As a key axis of metropolitan public transport, exclusive median bus lanes (EMBLs) are facing operational limits owing to urban expansion and increased traffic demand, with queues at bus stops during peak hours causing severe delays. This study aims to empirically identify the phenomenon of queue-based delays at the stop level, that is difficult to explain using conventional capacity calculation methods, and to propose an operational strategy for its mitigation. By realistically assessing passenger inconvenience through a revised “additional passenger travel time” calculation based on bus travel, this study provides a balanced analysis of the tradeoff between system efficiency and passenger convenience, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable urban transit systems. This study compared current all-stop operations with two skip-stop scenarios in Songpa-daero, a major arterial corridor in Seoul. Using an actual bus management system and transit card data, key performance indicators including queue length, travel time, dwell time, and additional passenger travel time were analyzed. Scenario I applied an A/B service-style alternating stop operation, whereas Scenario II implemented a hybrid approach, designating hub stops at key locations. Simulation modeling was used to evaluate the system-wide impacts during peak hours. The analysis revealed that skip-stop operations had significant potential to improve EMBL performance; however, the benefits were subject to a trade-off with passenger inconvenience. Scenario I with alternating stops was most effective in reducing the queue length and overall travel time. However, it also resulted in the largest increase in additional passenger travel time calculated with the revised methodology. In contrast, Scenario II with hub stops, while showing slightly less improvement in operational efficiency, presented a more balanced outcome by mitigating the burden of additional travel time for passengers through hub stops, thereby enhancing service equity. Both scenarios showed reduced dwell times at most stops, indicating the alleviation of boarding and alighting congestion. This study confirmed that skip-stop strategies could effectively improve the operational efficiency of EMBLs by reducing queue lengths and travel times. However, the additional passenger travel time, including bus transfers, is a critical factor that must be considered. Scenario I was evaluated as superior for maximizing the operational efficiency, whereas Scenario II was a better alternative for securing a balance with passenger convenience. This study is significant because it presents an analytical framework for quantifying queue-based delays and realistically assessing passenger impact. Although limitations remain, such as not fully capturing the complex decision-making processes of actual passengers, the methodology and findings offer practical guidance for urban transport planners seeking data-driven solutions to EMBL congestion, emphasizing the importance of the passenger perspective in skip-stop strategy design.

본 연구는 전통 관상학 문헌에 나타난 눈썹의 해석 체계를 기반으로, 현대 반영구 화장 에서 선호되는 눈썹 디자인의 관상학적 의미를 분석하고자 하였다. 기존 연구는 대부분 개 별적인 미용학적 접근에 그치고 있다. 전통 관상학의 이론적 틀과 현대 미용 실천의 학문 적 융합을 시도한 연구는 미진하다. 그러므로 문헌을 기반으로 본 연구는 현대 반영구화장 에서 선호되는 눈썹 형태가 전통 관상학에서도 긍정적으로 해석되는 경우가 많다는 점에 주목하며, 양자의 해석적 접점을 찾아보고자 하였다. 전통 관상학 문헌을 기반으로 현대 반 영구화장에서 선호되는 눈썹 디자인의 관상학적 해석을 실무적 활용 가능성으로 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 관상학에서는 눈썹을 성격, 운세, 건강의 상징으로 해석하며, 현 대 반영구 화장에서는 인상 개선과 이미지 연출의 주요 수단으로 활용된다. 본 연구는 문 헌 분석을 통해 전통 관상학의 눈썹 해석 기준과 현대 반영구 화장의 디자인 경향을 비교 하였으며, 일부 현대적 디자인은 관상학적 긍정 해석과 일치하나 일부는 양면적 의미를 지 닌다는 점을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 반영구 화장 실무자에게 관상학적 해석을 디자인 상담 에 활용할 수 있는 이론적 근거를 제공하며, 향후 관상학과 미용의 융합적 발전 가능성을 제시하였다.

This study proposes strategies for projecting media art onto glass-surfaced architecture, addressing challenges such as transparency, reflection, and visibility. Using the Aqua Art Overpass in Seoul as a case study, the research compares glass and opaque surfaces through mock-ups and luminance simulations. By applying high-lumen projectors, special films, and content adjustments, the study demonstrates that glass facades can effectively serve as dynamic media surfaces. The findings highlight the visual and spatial potential of glass in urban environments, offering practical insights for future applications in architectural media art.

In apartment buildings in Korea, irregular walls, such as T-, L-, and U-shaped walls, are commonly used. However, in practical design, the geometric irregularities of walls are often neglected when determining the length of the lateral confinement region. Further, although earthquake loads apply from various directions, the lateral confinement region is typically determined for the in-plane direction of the web. Thus, using finite element analysis, this study investigated the structural performance of irregular walls subjected to various loading directions. As the design parameters, wall shape, cross-sectional aspect ratio, and loading direction were addressed. According to the parametric analysis results, as the length of flange in tension increased, the lateral confinement region should be evaluated with consideration of the geometric irregularity. Further, for the L- and U-shaped walls, it is recommended to evaluate the lateral confinement region for various loading directions. Based on these results, a design method to determine the lateral confinement region of irregular walls was suggested.