations in each city according to regional warming. This causes a difference in estimated ozone concentration. A higher ozone concentration difference tend to be forecasted in coastal cities than in upcountry city. Therefore, the emission reduction policy according to the regional warming should consider the characteristics of meteorological contribution of each city.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the meteorological field and air quality over southeastern part of Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiment were carried out. Numerical models used in this study are WRF for the estimate the meteorological elements and CMAQ for assessment of ozone concentration. According to the global warming impact, initial air temperature were changed and its warming rate reach at 2 degree which was based on the global warming scenarios provided by IPCC. The experiments considering the global warming at initial stage were presented as case T_UP. Air temperature over inland area during night time for case T_UP is higher than that for Base case. During time since the higher temperature over inland area is maintained during daytime more intensified sea breeze should be induced and also decrease the air temperature in vicinity of coast area. In case of T_UP, high level concentrations ozone distribution area was narrowed and their disappearance were faster after 1800LST. As a results, wind and temperature fields due to the global warming at initial stage mainly results in the pattern of ozone concentration and its temporal variation at South-Eastern Part of the Korean Peninsula.

This study has been performed to clarify the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of surface ozone concentration over Jeju Island, one of the cleanest areas in Korea with low emissions of air pollutants. Ozone data are monitored at four sites in Jeju Island. These monitoring sites are located at two urban area(referred to Ido and Donghong), coastal area(Gosan site) and forest site(Chuna site). Ozone data has been routinely collected at these sites for the late four years. The patterns of seasonal cycle of ozone concentrations at all stations show the bimodal with the peaks on spring and autumn and a significant summer minimum. However, the patterns of diurnal variations at rural station, i.e., Gosan and Chuna sites are considerably different to those at urban stations such as Ido and Donghong sites. The patterns of △O3 variations are very similar with those of monthly mean ozone concentrations and △O3 values are exceeded 30 ppb, at urban stations. This may be that urban stations are more influenced by local photochemical reactions rather than rural stations. In order to assess the potential roles of meteorological parameters on ozone formation, the meteorological parameters, such as radiation, temperature, and wind are monitored together with ozone concentrations at all stations. The relationships of meteorological parameters to the corresponding ozone concentration are found to be insignificant in Jeju Island. However, at Gosan and Donghong stations, when the sea breeze blew toward the station, the ozone concentration is considerably increased.

This study was performed to research ozone concentration related to airmass thunderstorm using 12 years meteorological data(1990～2001) at Busan. The occurrence frequency of thunderstorm during 12 years was 156 days(annual mean 13days). The airmass thunderstorm frequency was 14 days, most of those occurrence at summertime(59%). In case August 4, 1996, increase of ozone concentration was simultaneous with the decrease of temperature and increase of relative humidity. In case July 23, 1997, ozone concentration of western site at Busan increased, while its of eastern site decreased as airmass thunderstorm occurred(about 1500LST). It is supposed that these ozone increases are the effect of ozone rich air that is brought down by cumulus downdrafts from height levels where the ozone mixing ratio is larger. Thunderstorms can cause downward transport of ozone from the reservoir layer in the upper troposphere into planetary boundary layer(PBL). This complex interaction of source and sink processes can result in large variability for vertical and horizontal ozone distributions. Thus a variety of meteorological processes can act to enhance vertical mixing between the earth's surface and the atmospheric in the manner described for thunderstorm.

This study analyzes the surface ozone, NO and NO2 concentration data from 1997 to 1999 in Daegu. It investigates effect on precursor during high-ozone episode days. The high-ozone episode is defined when a daily maximum ozone concentration is higher than 100 ppb(ambient air quality standard of Korea) in at least one station among six air quality monitoring stations. The frequency of episodes is 13 days(33 hours). The frequency is the highest in May and September, and the area with the highest frequency is Nowondong and Manchondong. The average value of daily maximum ozone concentration with high ozone episode is 81.6 ppb, and that of 8-hour average ozone concentration is 58.6 ppb. It means that ozone pollution is continuous and wide-ranging in Daegu. The daily variation of NO, NO2 and O3 in high-ozone episodes are inversely proportional one another. Nowondong an industrial area, is affected by pollutants that are emitted from the primary sources, while Manchondong a residential area, is affected by the advection of O3 or by the primary pollutants like VOCs.

Air quality monitoring data and meteorology data which had collected from 1995. 1. to 1999. 2. in six areas of Daegu, Manchondong, Bokhyundong, Deamyungdong, Samdukdong, Leehyundong and Nowondong, were investigated to determine the distribution and characteristic of ozone. A equation of multiple regression was suggested after time series analysis of contribution factor and meteorology factor were investigated during the day which had high concentration of ozone. The results show the following; First, 63.6% of high ozone concentration days, more than 60 ppb of ozone concentration, were in May, June and September. The percentage of each area showed that; Manchondong 14.4%, Bokhyundong 15.4%, Deamyungdong 15.6%, Samdukdong 15.6%, Leehyundong 17.3% and Nowondong 21.6%. Second, correlation coefficients of ozone, SO2, TSP, NO2 and CO showed negative relationship; the results were respectively -0.229, -0.074, -0.387, -0.190(p<0.01), and humidity were -0.677. but temperature, amount of radiation and wind speed had positive relationship; the results were respectively 0.515, 0.509, 0.400(p<0.01). Third, R2 of equation of multiple regression at each area showed that; Nowondong 45.4%, Lee hyundong 77.9%, Samdukdong 69.9%, Daemyungdong 78.8%, Manchondong 88.6%, Bokhyundong 77.6%. Including 1 hour prior ozone concentration, R2 of each area was significantly increased; Nowondong 75.2%, Leehyundong 89.3%, Samdukdong 86.4%, Daemyungdong 88.6%, Manchondong 88.6%, Bokhyundong 88.0%. Using equation of multiple regression, There were some different R2 between predicted value and observed value; Nowondong 48%, Leehyundong 77.5%, Samdukdong 58%, Daemyungdong 73.4%, Manchondong 77.7%, Bokhyundong 75.1%. R2 of model including 1 hour prior ozone concentration was higher than equation of current day; Nowondong 82.5%, Leehyundong 88.3%, Samdukdong 80.7%, Daemyungdong 82.4%, Manchondong 87.6%, Bokhyundong 88.5%.

Photochemical-Trajectory model was used to understand the production of ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer. This model was composed of the trajectory and the photochemical models. To calculate trajectories of air parcels, winds were obtained from the three-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (PSU/NCAR MM5V2), and the results were interpolated into constant height surfaces. Numerical integration in the trajectory model was performed by the Runge-Kutta method. The photochemical model consisted of chemical reactions and photodissociation processes. Chemical equations were integrated by the semi-implicit Bulirsch-Stoer method. We performed our experiments from 21 July to 23 July 1994 during the summer time for Seoul area. During the time of maximum ozone concentration in Seoul, four trajectories of air parcels which traveled from Inchon to Seoul were selected. Ozone concentrations estimated by two models are compared with observed one in Seoul area and the photochemical-trajectory model is better fitted than pure photochemical model. During the selected period, high ozone concentrations in Seoul area were more influenced by transferred pollutants from Inchon than emitted pollutants in Seoul.