목적 : 본 연구는 착용자의 몰입감과 편의성을 고려한 소형·고성능 Head-Mounted Display (HMD) 광학계를 구현하기 위해, 프리즘 기반의 비구면 광학계를 설계하고 그 성능을 분석하였다. 방법 : Code V 소프트웨어를 이용해 광학계를 설계하였으며, 설계 목표는 대각선 시야각 40°, 전체 시스템 두 께 약 11 mm, 조리개 크기 4 mm, ERF 15 mm 조건 하에서 0.01 mm 이하의 RMS 스팟 크기와 50 cycles/mm 에서 0.4 이상의 MTF 값을 확보하는 것이다. 총 10개 면으로 구성된 시스템은 3개의 프리즘과 1개의 디스플레이 로 이루어졌으며, 프리즘은 9개의 광학 면을 형성하고, 10번 면은 디스플레이 면이다. 5개의 비구면 면을 적용하였 으며, 비축 구조와 광로 접힘 기법을 통해 소형화와 고해상도를 동시에 달성하도록 구성되었다. 결과 : 최종 설계된 광학계는 중심부 스팟 크기 0.005 mm, 전체 평균 0.01 mm 이하로 유지되었으며, 50 cycles/mm 기준 MTF는 0.4를 달성하여 고주파 성능이 우수함을 입증하였다. 왜곡률은 최대 +2.8%로 확인되어 기존 연구 대비 향상된 왜곡 특성을 보였다. 광학 성능은 중심부뿐만 아니라 주변 시야에서도 안정적으로 유지되었 으며, 전체 시스템 두께는 11 mm로 소형화가 가능함을 입증하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 프리즘과 비구면 요소만을 활용해 구조적 단순화와 광학적 고해상도를 동시에 달성한 사례로, 향후 웨어러블 디스플레이 및 초소형 AR 용 HMD 개발에 적용 가능한 경량화 설계 전략으로 활용될 수 있다.

This study examines the implementation of CEFR Basic User-level descriptors within a systematic instructional design framework to support learner-centered instruction and formative assessment in Korean elementary English education. Focusing on Grades 3 and 4, the study aligned CEFR’s four communicative functions—reception, production, interaction, and mediation—with the 2015 Revised National English Curriculum. A CEFR-based self-assessment tool was developed and administered before and after instruction to measure learners’ perceived communicative development. Findings revealed functional gains across multiple communicative domains, with variation in growth patterns depending on learner group and task type. K-means clustering identified three learner profiles—low-growth, reception-focused, and high-growth—which informed differentiated instructional strategies tailored to learner needs. The results demonstrate that CEFR-informed self-assessment, when combined with systematic instructional design, enhances curriculum coherence and supports data-driven pedagogy. This study provides empirical evidence on the practical integration of CEFR descriptors in primary classrooms, highlighting their potential to inform learner diagnosis and guide targeted instruction in localized educational contexts.

To proceed an efficient acquisition program, a variety of factors such as acquirement of excellent weapon system, research and development of defense technology for independent national defense and efficient obtainments are needed to be considered. But present evaluation system of weapon is not enough to include them all. Therefore this study aims to design weapon evaluation system to overcome the cognitive error of decision makers and to cope with the complexity and uncertainty in national acquisition field. To accomplish the goal, the researchers derive 4 factors (compatibility of hierarchy, extensibility, compromise between cost and non-cost factors and aggregation of evaluation criteria and group) based on AHP. And the research intends to present rational weapon evaluation structure which can include national security environment to analysis and guarantee the objective setting of weights through empirical tests.

서예와 전각 예술은 중국 전통문화의 정수(精髓)로서, 독특한 동양적 미학과 철학적 사상을 담고 있다. 현대 디자인 맥락에서 이들의 선 리듬, 공간 구성 및 문화적 상징성은 그래픽 디자인에 풍부한 창의적 자원을 제공한다. 본 논문은 서예와 전각 예술이 현대 디자인과 융합되는 과정을 분석하며, 그 미학 체계와 디자 인 변환 방법 및 혁신적 적용 방안을 탐구하였다. 서예와 전각의 미학적 특징을 바탕으로 현대 디자인에서의 변환 가치를 고찰한다. 이 과정에서 서예는 먹의 농담(濃淡), 리듬, 구조를 통해 디자인에 동적 시각 표현력을 부여하며, 전 각은 금석(金石)의 풍미, 인면(印面) 구성 및 허실(虛實) 대비를 통해 현대 디자인에 독특한 공간 미학을 도입한다. 이들의 결 합은 시각 언어의 표현 차원을 확장할 뿐만 아니라 디자인의 문화적 깊이를 강화한다. 국내외 사례 분석을 통해 서예·전각 요소가 현대 브랜드 디자 인, 타이포그래피, 디지털 미디어 등에서 어떻게 활용되는지 그 혁신 메커니즘을 규명한다. 예를 들어, 전각의 인장(印章) 형태 는 브랜드 아이덴티티에서 문화적 정체성을 강조하면서도 모던 미니멀리즘 디자인 트렌드와 조화를 이룬다. 서예의 필획(筆劃) 은 모션 타이포그래피(Motion Typography)에서 움직임의 서사 성(書寫性)을 강화하는 데 활용된다. 마지막으로, AI 생성 기술(Generative AI), 가상 현실(VR) 등 신기술의 발전에 따라 서예와 전각 예술이 인터랙티브 디자인 (interactive design), 메타버스(metaverse) 공간 등에서 새로운 가능성을 열어갈 것으로 전망한다. 디자이너는 이러한 기회를 활 용하여 동양 미학의 현대적 해석을 추구하며, 더욱 풍부한 창조 적 영역을 개척해야 할 것이다.

This study investigates the traditional costumes featured in The Purple Hairpin, a representative work of Cantonese Yue opera, and explores their creative adaptation into modern fashion design. Cantonese Yue opera costumes, known for their symbolic patterns, colors, and craftsmanship, embody the cultural and aesthetic identity of the region. Through comprehensive literature review, field research, and analysis of museum artifacts and performance images, the structural and symbolic characteristics of key characters’ costumes were systematically examined. Based on these findings, two modern womenswear designs were developed: one inspired by the Xiaoguzhuang worn by noblewomen and another based on the Yuanling, a traditional official’s robe. Each design aimed to harmonize traditional aesthetics with contemporary sensibilities and functionality. Patterns for these designs were drafted and tested using Style3D software to conduct virtual fitting simulations, which allowed for evaluating wearability, aesthetic qualities, and structural stability. The results demonstrate that the distinctive symbolic elements and artistic values of traditional Yue opera costumes can be successfully reinterpreted into modern fashion, while digital tools enhance the efficiency and precision of pattern development. This research contributes to preserving and revitalizing traditional costume culture by providing a practical methodology for modern application, as well as offering insights for future global promotion and creative use of Chinese traditional dress in contemporary fashion contexts.

This study explores the pedagogical opportunities and instructional practices that emerge when elementary preservice teachers design science lessons using generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). Drawing on Chiu’s (2024) fourdomain model—Learning, Teaching, Assessment, and Administration—ten third-year pre-service teachers in South Korea participated in a four-week workshop using ChatGPT to design and refine Earth Science lessons aligned with the national curriculum. The participants documented their lesson planning, AI interactions, and reflections, producing qualitative data that were analyzed thematically. Findings show that participants identified various educational possibilities: GenAI supported idea generation and inquiry scaffolding (Learning), helped structure student-centered strategies (Teaching), improved formative assessments and clarified misconceptions (Assessment), and assisted with lesson preparation and time management (Administration). These possibilities translate into specific pedagogical practices, including revising teachercentered approaches to inquiry-based learning, developing scaffolded materials suited to students’ cognitive levels, and reflecting on their evolving roles as science educators. This study suggests that GenAI can act not merely as a tool but also as a catalyst for pedagogical reflection and professional growth. This highlights the need for teacher education programs to foster critical pedagogical reasoning and ethical AI literacy to ensure thoughtful and responsible use of GenAI in science classrooms.

In this study, structural analysis was performed to select the optimal design shape through failure identification and design changes in turbine housing. Damage in the inlet flange is considered to be high cycle fatigue due to the vibration excitation in the engine full load test. Therefore, the FE analyses were performed natural vibration analysis and frequency response analysis for the initial shape and design change models. The stress magnitudes were obtained as a function of frequency through frequency response analysis according to engine vibration excitation. As a result, the dynamic stiffness of Case (1) increased by approximately 3.6% compared to the initial model, and Case (2) increased by 4.6%. In addition, the stress magnitude was greatly reduced in the design improvement. Therefore, the model with only the flange thickness increased is thought to be optimal design for securing the durability of the turbine housing.

This study proposes a hierarchical optimization methodology for two-stage gear systems using Monte Carlo enhanced Genetic Algorithm (MCeGA). The approach integrates reliability-based design with genetic algorithms to overcome the inherent randomness of traditional GA methods. A two-phase optimization framework was developed. The system incorporates Unity engine for real-time 3D visualization and interactive design evaluation. Key design constraints including contact ratio, gear ratio, and meshing conditions were parameterized according to ISO 6336 and AGMA 2101 standards. The proposed framework enables application-specific optimal gear configurations through Pareto analysis and weighted optimization, providing engineers with practical design solutions for various industrial requirements.

This study establishes a transient CFD and coupled CFD-thermal analysis method for evaluating the insulation performance of a liquid hydrogen control valve system incorporating an MLI-VCS-MLI configuration. Parametric analysis was conducted by varying the thickness of MLI 2 (50–200 mm) to assess its impact on the temperature distribution and heat flux within the valve body and insulation layers. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of MLI 2 significantly reduces heat flux and improves insulation effectiveness, with the highest heat flux occurring at the outermost MLI layer exposed to ambient conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing insulation design in liquid hydrogen storage and transport systems, contributing to enhanced thermal management and energy efficiency.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic behavior of the internal cabinet of a nuclear power plant due to an earthquake and the characteristics of cabinet vibration reduction by TMD(tuned mass damper). For this purpose, the experimental device was constructed and numerical analysis was performed. The experimental device for the dynamic behavior of the cabinet consists of a cabinet, sliding base, mount, actuator, exciter, and measuring system, and the frequency response function of the cabinet was obtained. In addition, the time history of the cabinet was analyzed for acceleration and displacement through TMD design and cabinet 3D modeling. The natural frequency and response of the cabinet were lowered by approximately 26% due to the structural rigidity of the cabinet under the conditions of door opening and sliding base strong excitation. The acceleration and displacement characteristics of the cabinet varied depending on the TMD mass, and the cabinet vibration reduction effect was the best when the TMD mass was 60kg. The reduction in acceleration and displacement of the cabinet was approximately 12.1–16.2% and 10.1–19.1%, respectively.

In the present numerical study, the optimal design of cooling fans for cooling towers was investigated. The key design variables selected were the pitch angle and twist angle of the cooling fan, with the pitch angle ranging from 0° to 20°, and the twist angle from 0° to 10°. The objective was to develop a cooling fan capable of actively responding to varying operating conditions; to this end, the twist angle was implemented as a variable camber at the blade tip. The analysis results showed that, under identical pitch angle conditions, increasing the twist angle tended to reduce the stall phenomenon of the cooling fan. Optimization was performed using the pitch and twist angles as design variables, and lift, pressure drop and torque as response variables. Under the specified operating conditions, a combination of a 5° pitch angle and a 10° twist angle yielded the best performance.

Five novel miniature bipolar radiofrequency (RF) electrode tips with distinct tip geometries (spherical, flat, square, and 45° angled) were developed to enable high-precision tissue ablation. Performance was evaluated on saline-soaked tissue, ex vivo bovine liver, and porcine muscle under consistent RF power settings. All designs produced highly localized lesions only a few millimeters across, confirming precise ablation with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. Tip geometry influenced ablation efficiency: a 45° angled tip created ~5 mm lesions at lower power (highest efficiency), whereas an ultra-fine 1.0 mm tip produced ~1 mm lesions but required higher power. These results indicate that the new bipolar RF electrodes achieve precise, localized tissue ablation with minimal surrounding tissue damage and show promise for precise lesion removal in minimally invasive surgery.

As a key axis of metropolitan public transport, exclusive median bus lanes (EMBLs) are facing operational limits owing to urban expansion and increased traffic demand, with queues at bus stops during peak hours causing severe delays. This study aims to empirically identify the phenomenon of queue-based delays at the stop level, that is difficult to explain using conventional capacity calculation methods, and to propose an operational strategy for its mitigation. By realistically assessing passenger inconvenience through a revised “additional passenger travel time” calculation based on bus travel, this study provides a balanced analysis of the tradeoff between system efficiency and passenger convenience, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable urban transit systems. This study compared current all-stop operations with two skip-stop scenarios in Songpa-daero, a major arterial corridor in Seoul. Using an actual bus management system and transit card data, key performance indicators including queue length, travel time, dwell time, and additional passenger travel time were analyzed. Scenario I applied an A/B service-style alternating stop operation, whereas Scenario II implemented a hybrid approach, designating hub stops at key locations. Simulation modeling was used to evaluate the system-wide impacts during peak hours. The analysis revealed that skip-stop operations had significant potential to improve EMBL performance; however, the benefits were subject to a trade-off with passenger inconvenience. Scenario I with alternating stops was most effective in reducing the queue length and overall travel time. However, it also resulted in the largest increase in additional passenger travel time calculated with the revised methodology. In contrast, Scenario II with hub stops, while showing slightly less improvement in operational efficiency, presented a more balanced outcome by mitigating the burden of additional travel time for passengers through hub stops, thereby enhancing service equity. Both scenarios showed reduced dwell times at most stops, indicating the alleviation of boarding and alighting congestion. This study confirmed that skip-stop strategies could effectively improve the operational efficiency of EMBLs by reducing queue lengths and travel times. However, the additional passenger travel time, including bus transfers, is a critical factor that must be considered. Scenario I was evaluated as superior for maximizing the operational efficiency, whereas Scenario II was a better alternative for securing a balance with passenger convenience. This study is significant because it presents an analytical framework for quantifying queue-based delays and realistically assessing passenger impact. Although limitations remain, such as not fully capturing the complex decision-making processes of actual passengers, the methodology and findings offer practical guidance for urban transport planners seeking data-driven solutions to EMBL congestion, emphasizing the importance of the passenger perspective in skip-stop strategy design.

본 연구는 전통 관상학 문헌에 나타난 눈썹의 해석 체계를 기반으로, 현대 반영구 화장 에서 선호되는 눈썹 디자인의 관상학적 의미를 분석하고자 하였다. 기존 연구는 대부분 개 별적인 미용학적 접근에 그치고 있다. 전통 관상학의 이론적 틀과 현대 미용 실천의 학문 적 융합을 시도한 연구는 미진하다. 그러므로 문헌을 기반으로 본 연구는 현대 반영구화장 에서 선호되는 눈썹 형태가 전통 관상학에서도 긍정적으로 해석되는 경우가 많다는 점에 주목하며, 양자의 해석적 접점을 찾아보고자 하였다. 전통 관상학 문헌을 기반으로 현대 반 영구화장에서 선호되는 눈썹 디자인의 관상학적 해석을 실무적 활용 가능성으로 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 관상학에서는 눈썹을 성격, 운세, 건강의 상징으로 해석하며, 현 대 반영구 화장에서는 인상 개선과 이미지 연출의 주요 수단으로 활용된다. 본 연구는 문 헌 분석을 통해 전통 관상학의 눈썹 해석 기준과 현대 반영구 화장의 디자인 경향을 비교 하였으며, 일부 현대적 디자인은 관상학적 긍정 해석과 일치하나 일부는 양면적 의미를 지 닌다는 점을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 반영구 화장 실무자에게 관상학적 해석을 디자인 상담 에 활용할 수 있는 이론적 근거를 제공하며, 향후 관상학과 미용의 융합적 발전 가능성을 제시하였다.