태풍은 지구 시스템 내 상호작용을 일으키는 대표적인 해양-대기 현상으로 최근 들어 기후변화로 인해 점점 더 강력해지는 추세이다. 2022 개정 과학과 교육과정은 미래 사회 시민으로서의 디지털 소양 함양을 위하여 첨단 과학기술을 활용한 교수-학습 활동의 중요성에 대해 강조하고 있다. 따라서 교과서 삽화의 시공간적 한계점을 해결하고 지 구과학 분야에서 다루는 전지구적 규모의 빅데이터를 활용한 효과적인 수업자료의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 PDIE (준비, 개발, 실행, 평가) 모형의 절차에 따라 천리안 위성 2A호 영상 자료를 활용하여 태풍의 경로를 시각화하는 탐구활동 자료를 개발하였다. 준비 단계에서는 2015 및 2022 개정 교육과정과 현행 교과서의 탐구활동 내용을 분석하 였다. 개발 단계에서는 관측 데이터를 수집, 처리, 시각화, 분석할 수 있는 일련의 과정들로 탐구활동을 구성하였으며, 간단한 조작만으로도 결과를 도출할 수 있는 GUI (Graphic User Interface) 기반 시각화 프로그램을 제작하였다. 실행 및 평가 단계에서는 학생들을 대상으로 수업을 진행하였으며 코드를 활용한 수업과 GUI 프로그램 활용 수업을 각각 실시하여 각 활동의 특징을 비교하고 학교 현장에서의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 수업자료는 전문 적인 프로그래밍 지식이 없어도 GUI 기반으로 실제 관측 데이터를 활용한 탐구활동에 활용될 수 있으며, 이를 통해 학 생들의 지구과학 분야의 이해도와 디지털 소양 함양에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In Korea, as part of the Green New Deal project toward a carbon-neutral society, it is necessary to build a climate-resilient urban environment to green the city, space, and living infrastructure. To this end, SWMM-ING was improved and the model was modified to analyze the carbon reduction effect. In addition, I plan to select target watersheds where urbanization is rapidly progressing and evaluate runoff, non-point pollution, and carbon reduction effects to conduct cost estimation and optimal design review for domestic rainwater circulation green infrastructure. In this study, green infrastructure facilities were selected using SWMM-ING. Various scenarios were presented considering the surface area and annual cost of each green infrastructure facility, and The results show that the scenario derived through the APL2 method was selected as the optimal scenario. In this optimal scenario, a total facility area of 190,517.5 m2 was applied to 7 out of 30 subwatersheds to achieve the target reduction. The target reduction amount was calculated a 23.50 % reduction in runoff and a 26.99 % reduction in pollutant load. Additionally, the annual carbon absorption was analyzed and found to be 385,521 kg/year. I aim to achieve additional carbon reduction effects by achieving the goal of reducing runoff and non-point pollution sources and analyzing annual carbon absorption. Moreover, considering the scale-up of these interventions across the basin, it is believed that an objective assessment of economic viability can be conducted.

Purpose: This study utilizes a phenomenological research method to understand the nature of role adaptation experience of PA nurses. Methods: This was a qualitative study that applied Colaizzi’s phenomenological research method to understand the nature of role adaptation experience of PA nurses. The study participants were thirteen PA nurses (three men and ten women) with over five years of experience. For data collection, individual in-depth interviews were conducted, each about 50 to 90 minutes long. Individual interviews were conducted once or twice. Colaizzi’s method was used to analyze data. Results: The result of this study had 11 clusters of themes and 4 major themes were derived from the analysis: “parallel lines of conflict,”“anxiety about unclear future,”“disorganization of identity,”and “my own way to learn about myself.”These four major themes are structured chronologically to the extent possible but are not mechanically segmented based on time. Conclusion: This study recognizes the seriousness of PA nurses’problems in the absence of research on PA nurses’role adaptation experience and recommends that appropriate research is necessary. Standardized work guidelines and positive awareness of the role of PA nurses are necessary and are supported by PA nurses to establish their position as professionals.

The effects of punching treatment on mycelial culture and fruiting body productivity were investigated in a new Lentinula edodes cultivar, “Jadam”, in sawdust medium for the stable production of oak mushroom. As the punching volume and number increased, the weight loss rate and color difference increased and the L value decreased. After spawn inoculation, the sawdust medium temperature and CO2 concentration reached their highest values at 33 and 19 days of incubation, respectively. The O2 concentration showed the lowest value on the 14th day of incubation, which was the opposite pattern to the CO2 concentration. As the punching volume and the number increased, the medium temperature and O2 concentration increased, and the CO2 concentration decreased. Higher punching volumes and numbers resulted in higher temperatures and lower CO2 concentrations. The best fruiting body yield was 5 × 70 mm - 30 (punching diameter × depth - number), and the total yield after three cycles was 644.7 g.

A new spore-less cultivar Lentinula edodes ‘Daedam’ was bred from monokaryotic strains of ‘LE15401-24’ and ‘LE192118-10’. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of ‘Daedam’ on potato dextrose agar was 22~25oC. Total cultivation period of the new cultivar, from inoculation to its first harvest, was 134 days, similar to that of the control cultivar ‘Hwadam’. Total yield of ‘Daedam’ was 222g per 3kg substrate, and was lower than that of control cultivar(266.0g). The fruiting body of ‘Daedam’ had a thick and small pileus and a longer stem compare to control cultivar. As a result of a analyzing the productivity of ‘Daedam’ on the different substrate types, the biological efficiency was 26.7% in the 1.2kg cylindrical substrate(CS), which was higher than that of the 3kg rod-type substrate(RS). 'Daedam' had a similar yield compared to 'Hanacham' in first fruiting body production, but the cultivation period was 40 days shorter. Therefore, 'Daedam' can only harvest fruiting bodies once, it is thought that it can be used as spore-less oak mushroom cultivar for short-term cultivation instead of 'Hanacham' in mushroom farms.

This study was conducted to reduce the phenomenon of the biased cultivation of certain mushroom varieties and to develop a competitive variety of Pleurotus nebrodensis. We have collected and tested characteristics of genetic resources from domestic and overseas varieties since 2015. We bred the domestic variety ‘Boram’. The optimal temperature was 26~29oC for mycelial growth and 15~18oC for fruit body growth temperature. This variety was similar to the control variety (Uram) in terms of the number of cultivation days and yield per bottle. The shape of the new cultivar was round, whereas that of the control group was spatula-like. The yield was 181.1 g/bottle, which was statistically similar to that of the control variety. When incubating the parent and control varieties, the replacement line was clear. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis of mycelial DNA resulted in different band patterns between the parent and control varieties, confirming the hybrid species.

박새는 도시생태계 내 환경변화를 측정할 수 있는 생물지표종이자 대표적인 식충성 조류로 건전성 유지와 같은 중요한 역할을 맡고 있다. 연구자들은 박새과 조류의 번식생태 파악을 위해 인공새집 조사방법을 활용하고 있으나, 공간적･시간적 한계로 거시적 관점의 연구를 진행하기에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 전문가 중심으로 수행된 기존 인공새집 모니터링이 갖는 한계를 벗어나고자 시민참여 인공새집 모니터링 프로젝트를 설계하였다. ‘수원시 앞마당 조류 모니터링단’은 시민조사원 들의 자발적인 참여를 통해 경기도 수원시 내 녹지공간에 인공새집을 설치하고 박새과 조류의 번식생태를 관찰하는 프로젝트이 다. 2021년 2월 9일부터 2월 22일까지 온라인 설문조사를 통해 참가자를 모집하였고, 시민조사원은 2021년 2월 23일부터 8월 31일까지 인공새집 설치부터 관찰까지 직접 수행하였다. 비전문가인 시민조사원들의 진입장벽을 낮추고 일관된 데이터를 수집하기 위해 모니터링 과정 전반에 대한 온라인 교육을 수행하였고 모바일 애플리케이션을 이용하여 인공새집 관찰기록을 수집하였다. 시민참여 인공새집 모니터링 프로젝트에는 98명의 시민조사원이 참여하였고 배포된 206개의 인공새집 중 175(84.95%)개가 수원시 내 녹지공간에 설치되었다. 설치된 인공새집 중 위치 좌표 생성 오류가 발생한 2건을 제외한 173(83.98%)개를 대상으로 시민과학 프로젝트 결과를 확인했다. 시민조사원으로부터 수집한 인공새집 관찰기록은 총 987회 이며, 최솟값은 1회, 최댓값은 26회, 평균은 5.71±4.37회로 나타났다. 월별 인공새집 관찰 횟수는 2월 70회(7.09%), 3월 444회(44.98%), 4월 284회(28.77%), 5월 133회(13.48%), 6월 46회(4.66%), 7월 6회(0.61%), 8월 4회(0.41%)로 조사되었 다. 설치된 173개의 인공새집 중 57개(32.95%)에서 조류의 이용을 관찰할 수 있었고 박새 12개소(21.05%), 곤줄박이 7개소 (12.28%), 미동정 조류 38개소(66.67%)로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 박새과 조류의 번식생태를 조사방법으로 활용되는 인공새집 모니터링에 시민의 참여 가능성을 처음으로 검토한 연구로 향후 시민과학을 접목한 생태모니터링 설계의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Trifludimoxazin은 triazinone 계열 제초제로 프로토포르 피리노겐-IX 산화효소(protoporphyrinogen oxidase, PPO)를 억제하며 벼와 광엽 잡초를 방제하는 데 사용된다. PPO의 결핍은 세포막의 손상을 일으켜 식물을 시들게 한다. Trifludimoxazin의 농산물 중 잔류허용기준은 미국에서 아몬 드에 대하여 0.15 mg/kg, 땅콩 등 9종에 대하여 0.01 mg/ kg으로 설정되어있으며, 모화합물을 잔류물의 정의로 설 정하여 관리하고 있다. 코덱스(CODEX), 유럽(EC) 일본 (JFCRF)에서는 잔류허용기준(MRL)과 잔류물의 정의가 설 정되어 있지 않다. 호주(APVMA)에서는 trifludimoxazin과 대사체 M850H001의 합을 잔류물의 정의로 설정하였으며, MRL은 보리와 밀에 0.01 mg/kg으로 설정되어 있다. 국내에서 신규 등록 예정임에 따라 본 연구에서는 농산물 중 trifludimoxazin의 잔류량을 분석하기 위한 공정시험법을 마련하고자 하였다. Trifludimoxazin의 물리 화학적 특성을 고려하여 아세토니트릴을 추출용매로 사용하는 Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)법을 이용하 여 추출 및 정제조건을 확립한 후 LC-MS/MS를 분석기기 로 선정하였다. Trifludimoxazin의 결정계수(R2)는 모두 0.99 이상으로 우수하였으며 정량한계는 0.01 mg/kg으로 나타났 다. 대표 농산물 5종(현미, 감자, 대두, 감귤, 고추)에 대하여 정량한계, 정량한계 10배, 정량한계 50배 수준으로 처리하 여 회수율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율은(5반복) 73.5-85.3% 로 나타났으며, 상대 표준편차(RSD)는 3.8% 이하로 나타 났다. 본 연구는 국제식품규격위원회 농약 분석법 가이드 라인의 잔류농약 분석 기준 및 식품의약품안전평가원의 식 품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)에 적 합한 수준이며, 향후 공정시험법으로 활용될 예정이다. 본 연구에서 개발한 시험법에 대해 농산물 125건을 대상으로 잔류농약 모니터링을 한 결과 trifludimoxazin의 잔류량이 확인되지 않았다.

The oyster mushroom is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in Korea. It is a regionally specialized crop in Gyeonggi-do, where 68% of the national production is produced. The present study was conducted to develop a new, highquality cultivar with stable cultivation. ‘Manseon’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom suitable for bottle culture. It was produced by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘HB-18’ and ‘P15159-16’. The optimal temperature for ‘Manseon’ mycelial growth was 26–29 °C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and for primordia formation and the growth of fruit bodies the optimal temperature was 18–19 °C on sawdust medium. Spawn running required 30 d, primordia formation required 4 d, and fruit body growth in the bottle culture required 4 d. Regarding the characteristics of the fruit bodies, the pilei were round and dark grayish brown, stipe color was white, and stipe shape was short and thick. The yield per bottle was 192.7 g/1,100 cc, which was 9% higher than that of the control strain (Suhan-1ho). The physical properties of springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness of stipe tissue were 87.9%, 77.4%, 445.1 kgf, and 389.6 kgf, respectively.

The anaerobic digestion process produces methane while stabilizing sludge. As of 2020, 62 anaerobic digesters in public wastewater treatment plants are operational in Korea. Many researchers have studied to improve digester performance. Thermal hydrolysis technology is one of the pre-treatment methods for treating sludge. Reduced retention time and enhanced biogas production are the main advantages of sludge disintegration at relatively high temperatures and pressures. But nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are released from the pre-treated sludge. Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource that is essential to food production. Wastewater receives 20% of the total phosphate discharge, while 90% of the influent phosphorus load is in sludge. For efficient phosphorus recovery, it is essential to comprehend the phosphorus release characteristics during wastewater treatment, including anaerobic digestion. Biological or chemical processes can achieve phosphorus removal to comply with the effluent discharge limits regulations. The three primary sources of phosphorus in sludge are aluminum-bound phosphorus (Al-P), polyphosphate in phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs), and iron-bound phosphorus (Fe-P). Anaerobic digestion is the typical method for recovering carbon and phosphorus. However, previous research has demonstrated that most phosphorus in anaerobic digestion occurs as a solid phase coupled with heavy metals. Therefore, the poor mass transfer rate results in a slow phosphorus release. Due to the recent growth in interest and significance of phosphorus recovery, many researchers have studied to improve the quantity of phosphorus released into the liquid phase through chelation addition, process operation optimization, and disintegration using sludge pre-treatment. The study aims to investigate characteristics of the phosphorus release associated with the thermal hydrolysis breakdown of sludge and propose a method for recovering phosphorus in a wastewater treatment plant. When solubilizing sludge using thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment, organic phosphates, inorganic phosphates, and polyphosphates are converted into ortho-phosphate. Therefore, applying thermal hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and phosphorus recovery processes (struvite formation or microbial electrolysis cells) can recover carbon and phosphorus.

플루옥사스트로빈은 Strobilurus 속의 버섯에서 추출한 천 연물을 기반으로 개발된 살균제로서 곰팡이성 질병 방제에 효과적이다. 잔류물의 정의는 유럽(EU), 미국(EPA), 일본 (JFCRF)에서는 플루옥사스트로빈과 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이 성질체의 합으로 정의하고 있으며, 감자, 대두 등 90품목 에 대하여 0.01-60 mg/kg으로 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있 다. 코덱스(CODEX)와 국내에는 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있지 않음에 따라 본 연구에서는 추후 국내·외 수입 및 재 배 농산물 중 플루옥사스트로빈에 대한 잔류허용기준 준수 여부 확인을 위한 시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 전처리 과 정은 플루옥사스트로빈의 물리·화학적 특성을 고려하여 QuEChERS법을 이용한 추출 및 정제방법으로 최적화하였 으며, LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 시험법을 개발하였다. 추출 용매는 아세토니트릴로 하고, MgSO4 및 PSA를 이용하여 정제과정을 확립하였다. 대표 농산물 5종에 대해 0.01, 0.1 및 0.5 mg/kg의 처리농도로 실험을 진행한 결과, 플루옥사 스트로빈 및 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체의 결정계수(R2) 는 0.998 이상이고 플루옥사스트로빈의 평균 회수율(n=5) 은 75.5-100.3%, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체는 75.0- 103.9%이었다. 상대표준편차는 플루옥사스트로빈이 5.5% 이하, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체가 4.3% 이하로 확인 되었다. 또한 시험법의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 외부 실험 기관인 광주지방식품의약품안전청과의 실험실간 검증을 진 행하였으며, 검증 결과 두 실험실간의 회수율은 플루옥사 스트로빈의 경우 80.3-101.4%, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질 체는 80.2-105.0%이었고, 상대표준편차는 모두 18.1% 이하 로 정확성 및 재현성이 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라 서 본 연구 결과는 CODEX 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) 및 식품의약품안전평가원의 가이드라인(MFDS, 2016) 에 만족함에 따라 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것이다.

The present study investigated the optimum additive ratio of wheat straw pellet as a substitute for beet pulp during oyster mushroom cultivation. The chemical properties across treatments were pH of 4.8–5.5, total carbon content of 45.9–46.5%, total nitrogen content of 1.5–1.7%, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 27.8–31.0. Mycelial growth was the fastest in a medium containing 20% wheat straw pellet (at 88.2 mm in ‘Heuktari’ and 70.3–79.6 mm in ‘Suhan-1Ho’); however, there were no significant differences in mycelial density among the treatments. The characteristics of fruiting bodies by variety were as follows. In ‘Heuktari’, the valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 22.5 and yield was 177.1 g/1,100 cc in the mixed medium containing 10% wheat straw pellet, with the values being comparable to those of controls. In ‘Suhan-1Ho’, the valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 14.0 and yield was 151.2 g/1,100 cc in the mixed medium containing 10% wheat straw pellet, with the values being comparable to those of controls.

To confirm the applicability of crab apple, the composition and content of amino acids and minerals with ‘Fuji’ apple were measured. Apple and crab apple were extracted with water, 70% and 100% ethanol, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured. The amino acid composition of apples comprised a total of 17 amino acids. The total amino acid contents of apple and crab apple were 2,050.45 mg/kg and 900.05 mg/kg, respectively. For minerals, the total mineral content of apple and crab apple were 489.14 mg%, 529.77 mg%, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid of apple and crab apple extracts were highest in 70% ethanol extracts. The content of polyphenols, the crab apple extract, showed a generally higher content than the apple extract. The content of flavonoids, apple and crab apple extracts revealed no difference between extracts. The content of ascorbic acid, apple extract showed a generally higher content than the crab apple extract, but there was no significant difference between extracts. In the case of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities, 70% ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, and crab apple showed higher activity than apple extracts.

이 연구는 산림복원사업 이후 유입되는 귀화식물과 생태계교란 식물의 실태 및 사업의 특성에 따라 나타나는 양상을 파악하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 현장조사는 산림청에서 수행한 산림복원사업지 29개소를 대상으로 2020년과 2021년 봄철(5~6월), 여름철(8~9월)로 나누어 연 2회 실시하였고, 사업 범위 밖의 지역은 조사에서 제외하여 실제 복원사업 후 도입 및 유입되었다고 볼 수 있는 식물을 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 대상지 내 분포하는 귀화식물상과 복원사업 준공내역 확인을 통해 현장에 실제 적용된 공종과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 전체 대상지에서 출현한 귀화식물은 29과 80속 108종 1아종으로 109분류군이며, 생태계교란 식물은 총 3과 7속 8종이 확인되었다. 귀화식물의 분류군 수와 귀화율은 사업 후 소요시간이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하는 추세를 보였고, 귀화식물 분류군 수와 귀화율은 권역 간 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나(p>0.05), 훼손 유형별 귀화식물 분류군 수의 경우 백두대간 단절 구간과 채석지, 시설부지 등의 유형에서 출현한 귀화식물 수가 상대적으로 많았다(p<0.05). 복원지 내 나지 및 비탈면의 녹화를 위한 식생도입 방법인 종자 파종, 나무 식재, 초본 식재, 떼붙임 공종의 유무에 따른 귀화율 비교 분석 결과, 종자 파종을 할 경우 귀화율은 평균 15.545%로 파종 공종이 없는 경우의 평균 9.167%에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났고 (p<0.05), 그 외 다른 식생도입 방법은 공종 적용 유무에 따라 귀화율의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 이는 식물체의 형태를 확인하고 어느 정도 제어할 수 있는 나무 식재와 초본 식재, 떼붙임 공종과는 달리 종자 상태에서 귀화식물 여부의 파악이 까다로운 종자 파종 공종이 산림복원사업지 내 귀화식물 도입에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 의미한 다. 따라서 복원지 내 종자 파종 시 종자 전문가에 의한 검수 과정의 도입이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 이 연구의 결과는 향후 산림복원사업 시 식생 도입 및 사후관리의 방향설정에 도움이 되는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we compared the microbial reduction effects of drying, hot water, and microwave sterilization in scourers and dishcloths to suggest a most suitable sterilization method. Three scourer types (silver, copper, and mesh) were used, and three dishcloth types (silver, bamboo, and cotton) were used. Drying time dependent reduction in Escherichia coli was high in silver and copper scourers, but minimal bacterial reduction was obtained against Bacillus cereus in all scourers and dishcloths. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after ≥30 s of hot water sterilization at 77oC, and B. cereus was not detected after ≥60 s of hot water sterilization at 100oC. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after hot water sterilization at 77oC for ≥30 s, but B. cereus was detected after hot water sterilization at 100oC for ≥60 s. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization at 700 W for 3 min, but B. cereus was detected. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization with 700 W for ≥1 min, but B. cereus was detected in the cotton dishcloth even after sterilization for 3 min. In conclusion, the use of antimicrobial scourers (silver and copper) and dishcloths (silver and bamboo) are not sufficient to reduce the microbial contamination. The guideline provided by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety suggesting dishcloth sterilization via hot water at 100oC for 30 s was also found to be insufficient. Based on our research, we suggest that the most effective methods of microbial management are submerging scourers in hot water at 100oC for ≥1 min, and sterilizing dishcloths for ≥3 min using a 700 W microwave.

Mushroom production in Korea is concentrated on five major mushroom types. To create a new source of income for farmers, it is necessary to establish new mushroom production and marketing systems. This study was conducted to evaluate the marketability of and establish a marketing strategy for Pleurotus nebrodensis variety 'Uram'. The evaluation of distributors showed that it was necessary to cultivate mushrooms of uniform shape and size, to compensate for their low storability, and to sell them in small packages. The consumer evaluation showed that the texture of P. nebrodensis had the highest level of satisfaction for quality, but the levels of satisfaction for size and shape were low. In the consumer evaluation, as in the distributor evaluation, improvements in cultivation were found to be necessary, as the storage time is short due to a high moisture content. An evaluation of the market gave the following results regarding the marketing strategy. It was found to be necessary to consider the production of mushrooms of a uniform shape and size and sell them in small packages in the range of 150 to 300 g. The price of the mushrooms should be set using a high-end strategy for high-end sales. The mushrooms should be introduced to local food and eco-friendly stores in the early stages of production. Subsequently, if farmhouse production increases, shipments should be made to wholesale markets through a regular contract. Finally, considering that P. nebrodensis is an unfamiliar mushroom to consumers, it is necessary to promote it by increasing the accessibility of consumers through tasting events and experience groups.

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum supplementation ratio when replacing cotton seed meal with rapeseed meal for cultivating oyster mushrooms. The chemical properties among the treatments were pH 4.5~4.7, total carbon content was 46.3~46.5%, total nitrogen content was 1.6~1.7%, and carbon-nitrogen ratio was 27.0~27.8. These did not differ significantly from the control. Mycelial growth was 85.1 mm (Heuktari), and 72.8 mm (Suhan-1Ho) in medium containing 5% rapeseed meal, with no significant difference in mycelial density between cultivars. Fruiting body characteristics are as follows: In 'Heuktari', the color of the pileus was darker than control with an L value of 32.5, and pileus thickness and diameter were 3.2 mm and 27.6 mm, respectively. Stipe length and diameter were 86.0 mm and 9.1 mm, respectively. Valid stipe number per bottle (1,100 cc) was 25.9, and a yield of 189.7 g/1,100 cc was recorded in mixed medium containing 5% rapeseed meal (higher than control). In mixed medium containing 10% rapeseed meal, the yield was 184.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control). In 'Suhan-1Ho', supplemented with 5% rapeseed meal, pileus color was darker than control color, with an L value of 28.8. Pileus thickness was 4.5 mm. Stipe diameter was 12.3 mm (higher than control), and yield was 145.5 g/1,100 cc (comparable to control).

This study compares the characteristics of a compact TiO2 (c-TiO2) powdery film, which is used as the electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells, based on the manufacturing method. Additionally, its efficiency is measured by applying it to a carbon electrode solar cell. Spin-coating and spray methods are compared, and spraybased c-TiO2 exhibits superior optical properties. Furthermore, surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) exhibits the excellent surface properties of spray-based TiO2. The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) is 14.31% when applied to planar perovskite solar cells based on metal electrodes. Finally, carbon nanotube (CNT) film electrode-based solar cells exhibits a 76% PCE compared with that of metal electrodebased solar cells, providing the possibility of commercialization.