The intensive development of the petrochemical industry globally reflects the necessity of an efficient approach for oily sludge and wastewater. Hence, for the first time, the current study utilized magnetic waxy diesel sludge (MWOPS) to synthesize activated carbon coated with TiO2 particles for the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and COD from oily petroleum wastewater (OPW). The photocatalyst was characterized using CHNOS, elemental analysis was performed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Raman, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), MAP thermo-gravimetric analysis/ differential thermo-gravimetric (TGA–DTG), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The optimization of synthesized highly porous AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 photocatalyst was conducted considering the impacts of pH, temperature, photocatalyst dosage, and UVA6W exposure time. The results demonstrated the high capacity of the MWOPS with inherent magnetic potential and desired carbon content for the removal of 91% and 93% of TPH and COD, respectively. The optimum conditions for the OPW treatment were obtained at pH 6.5, photocatalyst dosage of 250 mg, temperature of 35 °C, and UVA6W exposure time of 67.5 min. Moreover, the isotherm/kinetic modeling illustrated simultaneous physisorption and chemisorption on heterogeneous and multilayer surfaces. Notably, the adsorption efficiency of the AC/Fe3O4/TiO2 decreased by 4% after five adsorption/desorption cycles. Accordingly, the application of a well-designed pioneering photocatalyst from the MWOPS provides a cost-effective approach for industry manufacturers for oily wastewater treatment.

In the present study, the effects of electrodes type (copper, steel or CFRP) and design (plate or mesh) on electrical stability of conductive cement as exposed to various weathering conditions were investigated. To fabricate these composites, multiwalled carbon nanotube and carbon fiber were added to the cement composites by 0.6 and 0.4% by cement mass. Seven different types of electrodes were embedded to the samples, and their electrical stability was examined during the curing period. In addition, the fabricated samples were exposed to water ingress and cyclic heating conditions. Then, the compressive strength of the samples was evaluated to observe the interfacial bonding between the cement paste and electrodes. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the samples showed different electrical stability even their mix proportion was same. Thus, it can be concluded that the type and design of the electrodes are important in measuring the electrical properties of the conductive cement composites. Specifically, an improved electrical stability of electrodes is required when they are exposed to various weathering conditions.

ㅊThis study aims to analyze fashion design cases using traditional elements based on the research and analysis of traditional folk cultural paper-cutting crafts in China, and to expand the area of fashion design using traditional elements by developing 3D digital fashion design. For herein, the techniques and characteristics of Chinese paper-cutting crafts were investigated. This survey facilitated an analysis of the formative characteristics of battery crafts in contemporary fashion design. As for the analysis case, the case of using battery crafts expressed in modern fashion for 10 years from 2010 to 2024 S/S was selected. The results are as follows. First, the typical characteristics of Chinese paper cutting technology—relief, micro-carved, combined with relief and micro-carved expressive techniques of engraving art effect— can be explored by analyzing contemporary fashion case collections through the perspective and trend of leading traditional culture. Second, in the traditional paper cutting process, most paper-cutting works are expressed in red, but white and black are mainly used in fashion, in addition to the active use of the five colors. Third, the characteristics of contemporary fashion patterns primarily utilize the paper-cutting process, incorporating elements such as plants, animals, and geometric patterns. Fourth, the utilization of paper cutting in 3D digital design offers time and economic benefits, allowing for quick adjustments to various design developments. In contemporary fashion, it is expected that the use of paper cutting can provide useful creativity and value for the inheritance and modernization of traditional culture.

Because most spent nuclear fuel storage casks have been designed for low burnup fuel, a safety-significant high burnup dry storage cask must be developed for nuclear facilities in Korea to store the increasing high burnup and damaged fuels. More than 20% of fuels generated by PWRs comprise high burnup fuels. This study conducted a structural safety evaluation of the preliminary designs for a high burnup storage cask with 21 spent nuclear fuels and evaluated feasible loading conditions under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions. Two types of metal and concrete storage casks were used in the evaluation. Structural integrity was assessed by comparing load combinations and stress intensity limits under each condition. Evaluation results showed that the storage cask had secured structural integrity as it satisfied the stress intensity limit under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions. These results can be used as baseline data for the detailed design of high burnup storage casks.

건설공사의 분쟁에는 다양한 원인이 있지만, 주된 원인으로 지목되는 것 중 하 나가 공사 과정에서 발생하는 설계변경에 따른 공사비용 증가로 인한 시공사 의 추가공사비 청구의 증가이다. 건설현장에서 발생하는 설계변경은 발생 원 인이 다양하여, 계약 당시에 이를 예측하기란 상당히 어렵다. 이러한 예측의 어려움은 건설산업 전반의 특징이기도 하며, 이 특징이 다양한 분쟁의 형태로 나타나기 쉽다. 건설산업은 다른 산업에 비해서 하나의 목적물이 생산되는 과정이 비교적 길 어서 최초 계획할 당시의 환경과 진행하는 과정의 환경은 다를 수밖에 없다. 건설산업의 특성상 외부적 요인이 많이 작용하기 때문에 유사한 목적물을 시 공하더라도, 해당 목적물이 완성되는 장소와 그 특성에 따라 생산 방식의 변화 가 필요하므로 시공방법, 원재료, 시간, 투입되는 인원 등에서 차이가 발생할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 당초 계획과 다른 방식으로 시공이 진행되기도 하며, 이에 설계변경과 같은 조정이 발생하는 것이다. 앞서 살펴본 건설공사의 특징에 따라 설계변경이 빈번하게 발생하고 있고, 이 에 따라 계약금액조정과 같은 공사비 문제가 정산과정 등에서 나타나고 있지 만, 아직 민간건설공사에서는 이와 관련한 해결방안이 뚜렷하게 제도화되어 있지는 않다. 특히 발주자와 시공사는 계약을 체결하는 시점의 조건을 바탕으 로 계약금액을 정하고, 각종 계약이행과 관련한 내용을 계약서에 확정하는 것 에 집중하는 경향이 강하다. 따라서 계약을 수행하는 도중에 발생하는 설계변 경과 정산 시점에 추가공사비에 대해 지급하는 문제에 대해서는 상대적으로 소홀하며, 이에 따라 각종 클레임과 건설분쟁이 발생하게 된다. 공사를 진행하 는 가운데 발생하는 클레임이나 분쟁은 공사의 중단으로 이어질 수 있고, 이는 공사기간의 증가와 완료일의 지연으로 이어져 각종 비용과 시간의 낭비를 초 래하게 된다. 또한 분쟁으로 이어질 경우에 발생하는 사회적 비용 역시 불필요 한 낭비라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 낭비를 제거하기 위해서는 민간건설공 사에서 설계변경으로 인해 발생하는 추가공사비 청구에 대한 건설분쟁을 제도 적으로 또는 건설계약과 관련된 절차적 측면에서 원칙을 정하고 분쟁을 사전 에 차단할 수 있는 방법을 고민할 필요가 있다. 민간건설공사 설계변경에 관한 제도개선에 대해 몇 가지 제안해보자면 다음과 같다. 계약금액조정 제도를 법제화하고, 시공책임형 CM제도를 활성화하여 설 계변경 최소화를 꾀하며, 민간 영역에 표준계약서를 의무화하거나, 불공정거래 개선을 위한 제도를 도입하고 각종 분쟁을 해결하는 방안을 다각화 하는 것을 제도적, 입법적으로 고민해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같은 방법을 통해 민간건 설공사에서 발생하는 설계변경에 관한 제도적 문제점을 일정 부분 해소하여 계약당사자의 공정한 계약 체결과 이로 인해 발생할 수 있는 분쟁을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, the characteristics of wind pressure distribution on circular retractable dome roofs with a low rise-to-span ratio were analyzed under various approaching flow conditions by obtaining and analyzing wind pressures under three different turbulent boundary layers. Compared to the results of previous studies with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.1, it was confirmed that a lower rise-to-span ratio increases the reattachment length of the separated approaching flow, thereby increasing the influence of negative pressure. Additionally, it was found that wind pressures varied significantly according to the characteristics of the turbulence intensity. Based on these experimental results, a model for peak net pressure coefficients for cladding design was proposed, considering variations in turbulence intensity and height.

In this study, we propose an optimal design method by applying the Prefabricated Buckling Restrained Brace (PF-BRB) to structures with asymmetrically rigidity plan. As a result of the PF-BRB optimal design of a structure with an asymmetrically rigidity plan, it can be seen that the reduction effect of dynamic response is greater in the case of arrangement considering the asymmetric distribution of stiffness (Asym) than in the case of arrangement in the form of a symmetric distribution (Sym), especially It was confirmed that at an eccentricity rate of 20%, the total amount of reinforced PF-BRBs was also small. As a result of analyzing the dynamic response characteristics according to the change in eccentricity of the asymmetrically rigidity plan, the distribution of the reinforced PF-BRB showed that the larger the eccentricity, the greater the amount of damper distribution around the eccentric position. Additionally, when comparing the analysis models with an eccentricity rate of 20% and an eccentricity rate of 12%, the response reduction ratio of the 20% eccentricity rate was found to be large.