The dyeing process is a very important unit operation in the leather and textile industries; it produces significant amounts of waste effluent containing dyes and poses a substantial threat to the environment. Therefore, degradation of the industrial dye-waste liquid is necessary before its release into the environment. The current is focusing on the reduction of pollutant loads in industrial wastewater through remediating azo and thiazine dyes (synthetic solutions of textile dye consortium). The current research work is focused on the degradation of dye consortium through photo-electro-Fenton (PEF) processes via using dimensionally stable anode (Ti) and graphite cathode. The ideal conditions, which included a pH of 3, 0.1 (g/L) of textile dye consortium, 0.03 (g/L) of iron, 0.2 (g/L) of H2O2, and a 0.3 mAcm-2 of current density, were achieved to the removal of dye consortium over 40 min. The highest dye removal rate was discovered to be 96%. The transition of azo linkages into N2 or NH3 was confirmed by Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopic analysis. PEF process reduced the 92% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of textile dye consortium solution, and it meets the kinetics study of the pseudo-first-order. The degradation of dye through the PEF process was evaluated by using the cyclic voltammetric method. The toxicity tests showed that with the treated dye solution, seedlings grew well.

Organic wastewater causes serious environmental pollution, and catalytic oxidation is promising technique for wastewater treatment. Developing green and effective catalysts is currently challenging. In this work, green synthesis of nano zerovalent iron loaded onto porous biochar derived from popcorn is conducted, and catalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) is evaluated in the presence of H2O2. Effect of process factors is examined on catalytic performance for RhB removal. The mechanism of RhB removal is discussed by characterizations (Fourier transform infrared spectra and Raman) and UV–vis spectra. RhB removal is improved with high catalyst dosage, low initial RhB concentration, and high reaction temperature, while it is slightly influenced by carbonization temperature of biochar, H2O2 dosage and pH value. Under conditions of BC-250 1.0 g/L, H2O2 0.01 mol/L, pH 6.1, and temperature 30 °C, the removal rate of RhB is 92.27% at 50 min. Pseudo first-order kinetics is used to fitting experimental data, and the activation energy for RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system is 39 kJ/mol. RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system can be attributed to adsorption effect and catalytic oxidation with the dominant role of hydroxyl radical. This work gives insights into catalytic oxidation of organic wastewater using green catalyst.

The electro-Fenton (EF) process was first proposed in 1996 and, since then, considerable development has been achieved for its application in wastewater treatment, especially at lab and pilot scale. After more than 25 years, the high efficiency, versatility and environmental compatibility of EF process has been demonstrated. In this review, bibliometrics has been adopted as a tool that allows quantifying the development of EF as well as introducing some useful correlations. As a result, information is summarized in a more visual manner that can be easily analyzed and interpreted as compared to conventional reviewing. During the recent decades under review, 83 countries have contributed to the dramatic growth of EF publications, with China, Spain and France leading the publication output. The top 12 most cited articles, along with the top 32 most productive authors in the EF field, have been screened. Four stages have been identified as main descriptors of the development of EF throughout these years, being each stage characterized by relevant breakthroughs. To conclude, a general cognitive model for the EF process is proposed, including atomic, microscopic and macroscopic views, and future perspectives are discussed.

A liquid-phase exfoliation of few-layer graphene in tea is considered as one of the alternative approaches for the preparation of environment-friendly graphene. However, the removal of chemically adsorbed tea-polyphenols from graphene is known to be difficult and the application of centrifugation or filtration alone for the purification of graphene against tea-polyphenols is regarded to be almost technically impossible. Notably, a strategy for facile deoxygenation of tea-graphene must be established for a green and economical production of graphene to be realized. In this work, a simple purification method of graphene through the application of merely a household bleach ( Clorox®) after the pre-exfoliation in black tea has been proposed. It has been found that the carbon–oxygen (C/O) value for graphene increases from 2.7 to 8.1 while the values of C–OH, C–O–C and C=O region in the C1s spectrum of graphene decrease significantly after being purified in bleach for 5 h. The stretching and shift of C–OH, C=O and C–O–C at 3468 cm−1, 1637 cm−1 and 1008 cm−1 from IR spectrum of purified graphene seems to be in agreement with the produced data from the XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Despite the enhanced ID/IG of Raman from the hybridization of sp2 by hydroxylation, the deoxygenation of tea-graphene does not negatively affect the electrical performance since the sheet resistance was impressively reduced to 193 Ω from 2.1 kΩ. It is believed that this photo-Fenton-inspired purification strategy would assist in the washing issue of polyphenol-stabilized graphene for various future electronic applications.

A nanocomposite consisting of Fe3O4 and MWCNT was produced via sol-gel technique using FeCl3 along with MWCNT by calcination at 300℃. The degradation effect of rhodamine B dye has been investigated under UV illumination in a darkroom. The degradation reaction was studied by monitoring the discoloration of dye as a function of irradiation time using UV-visible spectrophotometeric technique. The Fe3O4-MWCNT samples have continuous degradation ability under the UV illumination with the first order kinetics and the dye removal was better than in the pristine Fe3O4. The resultant composite catalyst was found to be efficient for the photo-Fenton reaction of the dye.

The acenaphthene(ACE) or acenaphthylene(ACEL) is one of the most frequently found compound in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil. In this study, we make 10mg/L ACE or ACEL in ethanol which is the model washing solvent for contaminated soil. This was followed by Fenton treatment in which 0.2 or 0.3mL of 30% H2O2 and 0.2 ml of 0.5 M Fe2+ were added. The results showed more than 88 or 99% of ACE or ACEL removal efficiency, respectively. Additionally, we employed GC-MS to identify the main oxidation product generated by the optimized Fenton oxidation [i.e., ACE or ACEL degraded in to 21, 34 % 1,8-naphthalic anhydride(NAPAN), repectively]. It is expected that biodegradability of NAPAN is enhanced because NAPAN has three oxygens compared with ACE and ACEL. Therefore the results suggest that the hybrid treatment system (i.e., ethanol washing -Fenton oxidation treatment) can be effectively applied to remove ACE or ACEL from soil..

This study was aimed to investigate treatment feasibility of leachate from D landfill that is located in gyr대ungbuk. From the analytical results of leachate, organic and nonbiodegradable matters were contained in high concentration. Thus chemical treatment was introduced to degrade nonbiodegradable matters in pre or post biological process. Two types of Fenton oxidation were adapted in this study. The first one is pre treatment process before biological treatment. The second one is post treatment process after biological treatment. The optimal conditions of both treatment methods were investigated as follows. In case of pre treatment process, the optimal conditions appeared in Fe+2/H2O2(mmol/mmol): 0.1, H2O2/CODcr(mg/mg): 27.0, pH: 3 and reaction time: 2hrs. On the other hand, in case of post treatment process, the optimal conditions appeared in Fe2+(mmol/mmol): 0.14, H2O2/CODcr(mg/mg): 57.4, pH: 3 and reaction time: 1.25hrs. In the above optimal conditions, high COD removal was obtained in pre and post treatment process. Also it can expect that Fenton oxidation converted nonbiodegradable matters into biodegradable matters.

This paper presents applicability of Fenton oxidation to perchloroethylene(PCE) contaminated soil. The initial concentration of PCE was 187mg/kg and Fenton oxidation conditions were 1.0M H2O2 and 0.5M Fe2+. More than 97% of PCE decomposition and 98% of dechlorination were obtained within 5 hrs. It was found that the decomposition of PCE by Fenton oxidation was followed pseudo first order and its reaction coefficient was 0.78 hr-1. GC-MS and GC-ECD analysis of reaction intermediates confirmed only the presence of trichloroacetic acid(i.e., 1.0% of initial PCE concentration). Under Fenton oxidation conditions, it was proposed that PCE was decomposed not simultaneously but one by one.

Bisphenol-A, also known as BPA, is commonly used as a building block for epoxy and polycarbonate plastics. However, it has been recently identified as a major source of water pollution due to its release into the water from plastic products. BPA-based resins can also contaminate the water with high concentrations of BPA, which can enter the water bodies through production units and wastewater discharge. Photocatalysis, particularly the photo-Fenton process, is an effective method for wastewater treatment and degrading pollutants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is usually chosen based on its high photocatalytic properties and high performance. However, its wide band gap energy is a major issue for the photocatalytic process. This means that the catalyst can only exhibit high photocatalytic performance under UV-light irradiation and usually requires an acidic pH, which limits its use. In order to address the aforementioned issues, a visible-light photoactive photo-Fenton reaction has been successfully developed to degrade bisphenol A at natural pH using H2O2. The process was highly efficient, achieving complete degradation of phenol in just three hours of visible light irradiation with Cu-MOF. This environmentally friendly Fenton process has the advantage of occurring at natural pH levels with the presence of H2O2, providing a new perspective for efficient degradation. The photocatalyst was characterized using single X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

Organic contaminants can be released into water environments due to chemical accidents and exist as dissolved and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Fenton oxidation was tested for bisphenol A and nitrobenzene as model organic contaminants in dissolved and NAPL states. Fenton oxidation was successfully applied for both of the dissolved and NAPL states of the two pollutants and the results indicated that a quick treatment was needed to reduce the risk from a chemical accidents instead of carrying out oxidation after the contaminants dissolve in water. A set of Fenton reactions were tested under seawater conditions because chemical accidents often occurs in the ocean. Chloride ions act as radical scavengers and inhibit Fenton oxidation. The reaction rate is inversely proportional to salt contents and the reduced reaction rate can be compensated by increasing the quantity of the oxidizing agents. The current study showes that Fenton oxidation could be applied as a quick treatments for organic contaminant in dissolved and NAPL state organic contaminants released as a result of leaks or chemical accidents.

To increase electrolysis performance, the applicability of seawater to the iron-fed electro-Fenton process was considered. Three kinds of graphite electrodes (activated carbon fiber-ACF, carbon felt, graphite) and dimensionally stable anode (DSA) electrode were used to select a cathode having excellent hydrogen peroxide generation and organic decomposition ability. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide produced by ACF was 11.2 mg/L and those of DSA, graphite, and carbon felt cathodes were 12.9 ~ 13.9 mg/L. In consideration of durability, the DSA electrode was selected as the cathode. The optimum current density was found to be 0.11 A/cm2, the optimal Fe2+ dose was 10 mg/L, and the optimal ratio of Fe2+ dose and hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 1:1. The optimum air supply for hydrogen peroxide production and Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was determined to be 1 L/min. The electro-Fenton process of adding iron salt to the electrolysis reaction may be shown to be more advantageous for RhB degradation than when using iron electrode to produce hydrogen peroxide and iron ion, or electro-Fenton reaction with DSA electrode after generating iron ions using an iron electrode.

고도산화공정(Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP) 중 하나인 펜톤 산화법은 과산화수소(H2O2)와 2가철 이온(Fe2+)이 반응하여 OH 라디칼을 생성함으로써 OH 라디칼의 강한 산화력으로 유기물을 분해하는 방법이다. 펜톤 산화는 다양한 유기물과의 높은 반응성을 지닌다는 점과 생물학적으로 분해가 어려운 물질을 산화･분해시켜 생물학적 처리가 가능하도록 한다는 등의 장점을 지니고 있다. 그러나 펜톤 산화는 유기물과의 반응 후 펜톤 슬러지를 부산물로 다량 생성하기 때문에 발생된 슬러지를 처리하는 공정이 추가적으로 요구된다. 또한, 펜톤 슬러지는 원수에 따라 다량의 난분해성 물질과 철염 등을 함유하고 있기 때문에 처리하는 방법이 까다롭다. 펜톤 슬러지는 주로 매립으로 처리하였으나 매립지 크기의 한계 및 수명 단축, 비싼 처리비용 등의 문제가 뒤따르기 때문에 이에 대한 대책이 필요한 실정이다. 이러한 펜톤 슬러지를 처리하고자 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그 중 펜톤 슬러지를 촉매, 응집제 등으로 재이용하는 연구가 각광받고 있다. 한 연구는 펜톤 슬러지를 산에 용해하여 그대로 펜톤 산화 공정에 사용하는 방법과 산에 용해하여 환원을 거친 후 펜톤 산화 공정에 사용하는 방법을 비교하였다. 재생 횟수를 고려했을 때 환원을 거친 펜톤 슬러지가 효율적인 촉매 역할을 한다고 나타났다. 또한, 대부분의 펜톤 슬러지 환원은 철편을 사용한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 철편을 사용할 경우, 기존 펜톤 슬러지가 가지고 있는 총 철의 농도에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 회수하는 것 또한 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 환원제를 사용하여 펜톤 슬러지 내 철 이온을 전환함으로서 펜톤 산화용 철 촉매로 재이용하고자 하는 기초연구이다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 황 계통의 환원제를 사용하여 펜톤 슬러지 내 철 이온 형태를 Fe3+에서 Fe2+로 전환하고 각각의 환원제 별로 철 이온 전환 정도를 비교하여 최적의 환원제를 찾고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 환원제는 Sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), Potassium sulfite (K2SO3), Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3)로 총 3가지이다. 본 연구는 ‘D’ 산업용수센터에서 발생하는 RO 농축폐수를 펜톤 산화로 처리한 후 부산물로 생성되는 펜톤 슬러지를 대상으로 실시하였다. 펜톤 슬러지는 황산을 사용하여 용해액 상태로 전환하여 실험에 사용하였다. 슬러지 용해액 1 L를 기준으로 각각의 환원제를 0.5 g씩 투입 후, 2 시간까지의 철 이온 농도 변화를 살펴보았다.

고도산화공정(Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP) 중 하나인 펜톤 산화법은 과산화수소(H2O2)와 2가철 이온(Fe2+)이 반응하여 OH 라디칼을 생성함으로써, OH 라디칼의 강한 산화력으로 유기물을 분해하는 방법이다(Kim et al., 2016). 펜톤 산화는 다양한 유기물과의 높은 반응성을 지닌다는 점과 생물학적으로 분해가 어려운 물질을 산화·분해시켜 생물학적 처리가 가능하도록 한다는 등의 장점을 지니고 있다(Lee et al., 2003, Sung et al., 2006). 그러나, 펜톤 산화는 유기물과의 반응 후 펜톤 슬러지를 부산물로 다량 생성하기 때문에 발생된 슬러지를 처리하는 공정이 추가적으로 요구된다. 또한, 펜톤 슬러지는 다량의 난분해성 물질과 철염 등을 함유하고 있기 때문에 처리하는 방법이 까다롭다. 펜톤 슬러지는 주로 ‘매립’으로 처리하고 있으나 매립지 크기의 한계 및 수명 단축, 비싼 처리비용 등의 문제가 뒤따르기 때문에 이에 대한 대책이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 펜톤 슬러지를 처리하는 방안으로 펜톤 산화용 철 촉매로의 재이용을 제안하였고, 크게 슬러지 용해, 슬러지 내 철 이온 전환, 철 촉매 실사용 단계로 나눠 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 ‘D’ 산업용수센터에서 발생하는 RO 농축폐수를 펜톤 산화법으로 처리한 후 발생하는 펜톤 슬러지를 대상으로 실시하였다. 반고체 형태의 펜톤 슬러지에 산(acid)을 가하면 용해액 상태로 바뀌는데 이는 펜톤 슬러지 사용을 용이하게 만든다. 이에 pH, 반응시간 등의 실험 인자를 바꿔가며 슬러지 용해 최적조건을 찾고자 하였다. 한편, 펜톤 슬러지를 펜톤 산화용 철 촉매로 재이용하기 위해서는 용해된 펜톤 슬러지 내 철 형태가 2가철 이온으로 존재하는 것이 유리하다. 용해된 펜톤 슬러지 내 철 이온은 대부분 3가철 형태로 존재하는데 Zn, Cd, Cu 등의 금속, 요오드산, 철편 등의 환원제를 투입함으로써 3가철을 2가철 이온으로 환원할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 영가철을 환원제로 사용하여 용해된 슬러지 내 철 이온을 2가철 이온으로 환원하였다. 용해된 펜톤 슬러지에 영가철을 투입하였고 pH, 반응시간, 영가철 투입량 등 반응 인자를 바꿔가며 펜톤 슬러지 내 2가철 이온 전환의 최적조건을 찾고자 하였다. 두 단계를 거쳐 생성된 펜톤 슬러지 기반의 철 촉매는 실제 RO 농축폐수를 펜톤 산화로 처리할 때 펜톤 산화 시약으로 사용하였으며, 실제 펜톤 산화에서 사용하는 2가철 촉매(FeSO4)와 비교하여 펜톤슬러지 기반의 철 촉매의 효율성을 평가하였다.

The degradation of 3-chlorophenol(3-CP) by various AOPs(Advanced Oxidation Processes) including the ultraviolet / hydrogen peroxide, the Fenton and the ultraviolet(UV)-Fenton process has been conducted. The highest removal efficiency for 3-CP in the aqueous phase was obtained by the UV-Fenton process among the AOPs. In the UV-Fenton process, The removal efficiency of 3-CP decreased with increasing pH in the range of 3 to 6, and it decreased with increasing initial concentration. As the intermediates of 3-CP by UV-Fenton reaction, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlorocatechol, and chlorohydroquinone were detected thus the degradation pathways were proposed.