Background: Despite muscle latency times and patterns were used as broad examination tools to diagnose disease and recovery, previous studies have not compared the dominant arm to the non-dominant arm in muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. Objects: The present study aimed to investigate dominant and non-dominant hand differences in muscle latency time and recruitment pattern during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. In addition, by manipulating the speed of movement, we examined the effect of movement speed on neuromuscular control of both right and left hands. Methods: A total of 28 right-handed (measured by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory) healthy subjects were recruited. We recorded surface electromyography muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns of four upper extremity muscles (i.e., anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum superficialis, and extensor digitorum) from each left and right arm. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to detect differences between hands, reaching and reach-to-grasp, and the fast and preferred speed conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in muscle latency time between dominant and non-dominant hands or reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p>.05). However, there was a significantly longer muscle latency time in the preferred speed condition than the fast speed condition on both reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings showed similar muscle latency time and muscle activation patterns with respect to movement speeds and tasks. Our findings hope to provide normative muscle physiology data for both right and left hands, thus aiding the understanding of the abnormal movements from patients and to develop appropriate rehabilitation strategies specific to dominant and non-dominant hands.

목 적: 이번 연구는 간 MRI 검사 시에 특히, 호흡과 관련하여 환자의 협조가 어려운 경우, 기존에 사용하고 있는 KWIC 검사로 얻은 영상과 raw data을 이용하여 재구성한 GRASP 영상에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 12월 한 달 동안 본원에서 간 MRI 검사를 받은 환자 중 고령의 환자 10명(남성 7명, 여성 3명)을 대상으로 하였으며, 평균연령은 76.4세였다. 사용한 장비는 3.0T MRI(Verio, Siemens Medical solutions, Erlangen, Germany)였으며 신호 수집은 32channel body array coil을 사용하였다. 검사방법은 KWIC sequence를 사용하여 조영 전(pre contrast phase), 동맥기(arterial phase), 문맥기(portal phase), 3분 지연기(3min delay phase)에서 얻은 영상들과 이 자료(raw data)를 바탕으로 GRASP 전용 reconstruction 프로그램(Siemens &New York college, version. r.331)을 이용하여 재구성한 영상을 비교, 평가하였다.평가방법은 정량적분석과 정성적 분석을 하였으며, 정량적 분석은 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 2가지 방법으로 얻은 영상들 중 조영 전, 동맥기, 문맥기, 3분 지연기 4개의 영상들에서 간의 우엽과 좌엽 그리고 비장 3곳에서 각각 같은 위치에 동일한 크기의 ROI(region of interest)를 설정하고 background noise 4곳을 설정하여 SNR(signal to noise ratio)과 CNR(contrast to noise ratio)을 측정하여 비교하였다. 평균비교의 통계적 분석은 SPSS 20.0 software를 이용하여 paired t-test를 시행하였다. 정성적 분석은 영상의학과 전임의 2명, 방사선사 2명, 총 4명이 움직임에 의한 인공물, streak 인공물의 정도(degree)를 평가하고 간 실질의 균질성(homogeneity)을 기준으로 영상의 화질(image quality)을 평가하여 poor, fair, good, excellent 총 4 point로 점수화하여 분석을 하였다. 통계적 검정은 비모수 통계방식인 Wilcoxon rank test을 통하여 유의성을 검증하였다. p값이 0.05미만일 때 유의한 것으로 해석하였다 결 과 : 정량적 분석에서 평균차이가 유의성 있게 평가된 항목은우엽의 SNR과 CNR에서 pre, 3min delay영상이었고, 우엽에서의 SNR 평균값은 pre에서 133.36±30.58, p value=0.000, 3min delay에서 167.34±37.57, p value=0.025였다. 또한, 우엽에서의 CNR 평균값은 pre에서 43.36±29.65, p value=0.001, 3min delay에서 42.36±14.11, p value=0.011였다. 좌엽의 경우에는 SNR과 CNR에서 통계적으로 유의성 있게 평균 차이를 보이는 구간은 없었다. 정성적 분석은 artifact와 image quality에서 pre, artery, portal 그리고 3min delay 영상 모두 GRASP이 KWIC보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. p value=0.000로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : GRASP은 기존의 radial samping 방식의 KWIC과 비교해 볼 때, SNR과 CNR이 조금 떨어지는 단점이 있지만, 호흡조절이 어려운 환자를 대상으로 사용한다면 motion artifact와 streak artifact를 줄일 수 있으므로 간 동적 MRI 검사에 있어서 상대적으로 진단적 가치가 우수한 영상을 얻을 수 있으리라 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of handicraft activities on hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Subjects were comprised of 14 senior citizens between the ages of 70-85, with 7 subjects in the experiment group and 7 in the control group. Subjects in the experiment group practiced various handicrafts twice a day, while those in the control group did not participate in any special activity. The Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test was used to evaluate the results, while a dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure hand promptness and grasp. The 7 senior citizens in the experiment group were able to increase their hand promptness and grasping skills. Conclusively, handicrafts can help improve hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Furthermore, the development and improvement of such skills can have a positive influence on the daily lives of senior citizens. Such skills are expected to improve the overall neuro-function in the elderly population.

Expanded muti-source Weber problem (EWP), which introduced in this paper, is a reverse logistics network design problem to minimize the total transportation cost from customers thorough regional center to central center. Decision factor of EWP are the locations of regional centers and a central center. We introduce a GRASP heuristics for the EWP. In the suggested GRASP, an expanded iterative location allocation method (EILA) is introduced based on the Cooper's iterative location allocation method[3]. For the initial solution of GRASP, allocation first seed (AFSeed) and location first seed (LFSeed) are developed. The computational experiment for the objective value shows that the LFSeed is better than the AFSeed. Also the calculating time of the LFSeed is better than that of the AFSeed.

In an environment of global competition, the success of a manufacturing corporation is directly related to bow it plans and executes production in particular as well as to the optimization level of its process in general. This paper proposes a production

Hand skills are important to interaction with environment. Hands are the tools most often used to accomplish work, to play, to express and communicate. This study observed the grasp patterns of spastic cerebral palsied(39) and athetoid cerebral palsied children(l3). They were asked by occupational therapist that wrote their name with pencil and colored a circle with crayon. Their grasp patterns were recorded on the basis of which fingers were used to grasp the object, the surface areas of the fingers in contact with the object, and the position of the joints of the fingers. This paper will present the skill acquisition and the activities of daily living for the fine motor skill and self care to the child who has a disability affecting hand skills.

In this paper, we present a grasp planning method using grasp taxonomy and object primitives. Our grasp taxonomy includes newly defined grasp methods such as thumb supported pinch and palm supported pinch, to enhance grasp robustness. On the target surface, locations of finger-print that will be contacted by the robot fingers are sampled. The sampling is made to be consistent to the grasp taxonomy, called preformed grasps, matched to the target object. We perform simulations to examine the validity and the efficacy of the proposed grasp planning method.