최근 이상기후 및 기후변화로 인해 농작물 병해충 발생이 증가하고 발생양상 또한 다양해지고 있으며, 국제 무역 및 해외 여행객 증가로 인한 외래 병해충 유입 위험성이 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 특히 대표적인 비래해충 중의 하나인 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens Stål, 1854)의 발생 범위, 출현율 및 빈도수가 꾸준히 증가하여 피해를 호소 하는 농가들이 많아진 반면, 이들에 대한 대응책은 피해발생의 불규칙성, 이전 자료의 부족 및 불명확성으로 인해 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 대비해 벼멸구의 온도발육모형을 이용하여, 기상자료, NCPMS와 더불어 연발생 횟수와 분포 가능 범위 및 발생 시기를 예측하였다. 또한, 벼멸구의 발생량이 많았던 충남 예산, 경남 사천, 진주의 최초발생일, 최초비래일, 최고발생일, 발생최성일 기준으로 각각 발육영점온도 및 유효적산온도를 적용하여 세대별 발생시기를 예측하였다. 최초발생일과 최초비래일은 예산 7월 9일, 7월 16일, 사천 7월 2일, 7월 19일, 진주 7월 26일, 7월 26일로 나타났으며, 최초발생일과 최초비래일 사이를 초발생일 로 적용하면 다음세대 발생이 실제 조사한 지역별 최고발생일인 예산 9월 7일, 사천 8월 9일, 진주 8월 8일과 근접 한 시기로 추정되어 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

Spent fuels (SFs) are stored in a storage pool after discharge from nuclear power plants. They can be transferred to for the further processes such as dry storage sites, processing plants, or disposal sites. One of important measures of SF is the burnup. Since the radioactivity of SF is strongly dependent on its burnup, the burnup of SF should be well estimated for the safe management, storage, and final disposal. Published papers about the methodology for the burnup estimation from the known activities of important radioactive sources are somewhat rare. In this study, we analyzed the dependency of the burnup on the important radiation source activities using ORIGEN-ARP, and suggested simple correlations that relate the burnup and the important source activities directly. A burnup estimation equation is suggested for PWR fuels relating burnup with total neutron source intensity (TNSI), initial enrichment, and cooling time. And three burnup estimation equations for major gamma sources, 137Cs, 134Cs, and 154Eu are also suggested.

층상 반무한체에서의 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 모사 기법을 정식화한다. Thin-layer method를 사용하여 조화 수직 하중이 작용하는 층상 반무한체의 지표면에서 추정된 동적 응답과 관측 데이터와의 차이 및 모델 변수 의 사전 정보와의 차이를 최소화하도록 목적함수와 모델 변수의 사후 확률밀도함수를 정의한다. 목적함수의 기울기에 기반하여 MCMC 표본을 제안하기 위한 분포함수와 이를 수락 또는 거절할지 결정하는 수락함수를 결정한다. 기본 진동모드 뿐만이 아니라 고 차 진동모드가 우세한 경우를 포함하여 다양한 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도 추정에 제안된 MCMC 모사 기법을 적용하고 그 정확성 을 검증한다. 제안된 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 MCMC 모사 기법은 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도와 같은 재료 특성의 확률적 특 성을 추정하는 데 적합함을 확인할 수 있다.

Once systems, structures and components (SSCs) of dry storage systems are classified with respect to safety function or safety significance (i.e., safety classification), appropriate engineering rules can be applied to ensure that they are designed, manufactured, maintained, managed (e.g. aging management) etc. In Unites States, the systems, structures and components (SSCs) consisting DSSs are classified into two or several grades (i.e., class A, B and C or not important to safety, and important to safety (ITS) or not important to safety (NITS)) with respect to intended safety function and safety significance. This classification methods were based on Regulatory Guide 7.10 (i.e., guidance for use in developing quality assurance programs for packaging). Also, in Korea, SSCs of DSSs should be classified into ITS and NITS in much the same as method based on Regulatory Guide 7.10. In that guidance, for providing graded approach to manage the SSCs of packaging, they were trying to classifying SSCs in accordance with radiological consequences. But there was limitations that the provided classification criteria was still qualitative, so that it was not enough for managing the SSCs according to graded approach. On the other hand, in some other nuclear facilities (i.e., nuclear power plant, radioactive waste management facility and disposal facility etc.), quantitative criteria relevant to radiological consequence (i.e., radiation doses to workers or to the public) or inventory of radioactivity are existed so that it can be applied for classifying safety classes. In summary, the study on the application safety classification that applied quantitative criteria to perform safety classification of SSCs in DSS is inadequate or insufficient. The purpose of this study is proposing the preliminary framework for estimating safety significance of SSCs in DSS which can be utilized in our further advanced studies. In this study, a framework was established to estimate the safety significance of SSCs related to radiation shielding and confinement using MCNP® 6.2 and Microsoft Excel. Referring to the methodology of IAEA Specific Safety Guide 30, we assumed severity for failures of components that could lead to degradation of the SSC’s performance. The safety class of SSC was decided based on the impact of SSC’s failure on consequences.

The effects of light intensity and external sucrose on the vase life of cut roses were estimated by monitoring the net photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. Cut flowers were held under different light intensities 10 (L10) or 50 (L50) μmol‧m-2‧s-1 with or without treatment with external sucrose. We found substantial differences in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiencies, specific fluxes, and vase life of the cut flowers when exposed to different light intensities. Light intensity at 50 μmol‧m-2‧s-1 increased photosynthesis capacity, thus delaying petal senescence and extending the vase life of cut flowers. L50 flowers maintained a high photosynthetic rate by reducing heat dissipation (DI0/RC) and increasing electron transport (ET0/TR0 and ET0/ABS) in the electron transport chain of the photosynthesis apparatus. The application of external sucrose extended the vase life of cut flowers by improving water balance and sustaining turgor pressure in the petals of the cut flowers. The net rate of photosynthesis of the cut flowers was increased by higher light intensity; however, it was not affected by the application of external sucrose. Our results indicate that the application of external sucrose is necessary to improve the longevity of cut flowers when endogenous sucrose production by photosynthesis is insufficient under low light conditions during the postharvest period. In addition, our results revealed that most of the photosynthetic parameters were significantly correlated with the vase life of cut rose flowers. Moreover, the relation between the rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicates that the rise from the basic dark-adapted fluorescence yield to the maximum (OJIP transient) method can be used as a tool for the evaluation and prediction of the photosynthesis rate in cut flowers.

식중독에 의한 사회경제적 손실을 최소화하기 위해서는 식중독과 관련된 경제적 비용 손실을 추정하는 것이 중요하다. 하지만 자료의 부족과 다양한 비용 항목의 존재로 식중독과 관련된 사회경제적 손실비용을 정확하게 추정하기에 어려운 점 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 식중독 발생에 의한 손실비용을 추정하기에 앞서 국외에서 사용되는 사회경제적 비용항목의 기반 자료 확보를 목적으로 수행되었다. 2009-2019년 국외 식중독과 관련된 사회경제적 손실비용 측정 연구의 사례 조사를 위해 문헌 조사를 실시하였다. 이 연구에서는 사회경제적 손실비용을 크게 의료 기간에 방문한 외래/입원환자 및 의료기관에 미방문한 경험환자로 구분하였다. 또한 이들의 직접비용 및 간접비용을 고려하였고, 더 나아가 기업비용 및 행정비용 항목으로 구분하여 조사하였다. 조사 결과 문헌별, 나라별 상이한 비용항목을 사용하여 손실비용을 추정하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 직접의료비의 경우 모든 연구에서 외래 또는 입원진료비를 선정하여 비용을 산출한 것으로 관찰되었기 때문에 나라별 의료서비스의 체제 및 비용에 따라 항목을 선정해야 한다. 직접비의료비의 경우 몇 몇의 연구에서 외래 방문에 소요된 교통비만을 고려하였기 때문에 간병비 고려 여부에 대해서는 더 논의가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 간접비용 중 조기사망비용, 작업손실비용, 여가손실비용 및 삶의 질 저하/고통비용은 고려하였으나, 병문안 기회비용은 모든 연구에서 고려하지 않았다. 직접의료비와 마찬가지로 행정비용의 경우에도 국가별 정부 예산이 상이하기 때문에 각 나라에 맞는 항목을 고려해야할 것이다. 따라서 이러한 조사 결과를 바탕으로 국내 식중독 발생에 의한 사회경제적 손실비용 분석을 위해 어떠한 비용 항목을 고려해야 할 것인지에 대한 검증절차가 필요할 것이다. 본 연구는 국내 식중독 발생에 의한 사회경제적 손실비용 분석을 위한 기초적인 정보를 제공할 것이다.

Since the first detection of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the Republic of Korea in 2019, the Korean government has applied interventions, including fencing, increasing the biosecurity level at domestic pig farms, and the capture-and-removal of wild boars. In particular, wild boars are an important risk factor for ASF control because they can spread disease among susceptible animals, such as wild boars or domestic pigs. A capture-and-removal method aims to reduce the likelihood of ASF transmission from wild boars to domestic boars or among wild boars by decreasing the number of susceptible wild boars. This study estimated the required number of wild boars captured and removed for ASF control using population viability analysis. Population factors, such as a life span, sex ratio, or an inbreeding depression with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars, were included in the analysis. Ten scenarios with different capture-and-removal proportions of wild boars and different periods of culling were considered. According to the results, a method in which 75% of wild boars are captured-and-removed for at least three years showed long-term effectiveness for more than ten years. The current ASF control method, in which 33% of wild boars are captured-and-removed, decreased the number of wild boars for three years, after which the wild boar population increased to more than its initial number. Given the limited human and material resources for controlling ASF in the Republic of Korea, it is recommended that resources be prioritized to increase the capture-and-removal proportion of wild boars to take full advantage of the ASF-control effectiveness.

PURPOSES : As road pavement design in an apartment complex varies from one site to another, it is practically difficult to calculate and estimate the traffic volume of construction vehicles. Therefore, this study introduces a methodology to estimate the number of construction vehicles and use it as an indicator to evaluate the conditions of road pavement in an apartment complex. METHODS: Through a literature review and site survey, the operational status of the construction vehicles passing through the site was identified, and the factors affecting the number of construction vehicles were analyzed. The methodologies used to estimate the number of construction vehicles were verified by calculating the Cumulative Load Prediction Index (CLPI), which is a predictive index of the cumulative load on each path. By using this index, the traffic volume of construction vehicles can be estimated based on the number of households in an apartment complex. To prove this definition, we examined the surface and core conditions, and compared the results against the predicted values. RESULTS : By comparing the Cumulative Load Prediction Index with the crack rate on the pavement surface, we obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the core condition rate would decrease as the Cumulative Load Prediction Index increased. This correlation between the Cumulative Load Prediction Index, and the pavement surface and core status demonstrates that the traffic volume can be estimated by considering the number of households. CONCLUSIONS: The Cumulative Load Prediction Index presented in this study is a suitable indicator for estimating the conditions of the road pavement in an apartment complex by considering the number of households in the complex, even if the construction processes and characteristics vary.

Recent two moderate earthquakes (2016 Mw=5.4 Gyeongju and 2017 Mw=5.5 Pohang) in Korea provided the unique chance of developing a set of relations to estimate instrumental seismic intensity in Korea by augmenting the time-history data from MMI seismic intensity regions above Ⅴ to the insufficient data previously accumulated from the MMI regions limited up to Ⅳ. The MMI intensity regions of Ⅴ and Ⅵ was identified by delineating the epicentral distance from the reference intensity statistics in distance derived by using the integrated MMI data obtained by combining the intensity survey results of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and ‘DYFI (Did You Feel It)’ MMIs of USGS. The time-histories of the seismic stations from the MMI intensity regions above Ⅴ were then preprocessed by applying the previously developed site-correction filters to be converted to a site-equivalent condition in a manner consistent with the previous study. The average values of the ground-motion parameters for the three ground motion parameters of PGA, PGV and BSPGA (Bracketed Summation of PGA per second for 30 seconds) were calculated for the MMI=Ⅴ and Ⅵ and used to generate the dataset of the average values of the ground-motion parameters for the individual MMIs fromⅠ to Ⅵ. Based on this dataset, the linear regression analysis resulted in the following relations with proposed valid ranges of MMI.

여객선과 실습선은 많은 인원이 승선한다는 점에서 서로 공통적인 특성을 갖고 있다. 이러한 이유로 여객선형 선박의 안전한 운항이 대단히 중요하다. 정상적인 항해 중, 선박은 다양한 형태의 타각을 사용하여 변침하고, 위험 물표와의 충돌 회피를 위해 선회하기도 한다. 선박이 선회하면 횡경사가 발생하고, 운항 당시 여건이 불리할 경우 위험횡경사가 발생하거나 전복사고로 이어질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 여객선과 유사한 두 척의 실습선을 대상으로 실선 선회 실험을 통해 횡경사를 계측하였고, 이를 선회 중 횡경사 이론식과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, IMO 복원성 성능기준에 제시된 선회 중 횡경사 계산식을 이용한 최대횡경사 예측의 한계점을 확인하였다. 또한, 선회 중 횡경사 이론식에 전타 당시 선속을 반영하고, 계산된 결과값에 우 선회시 1.4배, 좌 선회시 1.1배를 적용하면 최대횡경사 예측이 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 선회 중 위험횡경사 예방에 관한 안전운항기준을 마련하는데 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

One of the most important national tasks of the current administration is to realize social value and boost the economy. In the road sector, it is particularly important to ensure the road sectors public good and create jobs based on the Framework Act on the Realization of Public Institutions’ Social Value (Proposal). In regard to job creation in the road sector, however, there has so far been a lack of career management for construction engineers. In this regard, this study used Monte Carlo simulation and analyzed how to estimate the amount of manpower required to efficiently manage engineering human resources in the road sector. Monte Carlo simulation uses random numbers for prediction and estimation, extracts values repeatedly from a probability distribution predefined by the user, and performs tasks on various scenarios. This study made the following assumptions for the analysis: (a) researchers’ abilities were identical; (b) the research project was analyzed on a 1 year basis while technical advice was analyzed on a 9-week basis to reflect the characteristics of the road sector; (c) technical advice had the same probability from Week 1 to Week 52; (d) the amount of manpower required for a project carried over to the next year was input at the beginning of the year; and (e) the largest amount of manpower required at any particular time in a year was calculated and estimated as required manpower. The input variables were an estimated number of project and technical advice in each research field while the output variables were the amount of manpower and technical advice required for each research project. Simulation was performed 10,000 times. An analysis found that required number of manpower for case analysis was 75 as opposed to the current number of 66, assuming that 57 research projects were undertaken and technical advice was provided 223 times. Every sector is making efforts to create social value through various means. The field of construction social overhead capital is no exception. It has undertaken a very important task to ensure the role of roads in public good and create jobs. However, there is still a lack of objective approach to estimate the required amount of manpower. Thus, as done in this study, calculating required manpower through the simulation method would be useful as an objective evidence for job creation.

This paper proposes extension of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) to avoid the necessity of using intervals with the same probability area where intervals with different probability areas are used. This method is called Weighted Latin Hypercube Sampling (WLHS). This paper describes equations and detail procedure necessary to apply weight function to WLHS. WLHS is verified through numerical examples by comparing the estimated distribution parameters with those from other methods such as Random Sampling and Latin Hypercube Sampling. WLHS provides more flexible way on selecting samples than LHS. Accuracy of WLHS estimation on distribution parameters is depending on the selection of weight function. The proposed WLHS is applied to seismically isolated structures in nuclear power plants. In this application, clearance-to-stops (CSs) calculated using LHS proposed by Huang et al. [1] and WLHS proposed in this paper, respectively, are compared to investigate the effect of choosing different sampling techniques.