In this paper, we investigate the trend of injector waveform change due to failure of air flow sensor and intake air temperature sensor of CRDI engine. Changes in the injector opening time can be detected by the failure of the associated sensor, and the extension of the reaction time is closely related to fuel consumption. Thus, the proper maintenance time of the vehicle will affect the fuel economy and reduce the exhaust gas.

Recently, application areas based on M2M (Machine-to-Machine communications) and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies are expanding rapidly. Accordingly, water flow and water quality management improvements are being pursued by applying this technology to water and sewage facilities. Especially, water management will collect and store accurate data based on various ICT technologies, and then will expand its service range to remote meter-reading service using smart metering system. For this, the error in flow rate data transmitting should be minimized to obtain credibility on related additional service system such as real time water flow rate analysis and billing. In this study, we have identified the structural problems in transmitting process and protocol to minimize errors in flow rate data transmission and its handling process which is essential to water supply pipeline management. The result confirmed that data acquisition via communication system is better than via analogue current values and pulse, and for communication method case, applying the industrial standard protocol is better for minimizing errors during data acquisition versus applying user assigned method.

As a preliminary study for the effective development of a genre-focused English learner corpus, this article aims to investigate most frequent error types and their frequencies in English emails written by undergraduate freshmen in South Korea. Data for this study include English emails of 86 Korean students majoring in humanities or social science in a university located in Daegu. With the rise of Internet, ESL/EFL education has witnessed a growing interest in teaching email usage in composition courses, as it provides a variety of opportunities to evaluate language abilities including interpersonal and pragmatic abilities. The present article revealed that the most frequent error type was concerned with style, such as capitalization (28.7%) and punctuation (7.8%), which was followed by determiner deletion (6.3%), genre convention such as closing (3%), countability of nouns (3%), and verb choice (2.7%). Different error types and frequencies were identified according to different English proficiency levels (Korean SAT and TOEIC), which evidenced the need to include the English proficiency level annotation in the corpus design and to focus on different types of errors in class in accordance with learners’ proficiency levels.

In this paper, classification of spall and crack faults of gear teeth is studied by applying the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) for the gear transmission error(TE). Finite element models of the gears with the two faults are built, and TE is obtained by simulation of the gears under loaded contact. EEMD is applied to the residuals of the TE which are the difference between the normal and faulty signal. From the result, the difference of spall and crack faults are clearly identified by the intrinsic mode functions(IMF). A simple test bed is installed to illustrate the approach, which consists of motor, brake and a pair of spur gears. Two gears are employed to obtain the TE for the normal, spalled, and cracked gears, and the type of the faults are separated by the same EEMD application process. In order to quantify the results, crest factors are applied to each IMF. Characteristics of spall and crack are well represented by the crest factors of the first and the third IMF, which are used as the feature signals. The classification is carried out using the Bayes decision theory using the feature signals acquired through the experiments.

목 적: 핀홀의 크기를 변경하면서 피검자의 소수시력을 측정하였으며, 핀홀의 크기가 시력, 등가구면 굴 절이상, 난시도에 주는 영향을 연구하였다. 방 법: 성인 118명, 평균나이 22.7±5.9세를 대상으로 핀홀의 크기를 0.5 ~ 3.0 mm로 하고, 굴절이상에 따른 소수시력을 측정하였다. 동공크기에 따른 시력을 계산하여, 측정된 소수시력과 비교하였다. 결 과: 핀홀의 크기가 감소하면, 소수시력이 고도근시(-6.96±0.83 D)와 중등도근시(-4.30±0.83 D)에 서는 크게 증가했으며, 약도근시(-1.63±0.64 D)는 핀홀크기 1.0 mm에서 정점을 나타냈다. 정시 (-0.11±0.37 D)와 원시(1.88±1.63 D)는 약간 감소하였다. 동공의 크기가 감소하면 종구면수차와 종색수차 가 서서히 감소하고, 피사체심도가 소수시력에 주는 영향은 일정하였으나, 회절이 급격히 증가하여 정시에 대해 계산한 시력은 동공크기 1.5 mm 이하에서 감소했다. 근시는 회절과 수차보다 등가구면 굴절이상의 영 향이 커서, 동공크기 1.0 mm까지 계산한 시력이 직선적으로 증가했다. 근시성 고도난시(C= -2.73±0.63 D), 근시성 약도난시(C= -1.93±0.39 D), 원시성 난시(C= 1.29±0.72 D)에서는 시력의 변화가 등가구면 굴절이상의 크기가 유사한 근시 또는 원시와 같았다. 결 론: 핀홀의 크기가 감소할 때, 정시와 원시는 수차가 감소하지만, 회절이 증가하여 소수시력이 약간 감소하였다. 피사체심도가 소수시력에 미치는 영향은 핀홀크기에 관계없이 일정하였다. 근시는 등가구면 굴 절이상의 영향이 커서 소수시력이 크게 증가하였다. 난시의 소수시력은 난시도보다 등가구면 굴절이상의 영 향을 주로 받기 때문에, 핀홀이 난시도를 개선했다고 할 수 없다.

목 적: 차조기(Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo) 추출물이 굴절이상 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 연구하였다. 방 법: 안질환 및 전신질환이 없고 등가구면 굴절이상이 –3.00 D 이상인 남녀 30명을 대상으로 하였다. 차조기 추출물과 대조군인 위약(placebo)을 각각 복용하고, 그로부터 2시간 후에 근거리 작업(VDT)을 2시간 동안 실시하였다. 굴절이상은 차조기 추출물과 위약을 복용하기 전과 2시간동안 근거리 작업을 한 후 타각 적 굴절검사 방법으로 측정하였다. 결 과: 실험 결과, 차조기 추출물을 복용했을 때 우세안에서는 –0.155±0.27 D, 비우세안에서는 – 0.163±0.28 D로 통계적으로 유의한 굴절이상도의 감소를 보였다. 또한, 위약을 복용했을 때는 우세안에서 +0.133±0.27 D(p=0.01), 비우세안에서는 +0.120±0.25 D(p=0.01)로 유의한 굴절이상 증가를 보였다. 결 론: 차조기 추출물이 위약에 비해 평균 등가구면 굴절이상도를 현저하게 억제하는 것으로 보아 차조기 추출물이 시력감퇴개선에 긍정적인 효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 추후 대상자와 기간을 더 추가 하여 진행한다면 추가 연구에 의미가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose: This study was tried to identify the effects of simulation program by applying hazard perception training on self-efficacy of patient safety, error recovery and problemsolving process in nursing students. Methods: A nonequivalent control group designed was used. The study was composed of hazard perception training and simulation program. Sixteen teams of a total of 61 nursing students participated in the simulation program using a high fidelity simulator. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, χ2-test and t-test using PASW 18.0 program. Result: There were statistically signigicant in self-efficacy of patient safety(t=2.55, p=.013), error recovery(t=2.82, p=.007), and problem-solving process(t=3.29, p=.002) in the experimental group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the simulation program by applying hazard perception training is effective in improving self-efficacy of patient safety, error recovery and problem-solving process for nursing students. Further study is recommended to confirm the long-term effects of the simulation program by applying hazard perception training.

선박 건조 시장의 요구를 맞추기 위하여 신속한 건조의 목표로 노력하고 있는 조선소가 선박 정도관리에 대한 요구가 갈수록 높아지고 있다. 선박 건조 공정에서 생산성의 향상과 생산 주기의 단축을 위하여 선박 부재의 정도평가를 전 주기에서 수행해야 하는 것은 중요하다. 선박의 품질을 높이기 위하여 조선소에서 블록의 정도제어를 수행하는 것은 선박의 건조 주기를 단축할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 건조 비용도 줄일 수 있다. 선박 블록의 정도를 제어하는 중심은 선박 블록 통합 정도관리시스템을 만들어야 한다. 이 시스템은 “Non-allowance Shipbuilding”의 목표로 정도관리의 총괄성, 블록 정도의 향상, 정도관리 과정의 표준화 등이 이루어져야 한다. 일반적으로 정도관리를 수행하는 관리자가 광파측정기를 이용하여 선박 블록의 접합면에 있는 주요 포인트(vital point)를 측정하고 수집하지만 무거운 계측장비를 가지고 블록의 정도관리를 수행하는 것은 불편할 뿐만 아니라 시간도 오래 걸린다. 본 논문에서는 선박 블록의 정도관리 시간을 단축할 수 있는 포인트 클라우드 기반으로 3차원 레이저 스캐너를 이용한 선박 블록 탑재 전에 오차예측 방법을 제안하였다. 이 방법은 ICP(iterative closest point) 알고리즘으로 측정된 포인트 클라우드와 설계된 점들의 비교 작업을 수행한 다음에 허용범위 내의 오차를 만족하는 지를 판단한다.

This study compares native English teachers (NETs) and non-native English teachers (NNETs) in their perceptions of errors as well as their actual feedback. Studies comparing NETs and NNETs have focused on actual feedback practice (Green & Hecht, 1985; T. Kobayashi, 1992), with very few studies relating this feedback to their actual perceptions of error correction (Hyland & Anan, 2006; Kim, 2007). In order to better understand this phenomenon, 26 NETs and 24 NNETs completed a questionnaire and provided feedback on a sample academic essay. The results reveal that while both groups showed differing degrees of perceptions, they did not significantly differ from each other in actual feedback, except that NETs preferred coded feedback than NNETs by explaining errors. This study implies that NNETs are as reliable as NETs in correcting errors, but that they differ in how they give feedback.

According to the statistics, occupational fatal injuries by the fork lifts were about 30 per year in whole industrial. Fork lifts are widely used in various parts of industries to improve the efficiency of the work. In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by the fork lifts. Fatal injury analysis were conducted with several accident cases by the fork lifts. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. In this study, the fork lift showed a high fatality rate in industrial accidents and no detailed cause analysis of fatal accidents was conducted in terms of unsafe acts or conditions. First, fork lifts were the highest of the machines caused the accidents. In order to prevent fatal injuries by the fork lifts, the tarket was manufacturing industry. Second, the order of the cause of cognitive engineering agenda in the manufacture industrial was visibility, responsibility and affordance, and revision of acts was proposed. Third, there was not a lots of different points of human error between occurrence types and business sizes. Forth, number of fatalities by the attacker was more than by the inducer.

Automated error detection and feedback systems are becoming an important component of online writing practice services for ESL/EFL (English as a second/foreign language) learners. The main purposes of the study are to: (a) collect samples of essays written by ESL learners with different native language (or L1) backgrounds that are error-coded by an early version of an automated error-detection system (CritiqueTM) and trained human coders; and (b) identify some unique patterns of writing errors for different first language (L1) groups. Data analyzed in this study included 18, 439 TOEFL◯R CBT essays error-coded by CritiqueTM and a much smaller, combined sample of 480 TOEFL◯R CBT/TOEFL iBT◯R essays error-coded by trained human coders. A comparison of error rates across five different language groups showed some unique patterns: (a) the Arabic and Spanish groups were the highest on both spelling and punctuation errors; (b) the Korean and Japanese groups had the highest article error frequency; and (c) the Chinese group had the highest number of errors related to verb conjugations or adjective and noun inflections. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of understanding the nature of L1-related writing errors and enhancing the automated error detection and feedback systems.

This study has assessed mechanical bonding strength of lead-free solder joint. Assessment methods was performing long-term reliability test about thermal shock, thermal life and high temperature & high humidity. Based on the results of analyzing mean values that was obtained from repetion of 5 times according to each conditions, reduction of mechanical bonding strength of each tests was confirmed. When it comes to HB chip, the order of high deviation rate was shown thermal shock, high temperature & humidity and thermal life. And the higher deviation rate of R0 is high temperature & humidity, thermal life and thermal shock. The order of high deviation rate of C1 chip is high temperature & humidity, thermal shock and thermal life. Related to this result of experiment, the most stable error range of mechanical bonding strength is established. From now on optimized quantity of solder and shape of solder-joint is needed by establishing a test method which can make error range of mechanical bonding strength minimize.

According to the statistics, occupational fatal injuries by mobile cranes were about 12 per year in whole industrial. Mobile cranes are widely used in various parts of industries to improve the efficiency of the work. However considerable number of fatal injuries happen each year during the operation of the machines. In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by mobile cranes. Fatal injury analyses were conducted with several accident cases by the mobile cranes. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. In this study, the mobile crane showed a high fatality rate in industrial accidents and no detailed cause analysis of fatal accidents was conducted in terms of unsafe acts or conditions. This study proposed a revision of the standard guideline as an accident prevention measures through in-depth analysis of fatal accidents. First, among the mainly five machines caused the accidents, mobile crane was higher for the second showed 0.6% for number of fatalities compared to number of mobil cranes and for the third showed 11% for number of fatalities compared to number of injuries. Second, main cause of cognitive engineering agenda was visibility, responsibility, affordance. As the measures to prevent accidents before starting operation, alternative revision for the fool proof including visibility, responsibility, affordance etc. for the fool proof measures was proposed. Third, alternative revision as cognitive accident prevention for the fail safe measures was proposed.

사회과 교과서는 지도가 사용되는 빈도와 지도의 역할 정도에 따라 첫째, 지도가 학습 보조 자료로 일부 활용되는 일반 사회와 윤리 교과목, 둘째, 지도가 학습 대상의 위치나 영역에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위해 빈번히 활용되는 역사 교과목, 셋째, 지도가 교과 내용 전달의 주요요소가 되는 지리 교과목으로 구분할 수 있다. 이 중 지리학을 전공한 교사나 교수가 집필에 참여한 지리 관련 교과목은 대체로 지도를 지도학적 규칙에 맞추어 적절하게 제작하고 있으나 일반사회, 윤리, 역사 교과목은 적절한 지도데이터와 투영법을 사용하지 못함으로써 학생들에게 우리나라의 영역에 대한 왜곡된 위치 개념을 전달하는 경우가 많으며, 위치도가 없음으로 인해 지도에 나타난 지역의 위치를 파악할 수 없는 경우나 잘못된 지도 범례를 사용하는 경우도 많이 존재한다. 본 연구의 목적은 일반사회, 윤리, 역사 등 사회과 교과서의 지도 오류를 유형별로 분류하고, 교과서를 대상으로 각 과목의 교과서별 지도 오류를 분석하여 사회과 교과서의 지도 오류 현황을 파악하고, 교과서 지도의 오류 방지를 위한 제도적, 실천적 방안을 제시하는 것이다. 분석결과 사회과 교과서에 수록된 1,085개 지도 중 약 32.4%에 해당하는 352개 지도에서 오류가 발견되었다. 유형별로는 기하학적 오류가 20.8%로 가장 많고 다음으로는 삽입지도가 필요한 경우가 6.8%, 범례가 부적절한 경우가 4.8%였다. 이와 같은 사회과 교과서의 오류 방지를 위해서는 교과서 집필 및 검수과정에서의 제도적 절차에 대한 보완과 교과서용 지도 제작을 위한 표준지도 데이터베이스의 구축이 시급한 실정이다.