PURPOSES : This study evaluates the noise reduction effects of various road paving methods and focuses on low-noise pavements as a cost-effective alternative to sound barriers and tunnels. In addition, this study assesses how noise levels vary with vehicle speed across different paving methods. METHODS : An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the noise performance of different paving methods, and this followed by a post-hoc analysis to examine the differences among the paving methods. Another ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the impact of speed on noise performance. This ANOVA was followed by a post hoc analysis to assess differences by speed. Finally, a covariance analysis was conducted, using speed as a covariate, to evaluate the noise reduction effects of the various paving methods. RESULTS : The results of the analyses showed that noise levels follow the order of General ≈ Non-draining > Single-layer ≈ Doublelayer, thus grouping the paving methods into two categories with significant differences in noise performance. In addition, the noise levels increased with speed, except at 70 and 80 km/h. The covariance analysis resulted in a regression coefficient of 0.267 for speed across all paving methods. A post-hoc analysis grouped the paving methods into three distinct categories: General, Non-draining ≈ Single-layer ≈ Double-layer, with notable noise differences between them. CONCLUSIONS : The analysis of noise performance showed that both the paving method and speed significantly affected the noise levels. The covariance analysis, using speed as a covariate, revealed a consistent regression coefficient of 0.267 across all the paving methods. After controlling for speed, noise differences were observed. The General method showed higher noise levels than did the Non-draining, Doublelayer, and Single-layer methods.

PURPOSES : The evaluation of the road pavement thickness in an apartment complex through a methodology for estimating the number of construction vehicles is presented. We also show the usability of the new design criteria. METHODS : A field survey plan was established by conducting literature and preliminary surveys, and the structural performance of each section of the road pavement was compared through a structural analysis program. The load on construction vehicles is required for analyzing the ESAL factors of construction vehicles; it is calculated as a methodology for estimating construction vehicles because it is difficult to measure the traffic volume through visual inspection. Accordingly, the extent of damage predicted by road pavement sections in apartment complexes was analyzed to examine the possibility of applying the methodology for estimating the number of construction vehicles. RESULTS : If the road crack exceeds 20% as a result of the site survey of a previous study, structural damage to the road pavement occurs from construction vehicles. Compared to the actual traffic volume observation, an error of 5% took place; therefore, it is necessary to perform a design such that the damage caused by the load of the construction vehicle be 15% or less for proper road performance. Structural analysis through the KENPAVE program showed that the damage caused by the load of the construction vehicle exceeded 20% in all sections except section B (with a thickness of 46 cm). CONCLUSIONS : Owing to the limitations of the test construction section and environmental conditions, it is necessary to assess the effects of various variables by conducting an analysis. This is expected to be applied as a design basis considering more reliable construction vehicles.

PURPOSES : As road pavement design in an apartment complex varies from one site to another, it is practically difficult to calculate and estimate the traffic volume of construction vehicles. Therefore, this study introduces a methodology to estimate the number of construction vehicles and use it as an indicator to evaluate the conditions of road pavement in an apartment complex. METHODS: Through a literature review and site survey, the operational status of the construction vehicles passing through the site was identified, and the factors affecting the number of construction vehicles were analyzed. The methodologies used to estimate the number of construction vehicles were verified by calculating the Cumulative Load Prediction Index (CLPI), which is a predictive index of the cumulative load on each path. By using this index, the traffic volume of construction vehicles can be estimated based on the number of households in an apartment complex. To prove this definition, we examined the surface and core conditions, and compared the results against the predicted values. RESULTS : By comparing the Cumulative Load Prediction Index with the crack rate on the pavement surface, we obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the core condition rate would decrease as the Cumulative Load Prediction Index increased. This correlation between the Cumulative Load Prediction Index, and the pavement surface and core status demonstrates that the traffic volume can be estimated by considering the number of households. CONCLUSIONS: The Cumulative Load Prediction Index presented in this study is a suitable indicator for estimating the conditions of the road pavement in an apartment complex by considering the number of households in the complex, even if the construction processes and characteristics vary.

PURPOSES : The recent increase in the application of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) calls for more research focusing the evaluation of pavement performance. For this matter, this study aims at evaluating pavement performance using the application rate of RAP. METHODS: To obtain mixtures with RAP aggregate application rates of 10%, 25% and 30%, the gyratory compaction method was applied regarding the mix design process for determining the optimum asphalt content (OAC). Additionally, the in-direct tension (IDT) test, deformation strength test (DST), tensile strength ratio (TSR) test and dynamic modulus (DM) test were conducted to verify the effect of RAP application rate on pavement performance. Based on the above-mentioned results, performance evaluation was done to these RAP application of design or utilization to construction site. The performance evaluation analysis was performed using the Korean Pavement Research Program (KPRP) of second level for the pavement design. RESULTS: From the DST results, the rutting resistance was improved as the application rates of RAP were increased. Additionally, all the IDT and toughness results satisfied the quality standards of the asphalt concrete pavement. However, the results did not conform with the tensile strength ratio standards with the application rates of RAP of 25% and 30%. This means that the standards, which should be considered when the addictive regeneration material is applied to the mixture when the RAP application rate is over 25%, were reflected. CONCLUSIONS : The predicted performance decreased from the second level performance analysis with the increase in the RAP application rates. All the cases satisfied the design standards (fatigue cracking, rutting depth and international roughness index (IRI)). However, the results of them closed to these standards (up to 94% (Fatigue)).

PURPOSES : In this study, we evaluated the quality levels of abrasion resistance and freeze-thaw resistance to the surface layer (colored layer) by using an overseas abrasion resistance test method to confirm the quality suitability of the concrete block surface for a domestic production permeable block. METHODS : In this study, a new evaluation item for increased durability apart from the quality standard of the permeable block was considered, namely, evaluation of the durability of the surface layer and the freeze-thaw resistance of the permeable block itself by EN 1338, ASTM C 779, 994, and GR 4009 (KS F 4419). RESULTS : The abrasion resistance test for the permeable block revealed that there were relative differences according to the different test methods. However, it was observed that if the ASTM C 779 test results did not meet the wear resistance quality standards, it did not satisfy ASTM C 944 and EN 1338. The ASTM C 779 test result was analyzed to have the highest objectivity and discernment, and this test method was proposed as a permeable block wear test method. In addition, the freeze-thaw resistance test method by the GR 4007 standard can be measured by strength, so it is possible to evaluate the resistance of the permeable block through this test method. CONCLUSIONS : The abrasion resistance test and freeze-thaw resistance test can contribute to the improvement of the permeable block when added to the current quality evaluation tests.

PURPOSES : This study mechanically analyzed the performance of road substructures with focus on infiltration trenches of pavement substructures. METHODS: Water contents and response times for precipitation of pavement substructures were investigated via sensors buried near the infiltration trench to measure water contents. RESULTS : The results of the water contents of pavement systems constructed with an infiltration trench yield levels that were slightly increased by approximately 2% compared to those measured from general pavement systems. This water content difference of 2% resulted in a decrease in service life of less than two years. CONCLUSIONS: Service life reduction due to an infiltration trench is minimal, particularly when the trench is installed with proper caution.

PURPOSES : In this study, noise reduction effect of a two-layer porous asphalt pavement was investigated through site measurement and computer simulation. METHODS: To examine noise reduction effect, a 3 km long quiet pavement was installed by removing previous normal pavement, which had a rather low porosity. The studied site was a high-rise apartment building surrounded by the quiet pavement and Seoul ring road with heavy traffic volume, indicating relatively high background noise. RESULTS: The measurement result before and after installing the quiet pavement showed a noise reduction effect of 4.3 dB(A) at a distance of 7.5 m from the road. After validating the accuracy of simulation using SoundPLAN, the reduction in SPL(sound pressure level) at the facades by the quiet pavement was predicted by considering five different road conditions generating traffic noise from each road or in the combination of the quiet pavement and Seoul ring road. In the case of no noise from Seoul ring road, noise reduction at the facades was 4.2 dB(A) on average for 702 housing units. With background noise from Seoul ring road, however, the average SPL decreased to 2.0 dB(A). Regarding subjective response of noise, the number of housing units with a noise reduction of over 3 dB(A) was 229 out of 706 units (approximately 32%). For 77 housing units, the noise reduction was between 1~3 dB(A), while it was less than 1 dB(A) for 400 housing units. CONCLUSIONS: The overall result indicates that the quiet pavement is useful to reduce noise evenly at low and high floors compared to noise barriers, especially in the urban situation where background noise is low.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the quiet pavement on reducing a barrier height by using a prediction tool called SoundPLAN. METHODS: Firstly, the prediction was carried out to evaluate the difference in the maximum noise level at a building facade between the normal and the quiet pavements without a barrier. After calculating the noise reduction effect by the quiet pavement, a comparable barrier height to obtain the same noise reduction effect with it was predicted according to designable factors including road-building distance(10 m, 20 m, 40 m) and road-barrier distance(5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 30 m). RESULTS: The result showed that within the considered designable factors, the maximum barrier height was 37 m, 52 m, and 55 m to have the same noise reduction effect by the quiet pavement reducing 1 dBA, 3 dBA , and 5 dBA, respectively. It was evaluated that the barrier height increased with the increase of the road-building and road-barrier distances. To simulate the real situation in urban areas and to evaluate the combined effect of the normal/quiet pavement and barrier, the barrier height was fixed as 6 m. It was predicted that the noise level would reduce to as low as 0.2 dBA by the combination of normal pavement and barrier. On the other hand, the combination of the quiet pavement and barrier reduced 1.2 dBA, 3.2 dBA, and 5.2 dBA, respectively, for quiet pavement reducing 1 dBA, 3 dBA, and 5 dBA. CONCLUSIONS: A guideline needs to be suggested to select appropriate noise abatement schemes by considering factors such as the roadbuilding and road-barrier distances.

저영향개발(Low Impact Development, LID)이란 개발로 인해 변화하는 물순환 상태를 자연친화적인 기법을 활용하여 최대한 개발 이전과 유사한 상태를 유지하도록 하는 개념을 의미한다. 최근에는 이러한 LID를 고려한 계획･설계에 대해 주목하고 있으며 여러 신도시를 중심으로 적용이 이루어지고 있지만 기 존도시에 LID를 적용하기 위한 계획･설계는 전무한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 기존도시에 전체강우의 약 85%이상을 저감을 목표로 LID 시범단지를 계획･설계 하였다. 현재 Retrofit 차원의 LID 설계프로세스는 정립되어 있지 않기 때문에 기존의 유사연구 내용을 종합분석하여 도출한 설계프로세스를 적용하였다. 하 지만, 시범단지규모가 협소하여 현장조사 외의 자료는 사용이 어려웠고, 1:5,000 도면을 활용한 우배수 현황 분석은 실제와 다른 결과를 도출하였다. 또한, 도입된 LID 시설별 소유역 선정이 매우 어려웠고, LID 시설의 표준 형태만으로는 경관개선 및 생태기능 향상에 다소 어려움이 발생하는 등 여러 가지 문제 점들이 도출되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점들을 보완하여 시범단지 설계를 개선하였고, Retrofit 차원의 LID 설계프로세스를 제시하였다. 설계된 LID 시범단지의 대상지 총면적은 42,170m2로 투수가 가능한 면적은 17,868m2이고, 불투수면적은 24,302m2로 전체 면적 중 불투수면이 약 57.6% 로 나타났다. LID 기법을 적용하였을 경우, 투수면적은 29,645m2이고, 불투수면적은 12,526m2로 약 29.7% 로 나타나 LID 기법적용 시 약 48.5%의 불투수면적이 감소하였다. 특히 차도(주차장) 및 보도에 적용된 투수블럭의 경우 불투수면적 감소면적의 약 80%를 차지하여 적용된 LID 요소기술 중 가장 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

도로에 인접한 아파트 주동을 대상으로 일반 도로포장 대비 저소음 도로포장의 소음저감효과를 예측한 후, 일반 도로포장 시 이에 상응하는 소음레벨 저감을 위한 방음벽 높이를 예측하여 저소음 도로포장의 경제성 분석을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 5dBA의 소음저감효과를 나타내는 저소음 도로포장 설치조 건에 대한 예측결과 최대 54m의 방음벽 높이를 저감시킬 수 있는 것으로 예측되어 도시미관 및 경제성 측면에서 효과적인 것으로 분석되었다.

산업화에 따른 급격한 도시화는 자연･생태계의 훼손뿐만 아니라 지표면의 불투수층을 증가시켜 강우 시 우수의 토양침투를 방해하고 하천으로 빠르게 유출시켜 적은 강우에도 하천의 범람의 침수피해가 발생 하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 도시 개발 이전의 물 순환 환경의 개선을 통하여 수자원 확보 및 미기후 향상 등의 환경 문제를 개선할 수 있는 저영향개발(Low Impact Development: LID) 기법이 주목받고 있다. 그러나 도로인접에 설치된 LID 시설은 강우 시 우수유입으로 인한 도로하부층에 수분의 침투로 도로구조 안정성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 도로인접에 설치된 LID시설(침투도랑)에 유입되는 강우에 의한 도로하부구조(보조기 층 및 노상)에 침투되는 우수가 도로 공용성에 미치는 영향을 역학적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구는 모 사도로와 실제도로의 침투도랑 주변에 함수비 센서를 매설하고 실험지역의 강우량과 함수비 데이터를 수 집하여 함수비 센서의 위치와 노상 깊이에 따라 함수비 변화와 반응시간을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 침투도 랑으로 인한 우수의 침투가 노상 함수비변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었으나 모사실험과 현장실험에 서 관측된 함수비 변화율 1~2%의 미비한 수준으로 도로 공용성에 미치는 영향이 크지 않았다. 계측된 함 수비 변화율에 따른 공용년수의 감소는 2년 이하로 분석되었으며, 향후 침투도랑 설치 시 공용년수 감소 를 고려한 도로 설계가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 배수환경의 악화와 집중호우와 같은 극한 강우사상 에 따라 침투도랑이 도로 공용성에 미치는 영향이 커질 가능성이 있어 향후 극한강우사상(100㎜ 이상)에 따른 도로 공용성 영향 분석이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural stability of pavement due to water infiltration at the road with infiltration trench as using the FEM(finite element analysis). Five cases for FEM is divided considering the amount of rainfall and rain duration time. The results of FEM show that the more rainfall in a short period time is faster the change of moisture content. Also, it is the proportional relationship between and changing area of moisture content of more than 40% due to rainfall. Case 3 and 4 are necessary to check the installation of infiltration trench because of moisture content of more than 40%, recovery time of initial moisture content, and changing area of more than 40%. Case 1,2, and 5 have no a significant effect on road pavement structure due to lower moisture content and shorter duration time of higher moisture content.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate moisture susceptibility of a dense graded and an open graded asphalt mixtures by the method of AASHTO T-283. METHODS: To simulate moisture damage of asphalt pavements with continuously rainfall during summer rainy season, the dense graded and the open graded asphalt mixtures were immersed in water for 15 days and were measured the weight and the change of strength. Also, the mixtures were performed five freeze-thaw cycles to simulate moisture damage of the mixtures by freeze-thaw during winter and were measured the change of strength. The degradation characteristics model was used to analyze the relationship between strength and moisture damage. RESULTS: According to the results, the dense graded and the open graded asphalt mixtures were shown in the similar trends of the strength changes by immersion time and freeze-thaw cycle. However, the moisture damage reduction of open graded asphalt mixture was more sensitive in early phase than that of dense graded asphalt mixture.

최근 국내 이상기후로 인한 집중호우로 사회기반 시설물인 도로 파손 문제가 대두 되고 있다. 이를 해 결하기 위해 아산탕정지구에 840개의 침투도랑을 포함한 LID(Low Impact Development) 빗물관리시설 물이 도로인접부에 설치되었다. 하지만 침투도랑에 유입된 유입수의 거동이 침투도랑 인접 부도로 내부로 흘러들어가 도로구조의 안정성에 부정적인 영향을 발생시킬 가능성이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 도로안전 성을 검증하기 위한 실내시험 및 현장시험은 전무한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 실내시험 및 현장시험을 보다 정확히 하기 위하여 침투수에 의한 도로안정성 구조해석 이 필수적인 사항이라고 판단하였다. 침투수 유입에 따른 도로하부구조의 유체거동과 포장골재 및 노상의 함수비 변화에 따른 공용성을 분석하였다. 도로하부구조의 유체거동과 함수비 변화를 역학적으로 예측하 기 위해 유한요소 해석을 실시하였다. 유한요소 해석을 통해 침투도랑이 도로 공용성에 미치는 영향 분석 의 전체적인 연구 절차는 아래 그림 1과 같다.

The purpose of this study was to find out the introduction process of western sports and sports activities of mission schools from the entrance of Christian missionaries in modern times of Korea to Gyeongsulgukchi (thirty years in Daehan Empire from the p

본 연구는 합리적인 단지 내 도로포장의 표준단면을 제시하기 위해 국내외 단지 내 도로포장 설계기준, 주요 파손형태를 조사하고 다양한 포장설계 단면을 대상으로 구조해석을 수행하였다. 이때, 현장에서 사용된 보조기층재와 노상토의 시편을 채취하여 CBR 및 MR 시험을 실시하였으며, 측정한 물성치를 구조해석에 적용하였다. 다양한 현장조건을 고려한 구조해석 결과를 분석하여, 표준단면의 포장층 두께를 보조기층 20cm, 아스팔트기층 5cm, 그리고 표층 5cm로 제안하였다. 또한, 민원이 예상되는 도시지역에서는 일반적으로 아스팔트 기층을 포설한 후 공사차량을 개방하여 작업종료 후에 표층을 포설하게 되는데 이러한 여건을 고려하여 단지 내 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장 표준단면의 포장층의 두께를 보조기층 20cm, 아스팔트 기층 7cm, 그리고, 표층 5cm로 제시하였다.

본 연구에서는 단지 내 아파트 블록포장 50곳의 현장조사를 통하여 주요 파손형태를 조사하여 공용성을 평가하였다. 공용성 평가결과에 따르면, 조사대상지역에서 9년의 공용연수를 가진 블록포장의 유지관리지수는 7.9에서 8.9사이이며, 블록포장의 상태는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 건설교통부 '보도설치 및 관리지침'에 10년으로 제시된 보도의 교체주기는 검토할 필요가 있다는 결론을 도출하였다. 또한 블록포장의 공용성을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서 일본블록포장협회에서 제시한 유지관리 기준과 건설교통부 '보도설치 및 관리지침'의 유지관리기준을 조합하여 국내 현실에 적합한 유지관리기준을 제시하였다. 외국과 비고할 때 국내의 블록포장의 기준에는 내구성 관련기준과 줄눈채움재 및 모래안정층의 품질관리 기준이 명확히 제시되어 있지 않다. 따라서 블록포장의 기대수명과 유지관리비용을 줄이기 위하여, 본 연구에서는 국내외 기준을 비교하여 이러한 기준들을 국내기준에 포함시킬 것을 제안하였다.

한국언론의 전쟁취재 역사는 50년 이상 되었지만, 취재 과정의 노하우 축적이나 취재활 동에 필요한 제반여건의 개선은 아직 많이 부족한 상태다. 따라서 이 연구는 제반 여건이 좋지 않은 환경에서도 전쟁취재를 다녀온 실무 기자들을 직접 만나 전쟁취재과정과 환경 등을 듣고 그 개선점과 개선방안은 어떠한 점들이 있는가를 살펴보았다. 연구결과 전쟁취재를 직접 경험한 기자들은 아직 한국언론이 전쟁취재에 있어 취재 노 하우의 축적이나 활동지원이 많이 부족하다는데 의견을 모았다. 특히, 전쟁 취재의 한계와 문제점을 극복하기 위해서는 우선적으로 국제전문가와 분쟁전문기자 또는 특파원을 둘 필 요가 있고, 기자들도 적극 가담해 평소에도 꾸준히 이 분야에 대한 정보를 습득하고 준비 해 시청자나 독자의 관심을 유발할 필요가 있다고 밝혔다.

성숙도는 비파괴시험으로 현장 콘크리트 강도를 시간과 온도의 함수로 추정하는 방법이다. 본 연구의 주목적은 실내실험에서 추정한 성숙도 곡선을 이용하여 whitetopping의 줄눈절삭과 교통개방의 시간을 결정하는 것이다. 또한 대기온도가 콘크리트 슬래브 온도와 성숙도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였고, 줄눈절삭과 교통개방시기를 결정하기 위해 성숙도 곡선을 개발하였다. i-button을 슬래브 내부에 설치하여 온도를 계측하였고, strain gauge를 이용하여 변위를 측정하였다. 실내실험에서 얻어진 성숙도 곡선을 이용하여 현장 압축강도를 예측한 결과, 현장 압축강도와 성숙도 곡선에서 예측된 압축강도와는 상당한 차이를 나타냈다. 이와 같은 결과는 현장의 양생조건, 대기온도, 풍속을 포함하는 여러 인자가 현장콘크리트 강도에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 여러 인자 중에서 대기온도의 변화에 따른 슬래브 온도와 성숙도 값에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과, 대기온도는 슬래브 온도와 성숙도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 대기온도에 따른 성숙도 곡선의 기울기는 감소하였으며, 이는 대기온도가 감소함에 따라 성숙도 값이 급격히 감소하였다.