Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is an annual forage crop widely cultivated across the globe for its excellent nutritional value and high productivity. Despite its importance, studies on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in its morphogenesis remain limited. In this study, we employed a high-yielding mutant line developed through radiation mutagenesis to identify candidate genes associated with morphogenesis, focusing on Expansins (EXPs), GRFs (Growth regulating factors), GIFs (GRF-interacting factors), and growth hormone-related genes. RT-qPCR primers were designed, and differential gene expression analysis was performed. Gene expression was assessed in the leaves of seedlings at one to three weeks of age, comparing the control cultivar 'Kowinearly' with the mutant line. Expression patterns fell into four distinct categories: (1) genes consistently exhibiting lower expression in the mutant line across all developmental stages; (2) genes showing persistently low expression in the mutant, while the control displayed a sharp increase at early stages followed by a decline; (3) genes with low expression in the control but a marked early-stage increase in the mutant; and (4) genes with decreasing expression over time in the mutant, contrasting with gradually increasing expression in the control. These expression profiles highlight Actin and GRF6 as Group 1 genes, AXR1 (Auxin-resistant protein 1) and EXPB6 (c) as Group 2 genes, PEVMPP1 (Pyrophosphate-energized vacuolar membrane proton pump 1) as a Group 3 gene, and EF1A (Elongation factor 1-alpha) as a Group 4 gene, all of which are key candidate genes for the development of high-yielding Italian ryegrass cultivars.

We study the angular correlation function of bright (Ks ≤ 19.5) Extremely Red Objects (EROs) selected in the Subaru GTO 2 deg2 field. By applying the color selection criteria of R − Ks > 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0, we identify 9055, 4270, and 1777 EROs, respectively. The number density is consistent with similar studies on the optical − NIR color selected red galaxies. The angular correlation functions are derived for EROs with different limiting magnitude and different R −Ks color cut. When we assume that the angular correlation function w() follows a form of a power-law (i.e., w() = A−), the value of the amplitude A was larger for brighter EROs compared to the fainter EROs. The result suggests that the brighter, thus more massive high-redshift galaxies, are clustered more strongly compared to the less massive galaxies. Assuming that EROs have redshift distribution centered at hzi ∼ 1.1 with z = 0.15, the spatial correlation length r0 of the EROs estimated from the observed angular correlation function ranges ∼ 6-10 h−1Mpc. A comparison with the clustering of dark matter halos in numerical simulation suggests that the EROs are located in most massive dark matter halos and could be progenitors of L∗ elliptical galaxies.

표고 버섯 자실체와 균사체의 EST 분석으로 Unigene 1,582개를 선별 하였으며 Expected-value를 고려한 유 효유전자를 10개 선별하였다. BAD11817.1, BAD11816.1, BAD11818.1, BAA28693.1 은 100% 의 상동성을 나타 내었으며, BAD97446.1, BAA83550.1, AAD37722.1에 서 90% 이상의 상동성을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 표 고버섯 자실체 발생 관련 유전자를 분석하기 위해 기 발표 된 자실체 관련 발생 유전자 39개를 확인하였으며 GeneFishingTM DEG(Differentially Expressed Gene) screening 방법으로 300 bp ∼ 1,200 bp 범위에서 발현 반복 실험을 통해 재현성이 있고 밴드가 sharp한 90 개를 DEG 분석으로 선별하였다. 그 중에서 26개의 DEG 밴드 를 골라 염기서열을 결정하여 자실체에서 발현이 뚜렷하 게 보이는 유전자 6개를 확보하였다.