In this study, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2016 examined the nutrient and food intake of women in their 20s and 30s according to the number of meals a day, and the results were as follows: The study included 256 women in their 20s and 474 women in their 30s. Women in their 20s and 30s ate two meals a day, indicating that the notion of three meals a day was gradually changing to two to three meals a day. Those in their 20s and 30s who eat one, two or three meals a day were consuming less than the estimated energy requirement of the DRI for Koreans 2015. The vitamin A and C were eating less than the recommended intake in all meals. In the case of minerals, calcium was taken less than the recommended intake in all meals, but sodium was taken above the goal intake in all groups. Women in their 20s and 30s must reduce their intake of saturated fatty acids and sodium, and increase their intake of vitamins A, C, calcium, and potassium. Women in their 20s and 30s drank a lot of coffee, ate baechu-kimchi and rice frequently per week.

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, nutrient intakes and serum profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women living in Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea. The subjects were 49 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women who are not taking any hormone or cardiovascular drugs. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner and the data for dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein fractions. The mean age of the premenopausal women was 45.17±3.28 years and that of the postmenopausal women was 62.52±4.14 years. The height and weight were 157.86±4.35 ㎝, 58.75±6.01 ㎏ in premenopausal women and 156.42±3.62 ㎝, 57.63±5.38 ㎏ in postmenopausal women, respectively. WHR (waist hip ratio) in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of premenopausal women (p<0.05). There were no differences between the pre-and postmenopausal women in the intakes of energy, protein, fat, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E. However carbohydrate and Na intakes in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, Ca intake was below and Na intake was extremely high considering KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). Serum triglyceride in postmenopausal women was positively correlated with age, BMI (body mass index) and WHR. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in postmenopausal women showed significantly negative correlations with fiber intake. These results suggest that it is necessary to help postmenopausal women maintain a healthy body weight. Postmenopausal women needs to increase Ca (calcium) intakes and diet quality by decreasing the intakes of Na (sodium). In addition, an adequate intakes of fiber is recommended for postmenopausal women to prevent cardiovascular disease.

In this study, the sensory and mechanical characteristics of white bread containing different levels of Korean and Chinese sansa powder were evaluated. Korean sansa was smaller and more reddish than that of Chinese sansa. Sansa powder contained ursolic acid, citric acids, and flavonoids, which have antioxidative effects. Contents of total flavonoids in Korean and Chinese sansa powder were 217.67±7.64 mg/100 g and 127.67±7.85 mg/100 g, respectively. The mechanical and sensory characteristics of bread added with different levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%) of Korean and Chinese sansa powder were evaluated. Lightness of crust and crumb of bread containing Korean sansa powder decreased as the level of Korean sansa powder increased, whereas they increased as the level of Chinese sansa powder increased. Mechanical texture parameters such as hardness and gumminess increased as the level of Korean and Chinese of sansa powder increased. In a sensory evaluation, control, bread containing 2 or 4% Korean sansa powder, and bread containing 2% Chinese sansa powder showed higher overall acceptability than the others. In conclusion, these results indicate that the recommended substitution level for sansa powder in bread is 2 or 4% Korean sansa powder and 2% Chinese sansa powder.

A study was undertaken to examine the effect of the addition of job`s tears(Coixlachryma-jobi L.) chungkukjang(soybeanfermented food) and wheat bran powder on quality attributes of pound cakes. Job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran powder was added to the batter at a ratio of 10, 12.5 and 15% respectively. The antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH free radical scavening activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content in job`s tears chungkukjang & wheat bran powder and pounds cakes. Antioxidative activity was highly correlated with the total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran pound cakes respectively(r=0.9671, r=0.8335). The quality characteristics of job`s tears chungkukjang powder and wheat bran powder pound cakes were estimated in terms of the specific load volume, hardness, hunter value of crumb and crust and sensory quality of cakes. The specific volume were increased significantly with increasing substitution level of job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran powder(p<0.01). The lightness were significantly decreased with increases in job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran powder of pound cake crust and crumb(p<0.01, p<0.01). The hardness, chewiness and gumminess were tended to reduce, while cohesiveness with increase in both of powder. The consumer acceptability score for 10～15% job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran powder pound cakes ranked significantly(p<0.01) higher than those of the other groups in taste, flavor and overall preference. This results showed that job`s tears chungkukjang and wheat bran powder are a good ingredient to increase consumer acceptability and the healthy.

전분의 첨가가 냉동면의 조직감과 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 밝히기 위하여 감자초산변성전분, 옥수수초산변성전분, 찰옥수수전분, 옥수수전분, 감자전분, 밀전분등 6종의 전분을 함량별로 첨가하여 복합분을 제조하였다. 이들의 아밀로그래프, 제면시의 조리시험, 냉동, 해동후 면의 최대절단강도를 측정하고 관능평가하였다. 감자초산변성전분과 감자전분을 첨가한 복합분의 호화개시온도는 대조구인 소맥분 100%보다 다소 낮아졌다. 최고점도는 초산변성전분류, 찰옥수수, 감자전분을 첨가한 경우 다소 높아졌다, 조리시의 체적과 중량은 다소 증가하고 고형분 용출량은 변성전분과 찰옥수수전분을 첨가한 경우 다소 감소하였다. 냉동, 해동조리 후면의 최대절단강도는 감자초산변성전분 15%와 20%, 옥수수초산변성전분 15%을 첨가한 경우에 대조구보다 커졌다. 감자전분을 제외한 나머지 5종의 전분을 첨가시에 냉동면의 조직감과 색깔이 다소 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 그 중에서 감자초산변성전분의 효과가 가장 높았다.

수율에 미치는 soyprotein-CaSO_4 응고제의 압착무게와 압착시간의 영향, SPI 두부의 보수력과 조직특성 등을 조사하였다. 두부는 90℃에서 SPI 현탁액에 CaSO_4를 첨가하고 제조하여 압착하였다. 압착 압력이 8.66g/c㎡에서 49.43g/c㎡로 증가함에 따라 부피 수율과 여과지에 흡수되는 수분이 감소하고 견고성, 부착성, 응집성, gum성은 증가하였다. 견고성과 gum성의 증가는 낮은 압력에서 보다는 높은 압력에서 현저하였다.

A survey of food intake and waste rate on 60 Korean style restaurants in Seoul. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The total served weight of Pibimbab(mixed rice) was 475.66 g per person, waste rate was 6.0%, frequent side dishes were bae-chu kimchi, kak-du-gi, suk-ju-namul by the order. 2. Han- jeong-sik(Korean style full course food) were served with many kinds and varied numbers of side dishes, and waste rate of those were higher than other menu items. 3. The average serving size of Naeng-myeun(Cold noodle) was 641.00 g, and the waste rate was 11.1%. The waste rate of side dishes was about zero. 4. Man-du kuk(dumpling soup) was served 695.34 g. Most of side dishes served has high waste rate which is more than 50%, average. 5. Seol-nong tang(meat soup) was served 755.70 g, side dishes of that were simple such as kak-du-ki or paek kimchi. The average waste rate of side dishes was about 40%. Yuk-gae-jang(Hot meat soup) was 494.83 g a person, waste rate of that were 24.1%, and minimum and maximum waste rate of side dishes were 3.3, 100%, respectively. 6. Kimchi chigae(Kimchi stew) and Doen-jang chigae(fermented soy stew) were served with varied number of side dishes. 7. Deong-sim gui(grilled meat) and Pulgogi(grilled meat with sauce) were served 196.83 g and 308.98 g. The average waste rate of those were 0.7% and 5.8%, respectively. But waste rate of side dishes was 33%. We would like to decrease waste rate by proposing recommended items and weight of some food for 「Good Menu」.

김치에 인삼 2% 및 4%를 첨가하여 20℃에서 9일간 저장하면서 숙성기간별로 pH, 산도, 염도와 환원당의 변화를 관찰하고, Instron에 의한 경도측정, HPLC에 의한 유기산 분석 및 관능검사로 가식기간과 기호성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 시료김치는 약 2.3% 정도의 염도를 유지했으며 발효기간 중 인삼 첨가군이 pH, 환원당함량 및 기계적 측정에 의한 경도가 높게 나타났고 산도는 낮게 나타났다. 유기산 분석결과 oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid의 함량이 많았으며 발효가 진행됨에 따라 succinic acid, lactic acid와 acetic acid는 증가하고 oxalic acid는 크게 변하지 않았으며 tartaric acid와 malic acid의 함량은 감소하였다. 관능검사결과 인삼첨가군이 대조군보다 높은 경도를 나타냈으며 감칠맛과 탄산미가 좋게, 신맛과 이취가 적게 평가되었으며, 인삼으로 인한 쓴맛과 전체적 취식특성이 좋게 평가된 것으로 보아 인삼의 첨가가 김치의 기호성을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 관능검사와 분석한 성분과의 상관관계를 알아본 결과 김치의 기호도는 이취, 탄산미, 신맛, 그리고 감칠맛에 의해 결정됨을 알 수 있다. 결국 김치에 인삼을 첨가함으로써 기호성을 증대시키고 가식기간을 연장할 수 있었으며, 인삼첨가군 사이의 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 보아 인삼 2% 첨가군이 기호성 및 경제성에 있어서 우수한 것으로 나타났다.