오늘날 생성형 인공지능(Generative AI)의 비약적 발전은 교육 패러다 임에 근본적인 변화를 초래하고 있으며, 특히 ChatGPT(Generative Pre-trained Transformer)와 같은 대화형 AI는 단순한 정보 전달을 넘 어, 상호작용 기반의 학습 환경을 가능하게 한다는 점에서 언어교육 분 야에서 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 생성형 인공지능의 대표 사례인 ChatGPT를 일본어 문법 교육에 활용하였을 때의 교육적 기능과 잠재적 한계를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구는 일본어를 학습한 지 3개월 정 도 지난 초급 학습자를 대상으로, ChatGPT의 문법적 설명 능력, 예문 생성력, 피드백의 적절성에 초점을 맞추어 실험을 설계하였다. 구체적으 로 사전·사후 문법 이해도 테스트, 만족도 설문조사, 자유 서술 및 인터 뷰를 통해 데이터를 수집하고 정량적·정성적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 예 문 제공, 반복 질문 가능성, 심리적 부담 감소 등의 장점을 긍정적으로 평가하였다. 반면, 설명의 일관성 부족, 문맥 판단력의 한계, 정교한 문 법 개념 설명의 부재 등은 주요 한계로 지적되었다. 본 연구는 ChatGPT 가 일본어 문법 교육에서 자기주도 학습을 촉진하는 보조 도구로서 효과 적일 수 있음을 시사하며, 동시에 문법 교육의 질을 담보하기 위해서는 교 사의 맥락적 설명과 피드백이 반드시 병행되어야 함을 강조한다. 본 연구 가 향후 생성형AI와 교사의 역할을 상호 보완적으로 융합한 혼합형 (hybird) 교육 모델의 기초 자료가 되길 기대한다.

2021년 제정된 国际中文教育中文水平等级标准(이하 等级标准)은 등급별·기능 중 심의 문법 교육 체계를 제시하고 있으나, 한국인 학습자의 실제 오류 양상과 문법 항목 기술 방식 간에는 상당한 불일치가 존재한다. 본 연구는 한국인 중국어 학습자 의 오류 분석을 바탕으로 等级标准(初等)의 문법 항목에 대해 비판적으로 고찰하 고, 교육적 적용 가능성을 재검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. ‘비판적 적용(critical appl ication)’ 접근법을 채택하여 2000년 이후 국내 문법 오류 관련 선행연구 50편을 분석 하고, 鄧守信(2009)의 ‘기능–구조–용법’ 삼차원 분석 틀을 적용하였다. 오류 빈도가 높은 把자문, 부사류(都, 就, 还), 개사류(在, 向, 对 등)를 중심으로 분석한 결과, 等 级标准(初等)의 문법 항목 기술 방식과 한국인 학습자의 실제 언어 사용 양상 간에 는 구조적·용법적 측면에서 현저한 차이가 확인되었다. 형식 중심의 간략한 예문 제 시는 학습자의 실제 언어적 문제를 충분히 반영하지 못하는 한계를 보였다. 본 연구 는 한국인 학습자의 오류 양상을 반영한 비판적 적용 사례를 제시하고 구체적 보완 방향을 모색하였다. 향후 한국인을 위한 표준 중국어교육 요목 설계 및 교육과정 설 계, 평가 등 실질적으로 중국어교육에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study aimed to categorize grammar items in English textbooks used across Korean elementary, middle, and high schools by specific grade levels. To achieve this, we developed an automated grammar item analyzer using natural language processing techniques, which analyzed 52,964 sentences from the textbooks. We selected 173 grammar items from the 2022 revised national curriculum and classified them according to the methodology used to determine CEFR levels in the English Grammar Profile. The classification results are as follows: 18 items for Grade 3 of elementary school, 6 for Grade 4, 11 for Grade 5, 8 for Grade 6, 29 for the first year of middle school, 43 for the second year, 22 for the third year, 29 for the first year of high school, and 7 for the second year. Based on these findings, this study discusses pedagogical implications, focusing on practical applications such as refining assessment tools, more precisely defining curricular objectives, and developing grade-specific instructional materials.

The current study is designed to investigate the use of classwide peer tutoring for controlled grammar practice activities in a university English as a Foreign Language classrooms. In total, this study included 128 Korean university student participants. This research employed a quasi-experimental approach with two distinct groups. Across four different grammar lessons, 67 learner participants experienced classwide peer tutoring, while 59 learner participants experienced the traditional approach to controlled grammar practice activities. In doing so, the effectiveness of the two teaching approaches, as well as student perceptions, were analyzed. The results indicated no difference in the effectiveness between classwide peer tutoring or the traditional approach in the short-term or long-term. Furthermore, the results showed there was no significant difference between lower proficiency students and higher proficiency students. However, the results did indicate students found classwide peer tutoring to be more satisfying, interesting, and comfortable than the traditional approach to controlled grammar practice activities. Implications and classroom suggestions from these findings are included.

This study analyzed inductive and deductive instructional approaches for teaching grammar within a Presentation-Practice-Production grammar lesson. The participants of this study included 119 Korean university students enrolled in an English as a foreign language class, with approximately half receiving deductive instruction and the other half receiving inductive grammar instruction. The analysis involved comparing learning gains as well as student perceptions of the two approaches via Mann Whitney U tests. The results showed no statistical difference in terms of the immediate or delayed learning gains for each grammatical topic, nor when all grammatical topics were aggregated. However, the analysis of student perceptions indicated that students found inductive instruction to be moderately more effective, interesting, and easier than deductive instruction. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings related to instructional practices in foreign language classes that utilize the Presentation- Practice-Production model as well as suggestions for future research concerning deductive and inductive instructional approaches.

Despite the widespread recognition of the prominent contribution of key language subskills, such as grammar and vocabulary knowledge, to reading comprehension, a research consensus on their relative significance has not been reached. Moreover, the extent of the contribution vocabulary depth makes to reading comprehension has received little research attention. The present study assessed the relative potential contribution of vocabulary depth and grammar knowledge to advanced Korean EFL college students’ reading comprehension abilities, while controlling for their language proficiency and vocabulary breadth, through hierarchical regression analyses. 56 advanced EFL Korean college students were tested on reading comprehension abilities and a range of reading-related subskills including vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth, grammar, and listening comprehension in English. The findings revealed the unique contribution of vocabulary depth to reading comprehension abilities beyond the effects of both vocabulary breadth and grammar knowledge when English proficiency was controlled for. The findings further underscore the need for balanced approaches in developing L2 learners’ language skills to enhance their reading comprehension abilities.

The objective of this study is to examine ways to develop and design actual teaching and learning materials based on grammar consciousness-raising tasks. In our country, unlike in the field of English or Korean language education as a foreign language, in the area of Spanish education there is very little research on grammar consciousness-raising tasks and there is no research on the development of teaching and learning materials. Therefore, this study was focused on teaching Spanish as a foreign language. First of all, we looked at the concept and characteristics of the grammar consciousness-raising tasks, their pros and cons, and the expected effects of introducing these tasks into domestic Spanish education. Afterwards, we set the teaching and learning model based on the grammar consciousness-raising tasks and looked at things to be careful about when designing tasks corresponding to each stage. Based on this, we created actual teaching and learning materials. We hope that this study will serve as a reference and that research on grammar consciousness-raising tasks will be actively conducted in domestic Spanish education, and that materials will be developed with more diverse language items. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar formas de desarrollar materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje basados en las tareas gramaticales y diseñar materiales reales. En nuestro país, a diferencia de la enseñanza del idioma inglés o coreano como lengua extranjera, existe muy poca investigación sobre las tareas gramaticales en el ámbito de la enseñanza de la lengua española, y no existe investigación sobre el desarrollo de materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Por ello, este estudio se centró en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. En primer lugar, analizamos el concepto y las características de las tareas gramaticales, sus ventajas y desventajas, y los efectos esperados al introducir estas tareas en la educación del español en el país. Posteriormente, configuramos el modelo de enseñanza y aprendizaje basado en las tareas gramaticales y analizamos los aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar las tareas correspondientes a cada etapa. Con base en esto, creamos materiales de enseñanza y aprendizaje reales. Esperamos que este estudio sirva como referencia y que se lleven a cabo activamente investigaciones sobre las tareas gramaticales en la educación del español en nuestro país, y que se desarrollen materiales con elementos lingüísticos más diversos.

The current study is designed to investigate the use of deductive and inductive grammar teaching approaches in online instructional videos in a fully online asynchronous learning context across four different grammar lessons. More specifically, the study aimed to analyze two aspects about these two options for grammar instruction; their impacts on effectiveness in learning the grammar, and also the students’ perceptions of the two options in terms of interest, effectiveness, and difficulty. To address these research aims, this study employed a quasi-experimental approach where 82 participants were divided into two groups, and each group was taught via only deductive instruction or only inductive instruction. As for the results, regarding effectiveness, an ANCOVA test resulted in no differences when comparing across all four lessons combined. Furthermore, Mann-Whitney U tests indicated no difference in effectiveness for each individual grammar lesson. Regarding student perceptions, ANOVA tests indicated no difference in the students’ perceptions of interest, effectiveness, or difficulty.

이 연구는 한국어교육능력검정시험의 문법 영역 문항이 예비한국어 교 사가 갖추어야 할 문법 교육 역량을 평가하기에 타당한지를 비판적으로 고찰하고, 한국어교육능력검정시험 문법 영역 문항의 개선 방안을 구체 적으로 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 방법으로는 한국어교육능력 검정시험 제1회(2006년)-제18회(2023년)까지의 시험 문항에서 한국어 문 법 영역과 관련이 있는 한국어어휘・형태론, 한국어통사론, 한국어규범, 한국어문법교육론 과목 623개의 문항을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 전체적 으로 이론적인 문법 지식을 묻는 문항으로 출제가 되는 경향이 많았다. 그렇지만 한국어 교사에게는 교실 현장에서 외국인 학생들에게 쉽고 재 미있게 가르칠 수 있는 ‘가르치기 위한 지식’이 중요하다. 그러므로 한국 어교육능력검정시험의 문법 영역에서도 예비한국어 교사들이 한국어 교 실 현장에서 실제적으로 접하게 될 교실 현장과 관련이 있는 문항으로 출제가 되어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구가 예비한국어 교사의 한국 어 문법 교육 능력을 제대로 측정할 수 있는 한국어교육능력검정시험의 초석이 되기를 바란다.

This paper explores the standards for selecting language materials during the study of the diachronic grammar of Classical Chinese. The accuracy of language materials is crucial for ensuring the scientific validity of research conclusions. Due to previous limitations in research on the language materials of the Spring and Autumn period, such as posteriority and singularity, this paper argues that the increasing availability of excavated documents, especially ancient literary texts, provides a reliable research foundation for describing the grammar of Classical Chinese during this period. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: 1) Which language materials should be used for the study of the grammar of Classical Chinese during the Spring and Autumn period? 2) Why should these language materials be selected? 3) What are the standards for selecting language materials during this period? The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the diachronic study of Classical Chinese grammar.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of visual input enhancement (VIE) on the comprehension of reading texts and the learning of two grammatical forms: English relative clauses and articles. Individual learners’ working memory (WM) capacity was also tested to explore its impact on the effectiveness of VIE. A total of 48 Korean college learners of English were assigned into three groups: (a) relative group receiving VIE on relative clauses (b) article group receiving VIE on articles, and (c) a control group receiving no VIE. Results showed that VIE did not have any negative effect on the learners’ reading comprehension. Rather, it had positive effects on the learning of the two grammatical forms. According to the findings, VIE on relative clauses enhanced the learners’ receptive knowledge of the grammatical form, whereas VIE on articles enhanced the learners’ productive knowledge of the form. There was a potential link between the effectiveness of VIE and the learners’ working memory processing ability. Pedagogical implications are also discussed based on these findings.

This article examines the current views and pedagogical approaches of Korean school grammar from the perspectives of usage-based theory, and suggests future directions for Korean Grammar Pedagogy that reflect authentic usage of Korean and facilitate meaningful learning. To this end, the basic assumptions of the usage-based theory were reviewed and its applicability to Korean explored. As a result, it is shown that usage-based theory provides us with alternative explanations that overcome the limitations of traditional school grammar and enable meaningful inquiry activities. At the phonological level, while school grammar has ignored the various CVCC syllable configurations actually observed, from the point of view of usage-based theory, syllable-final consonant clusters such as [rp], [rt], and [rk] are appropriately described. At the morphological level, construction-based morphology sheds light on various schema and patterns of word formation that school grammars have overlooked. Finally, usage-based theory provides an alternative explanation of the complement category defined by school grammar.

This study explored the role of written languaging (WL) in response to automated written corrective feedback (AWCF) in L2 accuracy improvement in English classrooms at a university in China. A total of 254 freshmen enrolled in intermediate composition classes participated, and they wrote 4 essays and received AWCF. A half of them engaged in WL after receiving correction, while the other half did not. To measure whether WL could contribute to L2 accuracy improvement, error correction tests were conducted three times. AWCF targeted all types of errors, but the study focused on investigating six language features (nouns, conjunctions, subject-verb agreement, sentence constituents, articles, and prepositions) known as the most frequent errors intermediate students make. The results proved that WL had a positive effect on accuracy improvement overall. However, when individual language features were considered separately, the effects were not the same. The inherent complexity of the features along with L1 influence appeared to affect the effects of WL for accuracy improvement.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the grammar practice activities used in 14 recently published pre-intermediate and intermediate English language teaching textbooks. More specifically, this study analyzed the types of grammar practice activities that occurred, the order of such types, and the prevalence and composition of interrelated series of grammar practice activities. Results indicate that mechanical activities were less common than the other controlled alternative, meaningful activities, and also the least common type overall. Also, the results show that pre-communicative grammar practice activities were the most numerous grammar practice activities and comprised approximately 40% of all grammar practice activities. Additionally, it was found that grammar practice activities generally progressed from form-focused grammar practice activities to meaning-focused grammar practice activities. Last, it was found that multiple series of interrelated grammar practice activities were present with 54 distinct series appearing across the 42 lessons examined, and comprised almost half of all 246 grammar practice activities recorded as well.

본 연구는 『等级标准』의 중국어 교육문법 요목인 『等级标准(语法)』의 중국어 교육 문법 요목의 체계를 살펴보기 위해 『语法等级大纲(1996)』및 『国际大纲(语法)(2014)』을 HSK과의 연계성, 문법범주 및 문법항목, 등급체계 및 등급 배열을 기준으로 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, HSK1.0단계는 중국어 요목 기준, 문법 요목과 연계된 평가요목은 별도로 제정되지 않았고, 등급도 일치하지 않는다. HSK2.0단계는 교육 문법 요목과 연계된 HSK요목은 별도로 제정되었고, 6등급으로 일치시켰다. HSK3.0단계의 『等级标准(语法)』에서는 교육 문법 요목과 HSK요목을 3등 9급 체계로 동일하게 일치시켰다. 『等级标准(语法)』의 등급체계 변화는 국내 중국어교육에도 영향이 있다. 특히 큰 HSK 급수 변화에 따른 학습자의 혼란이 야기되고, 중국어 교육과정, 강의, 시험 및 평가 등에도 변화에 따른 연구가 필요하다. 둘째, 『等级标准(语法)』의 교육문법 체계는 HSK1.0단계의 『语法等级大纲(1996)』과 거의 일치함으로 형태론 및 통사론 중심의 문법항목 중심으로 중국어의 특징이 충분히 반영되었다. 『等级标准(语法)』을 한국인 학습자를 중국어교육에 반영하기 위해서는 적절성, 효율성, 통용성에 대해 고려해 보아야 할 것이다. 셋째, 『语法等级大纲(1996)』, 『国际大纲(语法)(2014)』, 『等级标准(语法)』의 모두 전반적 상대적 등급 배열, 누적식 등급 배열은 전반적으로 이루어졌다. 하지만 『等级标准(语法)』을 한국인 학습자 중국어교육에 적용하기 위해서 3등 9급으로 변화된 체계에 적절한 문법항목의 선정, 난이도 고려, 등급 배열 등이 고려되어야 할 것이다. HSK도 3등 9급으로 시행되기 시작한 현시점에서 『等级标准(语法)』을 한국인 중국어교육에 적용하기 위해서는 수준별 문법항목 선정, 내용, 기술 방법 등에 관한 연구가 필요하다고 여겨진다.

The study investigates which grammar features need high priority of pedagogical intervention to develop implicit knowledge, unlike grammatical features in need of explanation of explicit rules. Two types of data were collected from 29 Korean college students: a sentence completion test in English and a meta-linguistic knowledge test (requiring students to both correct the underlined error and explain the grammatical rule) in Korean. Through statistical analyses, including a Wilcoxon signed rank test, this study finds significant differences in test achievements for tense, time prepositions (for and since), subjunctive moods, dative alternations, quantitative adjectives (many and much), gerunds, and third-person singular -s in the simple present tense. Based on results obtained, this study proposes which specific grammar features need intensive pedagogical intervention for production skills, including sentence writing and speaking. Several practical suggestions are provided for EFL instructors and researchers to make more effective use of speaking and writing activities as well as formative testing.

본고는 구문문법이론을 바탕으로, 한‧중 존재문의 특성에 대해 논의하였다. 중국어 존재문의 구문형식, 구문논항, 구문의미는 각각 ‘NL+VP+NP’, <장소 대상>, ‘어떤 장 소에 무엇이 존재함’이다. 그리고 한국어 존재문의 구문형식, 구문논항, 구문의미는 각각 ‘NL에 NP가 V어/아 있다’, <장소 대상>, ‘어떤 장소에 무엇이 존재함’이라고 할 수 있다. 중국어는 동태존재문을 존재문으로 인정한다. 반면 한국어에서는 동태존 재문이라는 것이 존재하지 않는다. 이러한 차이는 한‧중 존재문의 구성요소인 장소어, 술어, 존재대상에서의 차이로 이어진다. 구문들 간의 연결을 설명하는 원리 중 하나인 ‘다의성 연결’은, 중국어 정태존재문과 동태존재문이 동일한 구문이라는 것을 설득력 있게 보여준다. 더불어 전통적으로 논쟁이 되어 온 “台上唱着大戏”와 같은 문장도 동일하게 존재구문의 범주로 편입할 수 있게 해준다. 반면 한국어 존재문은 중국어처럼 다양한 방향으로 확장되지 못했다. 이러한 사실을 고려할 때, 중국어 존재문과 한국어 존재문은 확장성의 크기가 다르다고 볼 수 있다. 중국어 존재문은 확장성이 크고, 한국어 존재문은 상대적으로 작다. 이것은 구문의 실현양상이 개별 언어의 특성에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 보여준다.

한국어교육 현장에서 한국어교재에 제시되어 있는 여러 문법 항목들을 학습하다 보면 하나의 의미에 여러 문법 항목들이 있어서 학습에 어려움을 겪는 경우가 있다. 특히 한국어 문법에서 문법 단위는 다르지만 문법 의미가 유사한 표현들이 많아서 한국어 문법 학습에 더욱 어려움을 겪는다. 더구나 한국어교재나 한국어문법서에 잘 다루어지지 않는 복합 문법 표현의 경우 교육 현장에서도 교수-학습에 어려움을 겪지 만 교육 현장 밖에서도 학습자들이 접하는 경우가 있기 때문에 이런 복합 표현들에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 양보 의미가 있는 복합 표현 ‘-다손 치더라도’, ‘-(ㄴ)다고 해도’, ‘-만 해도’, ‘-아/어 봤자’ 등을 대상으로 주어 일치 제약, 선행 용언 제약, 문장 종결 제약, 부정문 제약, 시제 제약 등의 특성을 살펴보고, 이 특성을 기반으로 양보 의미 복합 표현 문법 교육의 효율적 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

In an effort to find a way to optimize the learning condition, this study examined the effects of two types of input frequency distribution, skewed-first distribution (SFD) versus balanced distribution (BD), and two types of focus-on-form techniques, input processing (IP) versus input enhancement (IE), on the learning of English participles by Korean middle school students. A total of 91 students participated in this study, divided into five subgroups: SFD + IP, SFD + IE, BD + IP, BD + IE, and Control. The learning outcomes and the generalizability of the learned knowledge were measured through scaled judgment tasks and picture description tasks, immediately after treatment as well as one week later. The results showed that the input frequency distribution factor did not have statistically significant effects on learning and generalizability, while the degrees of explicitness of focus-on-form techniques had statistically significant effects on both. The interaction effects of the two main factors were not statistically significant. More detailed findings are presented with some pedagogical implications for Korean EFL classrooms.