The reversible metal electrodeposition (RME) process is used to prepare electrochromic mirrors with reflectivetransparent optical states, by depositing metal particles on transparent conductive substrates. These RME based devices can be used in smart windows to regulate indoor temperatures and light levels, serving dual purposes as lighting elements. Commercialization efforts are focused on achieving large-scale production, long-term durability, and a memory effect that maintains coloration without applied voltage. Enhancing durability has received particular attention, leading to the development of electrochromic mirrors that employ gel electrolytes, which are expected to reduce electrolyte leakage and improve mechanical stability compared to traditional liquid electrolyte devices. The gel electrolytes offer the additional advantage of various colors, by controlling the metal particle size and enabling smoother, denser formations. In this study, we investigated improving the durability of RME devices by adding polyvinyl butyral (PVB) to the liquid electrolyte and optimizing the concentration of PVB. Incorporating 10 % PVB resulted in excellent interfacial properties and superior electrochromic stability, with 92.6 % retention after 1,000 cycles.

In this study, NASICON-type Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.4) solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries were synthesized through the sol-gel method. In addition, the influence on the ion conductivity of solid-state electrolytes when partially substituted for Ti4+ (0.61Å) site to Ga3+ (0.62Å) of trivalent cations was investigated. The obtained precursor was heat treated at 450 °C, and a single crystalline phase of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 systems was obtained at a calcination temperature above 650 °C. Additionally, the calcinated powders were pelletized and sintered at temperatures from 800 °C to 1,000 °C at 100 °C intervals. The synthesized powder and sintered bodies of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 were characterized using TGDTA, XRD, XPS and FE-SEM. The ionic conduction properties as solid-state electrolytes were investigated by AC impedance. As a result, Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 was successfully produced in all cases. However, a GaPO4 impurity was formed due to the high sintering temperatures and high Ga content. The crystallinity of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 increased with the sintering temperature as evidenced by FE-SEM observations, which demonstrated that the edges of the larger cube-shaped grains become sharper with increases in the sintering temperature. In samples with high sintering temperatures at 1,000 °C and high Ga content above 0.3, coarsening of grains occurred. This resulted in the formation of many grain boundaries, leading to low sinterability. These two factors, the impurity and grain boundary, have an enormous impact on the properties of Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3. The Li1.3Ga0.3 Ti1.7(PO4)3 pellet sintered at 900 °C was denser than those sintered at other conditions, showing the highest total ion conductivity of 7.66 × 10-5 S/cm at room temperature. The total activation energy of Li-ion transport for the Li1.3Ga0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 solidstate electrolyte was estimated to be as low as 0.36 eV. Although the Li1+XGaXTi2-X(PO4)3 sintered at 1,000 °C had a relatively high apparent density, it had less total ionic conductivity due to an increase in the grain-boundary resistance with coarse grains.

In zinc-air batteries, the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is an important factor for improving performance. The rigid physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol reduce ionic conductivity, which degrades the performance of the batteries. Zinc acetate is an effective additive that can increase ionic conductivity by weakening the bonding structure of polyvinyl alcohol. In this study, polymer electrolytes were prepared by mixing polyvinyl alcohol and zinc acetate dihydride. The material properties of the prepared polymer electrolytes were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to calculate ionic conductivity. The electrolyte resistances of GPE, 0.2 GPE, 0.4 GPE, and 0.6 GPE were 0.394, 0.338, 0.290, and 0.213 Ω, respectively. In addition, 0.6 GPE delivered 0.023 S/cm high ionic conductivity. Among all of the polymer electrolytes tested, 0.6 GPE showed enhanced cycle life performance and the highest specific discharge capacity of 11.73 mAh/cm2 at 10 mA. These results verified that 0.6 GPE improves the performance of zinc-air batteries.

Abstract In this study, we investigated that the activated carbon (AC)-based supercapacitor and introduced SIFSIX-3-Ni as a porous conducting additive to increase its electrochemical performances of AC/SIFSIX-3-Ni composite-based supercapacitor. The AC/SIFSIX-3-Ni composites are coated onto the aluminum substrate using the doctor blade method and conducted an ion-gel electrolyte to produce a symmetrical supercapacitor. The electrochemical properties of the AC/SIFSIX-3-Ni composite-based supercapacitor are evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests (GCD). The AC/SIFSIX-3-Ni composite-based supercapacitor showed reasonable capacitive behavior in various electrochemical measurements, including CV, EIS, and GCD. The highest specific capacitance of the AC/SIFSIX-3-Ni composite-based supercapacitor was 129 F g−1 at 20 mV s−1.

Electronic textiles promise to provide an intelligent platform to enlarge the scope of wearable electronic applications. Therefore, the combination of flexible energy storage devies into wearable systems is a key for operating these electronic textiles during bending, knotting, and rolling. Nonetheless, the application of fibrous supercapacitors consisting of a gel-electrolyte and carbon fiber electrode is still obstructed by low capacitance, low rate-performance, and poor cycling stability owing to the inefficient interface between the gel-electrolyte and electrode. Here, a fibrous supercapacitor is obtained using an optimized gelelectrolyte that improves the ionic diffusion capability. The optimized fibrous supercapacitor shows a superior electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance of 41 mF cm−2 at current density of 2.0 μA cm−2, high-rate performance with 17 mF cm−2 at a current density of 15.0 μA cm−2, and outstanding cycling stability (88% after 3,000 cycles at a current density of 200.0 μA cm−2). The excellent energy storage performance is mainly attributed to the optimzied interface between the gelelectrolyte and electrode material, leading to an improved ionic diffusion capability.

Lithium ion battery are one of representative rechargeable batteries with high energy density, tiny memory effect, and low self-discharge and composed of anode, cathode, electrolyte, and membrane separator. The importance of membrane separator has been improved further as electric vehicle market increases rapidly. The conventional membrane separators are based on polyolefin (e.g., polyethylene and/or polypropylene). In case of lithium ion battery with a high capacity, polyolefin membrane separators are suffering from low thermal resistance and easy short-circuit formation leading to overheating. For these reasons, in this study, gel polymers are in-situ synthesized in electrolytes used as solvent, which are located in pores of polyolefin separators to obtain gel polymer electrolyte-polyolefin reinforced membranes.

PVA와 PAA블랜드의 용액주조법을 통하여 겔 고분자 전해질막이 제조되었다. 블랜드 내의 PAA함량은 30에서 80 wt% 사이 범위에서 조절되었다. 겔 고분자 전해질을 이용하여 아연공기전지를 제작하였다. 제조된 겔 고분자 전해질의 기계적, 전기적 특성을 인장실험과 임피던스 실험을 통하여 측정하였다. 아연공기전지의 성능은 current interrupt method와 정전류 방전실험을 통하여 측정하였다. 겔 고분자 전해질 내의 PAA함량이 증가함에 따라 인장강도 및 인장탄성계수가 감소하였다. 반면, PAA함량의 증가에 따라 겔 고분자 전해질막의 이온전도도는 증가하였다. 이와 같은 이온전도도의 증가의 아연공기전지 내에서의 효과는 current interrupt method와 정전류 방전실험에서 확인되었다. PAA함량이 높은 겔 전해질막으로 제조된 전지는 낮은 IR손실과 높은 방전용량을 보였다.

태양광 또는 풍력을 이용해 발생된 에너지를 효율적으로 저장과 사용을 위한 납 축전지의 성능을 향상 시키기 위해 전해액을 Semi-gel화 하여 납축전지에 적용하여 시험한 결과, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Semi-gel 전해액은 silica를 5wt.% 혼합한 전해액이 1시간 30분경과 시 gel화가 시작되었다. 이는 전해액이 격리판과 극판 활물질 내부까지 완전히 스며들기에 충분한 시간으로 가장 적정한 gel화 시간을 나타내었다. Semi-gel 전해액을 사용한 납축전지와 액상 전해액을 사용한 납축전지의 방전 성능을 비교한 결과, 저율방전 성능은 semi-gel전해액이, 고율방전 성능은 액상 전해액이 높은 성능을 나타내었다. 이는 gel 전해액의 경우 액상 전해액에 비해 반응속도가 느려 고율방전 성능이 낮은 것으로 나타내었다. 수명성능을 DOD 10%, DOD 100%로 시험한 결과, 5%-silica 전해액이 액상 전해액을 사용한 납축전지에 비해 우수한 수명 성능을 나타내었다. 이는 Semi-gel상 태의 전해액이 납축전지 내부 화학반응 시 발생하는 gas의 재결합 효율을 높여 전해액 감액량이 최소화로 한 결과로 수명성능에서 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 태양광, 풍력 등과 같은 에너지 저장 효율을 높이고, 수명성능을 향상시키기 위해 전해액에 5%-silica전해액을 사용하면 전해액의 감액량이 최소로 되어 DOD 100% 수명시험의 경우 4.8%, DOD 10% 수명시험의 경우 20%의 수명성능이 향상되었다.

다공성 Poly(propylene) 분리막의 지지 하에 전해질 용액 (EC/DEC 1 : 1 혼합물 내의 LiPF6 1 M 용액) 내에서 DEGDMA [Di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate]의 70℃ 열중합을 통하여 겔 고분자 전해질(GPE)막이 합성 되었다. 합성된 겔 고분자 전해질막의 이온전도도 및 전기화학적 안정성은 AC 임피던스법 및 CV (cyclic voltametry)법에 의하여 측정 평가하였다. 겔 고분자를 전해질로, 그리고 양극 및 음극으로는 각각 LiMi0.8Co0.2O2 및 graphite로 이용하여 리튬이온전지(LIB)도 제작하였다. 열중합을 통하여 리튬 이온전지에 적합한 이온전도도(10 -3 S/cm 이상) 및 전기화학적 안정성을 보이면서 자체적인 성상을 유지하는 겔 고분자 전해질막을 얻을 수 있었다. 단량체 함량 5%의 전구체로 제작한 겔 고분자 전지는 단량체 함량이 7.0% 및 10.0%인 경우에 비하여 우수한 고율 및 충-방전 효율을 보였다.

The capacity and long life of gel electrolyte batteries is connected with gas recombination producting PbO2 and Pb electrode. We prepared with sulfuric acid gel electrolyte to know gel characteristics per density to assemble valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. We studied on actions of sulphuric acid gel electrolyte by measuring electrolyte dispersion using Brewster-angle microscope (BAM), charge-discharge cycle, and electrode structure using scanning election microscope (SEM). Sulphuric acid density 1.210 showed excellent gel dispersion in sol condition, electrode condition after fifty cycles in this study.

The capacity and long life of gel electrolyte batteries is connected with gas recombination producting PbO2 and Pb electrode. We were prepared with phosphoric acid gel electrolyte to know gel characteristics per density to assemble VRLA batteries. We studied by measuring electrolyte dispersion using Brewster-angle microscope(BAM), charge-discharge cycle and electrode structure using scanning election microscope(SEM) per electrolyte density. As a results, phosphoric acid density 1.210 was excellent gel dispersion in sol condition, electrode condition after fifty cycles in this study.