Background: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model, created by the World Health Organization, provides a theoretical framework that can be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of various disorders. Objects: Our research purposed to ascertain the relationship between structure/function, activity, and participation domain variables of the ICF and pain, pain-associated disability, activities of daily living (ADL), and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). Methods: Two-hundred patients with chronic LBP (mean age: 35.5 ± 8.8 years, females, n = 40) were recruited from hospital and community settings. We evaluated the body structure/ function domain variable using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Roland–Morris disability (RMD) questionnaire. To evaluate the activity domain variable, we used the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBDS). For clinical outcome measures, we used Short-form 12 (SF-12). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to ascertain the relationships among the variables (p < 0.05). All the participants with LBP received 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Results: There were significant correlations between the body structure/function domain (NPRS and RMD questionnaire), activity domain (ODI and QBDS), and participation domain variables (SF-12), rending from pre-intervention (r = –0.723 to 0.783) and postintervention (r = –0.742 to 0.757, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The identification of a significant difference between these domain variables point to important relationships between pain, disability, performance of ADL, and quality in participants with LBP.

PURPOSES : Local governments in Korea, including Incheon city, have introduced the pavement management system (PMS). However, the verification of the repair time and repair section of roads remains difficult owing to the non-existence of a systematic data acquisition system. Therefore, data refinement is performed using various techniques when analyzing statistical data in diverse fields. In this study, clustering is used to analyze PMS data, and correlation analysis is conducted between pavement performance and influencing factors. METHODS : First, the clustering type was selected. The representative clustering types include K-means, mean shift, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). In this study, data purification was performed using DBSCAN for clustering. Because of the difficulty in determining a threshold for high-dimensional data, multiple clustering, which is a type of DBSCAN, was applied, and the number of clustering was set up to two. Clustering for the surface distress (SD), rut depth (RD), and international roughness index (IRI) was performed twice using the number of frost days, the highest temperature, and the average temperature, respectively. RESULTS : The clustering result shows that the correlation between the SD and number of frost days improved significantly. The correlation between the maximum temperature factor and precipitation factor, which does not indicate multicollinearity, improved. Meanwhile, the correlation between the RD and highest temperature improved significantly. The correlation between the minimum temperature factor and precipitation factor, which does not exhibit multicollinearity, improved considerably. The correlation between the IRI and average temperature improved as well. The correlation between the low- and high-temperature precipitation factors, which does not indicate multicollinearity, improved. CONCLUSIONS : The result confirms the possibility of applying clustering to refine PMS data and that the correlation among the pavement performance factors improved. However, when applying clustering to PMS data refinement, the limitations must be identified and addressed. Furthermore, clustering may be applicable to the purification of PMS data using AI.

In this study, acoustic and viscosity data are collected in real time during the ball milling process and analyzed for correlation. After fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of the acoustic data, changes in the signals are observed as a function of the milling time. To analyze this quantitatively, the frequency band is divided into 1 kHz ranges to obtain an integral value. The integrated values in the 2–3 kHz range of the frequency band decrease linearly, confirming that they have a high correlation with changes in viscosity. The experiment is repeated four times to ensure the reproducibility of the data. The results of this study show that it is possible to estimate changes in slurry properties, such as viscosity and particle size, during the ball milling process using an acoustic signal.

This study analyzed the health characteristics and comorbidity of adult men aged 40 years by dividing them into a control group of those without any disease related to fine dust and a patient group with one or more diseases related to fine dust in areas with high levels of fine dust pollution using the sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017). Among the general characteristics, the mean age of the patient group was significantly older than that of the control group (p<0.001), and in terms of the health-related characteristics, the frequency of breakfast consumption in the patient group was higher than in the control group (p<0.043). The body measurements were similar in the patient and control groups. Regarding the prevalence of comorbidity, the patient group showed a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and diabetes than the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the prevalence of other cancers (except stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer) in the patient group was higher than in the control group (p<0.05). In terms of the clinical characteristics, the glycated hemoglobin levels in the patient group were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.048). Information on nutrition and health in areas with frequent occurrences of fine dust was obtained through the study results, which can be used as basic data for measures of health and diet management against diseases that will increase in relation to fine dust.

본 연구에서는 1995년부터 2016년까지 여름철(5월~8월) 내 동해 연안역에서 발생하는 용승에 대한 지수(Upwelling age, UA)를 산출하고 수온(Surface sea temperature, SST)과의 상관성을 분석하였다. 동해 연안 근처의 6개 기상청 자동기상관측장비 Automatic weather system, AWS)와 종관기상관측장비(Automated synoptic observing system, ASOS) 지점에서 관측된 바람자료를 이용하여 용승지수를 계산하였으며, 수온은 국립수산과학원에서 제공하는 연안정지 자료(Coastal oceanographic data, COD)와 실시간 수온 관측 시스템 (Real-time information system for aquaculture environment, RISA) 자료를 이용하였다. 정량적으로 UA의 값은 낮게 산출되었지만 냉수대 발생 시기에 UA가 상승하였으며 실제와 유사하게 모사해 내었다. UA-SST와의 상관분석에서 음(-)의 상관이 우세하게 나타났다. 냉수대가 극심했던 2013년 6월~8월 UA-SST 상관 분석 결과, 6개 분석지점에서 -0.65~-0.89의 매우 높은 상관성을 보였으며 이는 UA가 강할수록 SST가 하강하여 강한 냉수대가 출현하였음을 증명하였다. 본 연구를 통해 동해연안역의 냉수대에 따른 용승발생 경향을 장기적으로 평가 할 수 있었으며, 용승의 크기와 강도에 따른 연안 양식어장의 피해를 최소화 하는데 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

In this paper, we investigate the statistical correlation of the time series for temperature measured at the heat box in the automobile drying process. We show, in terms of the sample variance, that a significant non-linear correlation exists in the time series that consist of absolute temperature changes. To investigate further the non-linear correlation, we utilize the volatility, an important concept in the financial market, and induce volatility time series from absolute temperature changes. We analyze the time series of volatilities in terms of the de-trended fluctuation analysis (DFA), a method especially suitable for testing the long-range correlation of non-stationary data, from the correlation perspective. We uncover that the volatility exhibits a long-range correlation regardless of the window size. We also analyze the cross correlation between two (inlet and outlet) volatility time series to characterize any correlation between the two, and disclose the dependence of the correlation strength on the time lag. These results can contribute as important factors to the modeling of forecasting and management of the heat box’s temperature.

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, nutrient intakes and serum profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women living in Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea. The subjects were 49 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women who are not taking any hormone or cardiovascular drugs. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner and the data for dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein fractions. The mean age of the premenopausal women was 45.17±3.28 years and that of the postmenopausal women was 62.52±4.14 years. The height and weight were 157.86±4.35 ㎝, 58.75±6.01 ㎏ in premenopausal women and 156.42±3.62 ㎝, 57.63±5.38 ㎏ in postmenopausal women, respectively. WHR (waist hip ratio) in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of premenopausal women (p<0.05). There were no differences between the pre-and postmenopausal women in the intakes of energy, protein, fat, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E. However carbohydrate and Na intakes in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, Ca intake was below and Na intake was extremely high considering KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). Serum triglyceride in postmenopausal women was positively correlated with age, BMI (body mass index) and WHR. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in postmenopausal women showed significantly negative correlations with fiber intake. These results suggest that it is necessary to help postmenopausal women maintain a healthy body weight. Postmenopausal women needs to increase Ca (calcium) intakes and diet quality by decreasing the intakes of Na (sodium). In addition, an adequate intakes of fiber is recommended for postmenopausal women to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Currently food-borne disease is being increased at outdoor food services including hotels and restaurants. Speedy and convenient practical monitoring techniques to determine hygienic conditions are needed. This study was designed to verify correlation of direct ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) examination method using ATP bioluminescence and surveillance with check-list by inspector. Hygienic status of personal hygiene (hands), kitchen utensils (knives, chopping boards, kitchen towels, cap openers, food storage containers, and blade of slice machines), facilities and equipments (refrigerator handles, worktables, and sinks) in five major hotels in Seoul were examined. The result of personal hygiene of hotels was relatively better than other inspection items (46.6 points in personal hygiene, 40.2 points in kitchen utensils, 40.3 points in facilities & equipments). In ATP inspection, kitchen utensils and facilities & equipments were relatively clean comparing with personal hands data (40.8 ± 6.77 RLU/cm²). After correlation analysis of surveillance in hygienic status points and ATP value, all results showed negative and high correlation. The surveillance data and ATP results investigating personal hygiene, kitchen utensils and facilities & equipments were highly correlated. The ATP examination method which shows real-time identification could be considered as an appropriate method to alternate current check-list dependent safety management in food services including hotels.

This study examined the efficiency of satellite images in terms of detecting wheat cultivation areas, and then analyzed the possibility of climate change through an correlation analysis of time series climate data from the western regions of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of climate change on wheat production through a multiple regression analysis with the time series wheat production and climate data. A relatively accurate distribution was achieved on the wheat cultivation area extracted through satellite image classification with an error rate of less than 10% in comparison to the statistical data. Upon correlation analysis with time series climate data, significant results were displayed in the following changes: the monthly mean temperature of the seedling stage, the monthly mean duration of sunshine, the monthly mean temperature of the growing period, the monthly mean humidity, the monthly mean temperature of the ripening stage, and the monthly mean ground temperature. Accordingly, in the study area, the monthly mean temperature, precipitation, and ground temperature generally increased whereas the monthly mean duration of sunshine and humidity decreased. The monthly mean wind speed did not display a particular change. In the multiple regression analysis results, the greatest effect on the production and productivity of wheat as climate factors included the annual mean humidity of the seedling stage, the annual mean temperature of the wintering period, and the annual mean ground temperature of the ripening stage. These results demonstrate that there is a change in wheat production depending on the climate change in the study area. in addition, it is determined that this study will be used as important basic data in the resolution of food security problems based on climate change.

Herein, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) with the monthly mean observed data for 10 years (2008~2017) in the main stream of the Nakdong River. The water quality of the stations declined in a downstream direction, with the BOD and COD showing their highest values at the ST5 station. From the analysis of the correlation of water quality components at 10 stations, the correlation coefficient between the DO and water temperature was more than –0.90, and that between BOD and Chl-a was 0.48~0.85, and that between COD and TOC was more than 0.65 except for the ST5 and ST10 stations. From the regression analysis using data collected from all stations, the water temperature and DO decreased linearly with a coefficient of determination of 0.90, and the Chl-a and BOD could be described by increasing power functions with a coefficient of determination of 0.83. The TOC and COD followed increasing logarithm functions with a coefficient of determination of 0.58. The TOC efficiency at the 10 stations was estimated and the average efficiencies of BOD and COD were 15.5~36.3% and 57.4~89.6%, respectively.

본 연구에서는 주 단위 지하수자원 관리 취약시기 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 강수의 지하수위에 대한 영향을 고려하기 위하여 한계 침투량을 고려한 강우이동평균 방법을 통해 지하수위와의 상관계수를 산정하였다. 취약 시기 평가 기준을 개발하고 평가 기준에 대한 가중치를 엔트로피 방법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 강수와의 상관계수와 산정된 가중치를 이용한 주 단위 지하수자원 관리 취약시기 평가 방법을 개발하였으며, 개발한 방법을 통하여 소규모 행정구역을 대상으로 취약시기를 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 방법은 지역적일뿐만 아니라 계절적인 지하수자원의 효율적 관리 대책 수립의 근거가 될 수 있을 것이다.

폐기물 가스화 시스템은 폐기물을 원료로 하여 CO, H2 및 CH4이 주성분인 합성가스를 생산한다. 생산한 합성가스는 정제, 개질 공정을 통하여 발전, 연료, 화학원료 등으로 사용할 수 있다. 폐기물 가스화 시스템은 원료로 폐기물을 사용하고 복합 공정(전처리, 가스화, 정제, 개질, 합성가스 이용)으로 구성되어 있어 안정적으로 합성가스를 생산하기 위해서는 다양한 환경 및 운전변수를 고려한 고급 제어 기술이 필요하다. 일반적으로 폐기물 가스화 발전 시스템 제어는 PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)/DCS(Distributed Control System)와 연결된 HMI(Human Machine Interface)를 통하여 이루어진다. 오퍼레이터는 HMI를 통하여 폐기물 가스화 발전 시스템의 Equipment와 Instrument와 1:1로 매핑 된 정보를 확인하고 제어를 수행한다. 오퍼레이터가 이상 상태 발생 및 운전 조건 변경 상황에서 다양한 운전 변수들의 상관관계를 고려하여 제어하는 것은 불가능하다. 본 연구에서는 폐기물 가스화 발전 시스템의 운전 데이터를 실시간으로 모니터링하고 운전 변수들의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 폐기물 가스화 발전 운전 데이터 실시간 상관관계 모니터링 시스템은 운전 데이터를 데이터베이스에 저장하는 기능, 데이터베이스에 저장된 데이터를 조회하는 기능, 데이터베이스에 저장된 운전 데이터의 상관관계를 확인할 수 있는 기능, 조회된 데이터를 저장하는 기능 등으로 구성되어 있다. 운전 데이터를 데이터베이스에 저장하는 기능은 폐기물 가스화 발전 시스템을 제어하는 HMI에 스크립트로 처리하였으며, 다른 기능들은 시스템의 접근성 및 활용도를 고려하여 웹시스템으로 개발하였다.

As the frequency and period of earthquakes are increasing compared to the past, interest in the safety of rescue facilities including bridges a lot of. The correlation between the statistical index and the surrounding environment was analyzed by using the seismic acceleration measurement data of the bridge.

The correlation between meteorological data collected at the optical wide-field patrol network (OWL-Net) Station No. 1 and the seeing of satellite optical observation data was analyzed. Meteorological data and satellite optical observation data from June 2014 to November 2015 were analyzed. The analyzed meteorological data were the outdoor air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloud index data, and the analyzed satellite optical observation data were the seeing full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) data. The annual meteorological pattern for Mongolia was analyzed by collecting meteorological data over four seasons, with data collection beginning after the installation and initial set-up of the OWL-Net Station No. 1 in Mongolia. A comparison of the meteorological data and the seeing of the satellite optical observation data showed that the seeing degrades as the wind strength increases and as the cloud cover decreases. This finding is explained by the bias effect, which is caused by the fact that the number of images taken on the less cloudy days was relatively small. The seeing FWHM showed no clear correlation with either temperature or relative humidity.