에틸포메이트는 살충 효과가 빠르고 환경에 무해하며 특히 인축독성이 낮아 검역용 훈증제로 등록되어 있다. 이러한 에틸포메이트를 이용하여 훈증 챔버 (0.275 m3) 내에서 4종의 농업 해충 (오이총채벌레, 담배가루이, 복숭아혹진딧물, 점박이응애)과 4종의 작물 (참외, 오이, 토마토, 고추) 유묘기를 대상으로 12시간 훈증 처리하여 약효와 약해를 평가하였다. 에틸포메이트 1.5 g/m3의 약량으로 12시간 훈증 했을 때 담배가루이와 복숭아혹진딧물은 93.3% 이상의 높은 살충력를 나타내었으나, 점박이응애는 2.0 g/m3 약량에서도 20% 미만의 낮은 살충력을 나타내었다. 그리고 에틸포메이트의 CT값(농도ⅹ시간)이 훈증 처리 온도 20 ± 1.5℃에서 8.9 g･h/m3 이상일 때 점박이응애를 제외한 나머지 3종의 해충에 대해서 90% 이상의 살충 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 에틸포메이트 1.5 g/m3의 약량으로 상기 4작물을 12시간 훈증했을 때 약해 증상은 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 에틸포메이트 훈증기술은 시설 내 해충방제를 위한 새로운 방식이 될 수 있으며 관행적인 살충제의 사용을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 해충의 충태별, 작물의 생육 시기별 에틸포메이트 약효 및 약해에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

시설재배농가 확대 및 농약허용물질목록관리제도 시행으로 농업해충 방제를 위한 천적활용은 향후 늘어날 것으로 예상된다. 시설작물 재배시 발생하는 주요해충은 진딧물류, 잎응애류, 가루이류, 총채벌레류 등으로 4그룹 이상의 해충이 작물 재배기간 내 혼재되어 발생하고 있다. 이들을 방제하기 위하여 천적 활용시 밀도 유지를 위한 잦은 방사는 농가가 사용을 기피하게 만드는 주요 요인이 되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 천적을 적극 활용하는 네덜란드를 중심으로 시설온실에서 다포식성천적 등을 적절하게 사용할 수 있는 방안으로 해충발생전 천적 방사, 대체먹이 활용 등을 이용하고자 하는 연구가 이루어져 왔으며, 본 발표를 통해 국내에 활용 가능한 천적 연구에 대한 정보를 공유하고자 한다.

Ethyl formate (EF), a methyl bromide alternative fumigant which is commercially used for quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) purpose, has a potential to control various insect pests. Based on CTP (concentration × time products), we've firstly evaluated fumigation trials of EF on cucumber plants to eradicate horticultural insect pests in greenhouse. In the preliminary test, EF achieved 100% control of cotton aphid, western flower thrip and tobacco whitefly when CTP of EF was 4.4, 5.6 and 3.3 g h m-3, respectively. In 1300m3 scale cucumber greenhouse trial, EF was applied with 2g m-3 dosage for 15 hrs, and cotton aphid, western flower thrip and tobacco whitefly were completely controlled without phytotoxic symptom. EF fumigation could be suitable for greenhouse cultivation in terms of good efficacy on horticultural insect pests with labor-saving benefit than current insecticide spraying applications.

Use of conidia or spores of entomopathogenic fungi are influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity and caused slow and fluctuation of mortality. In addition, although the fungi have the advantage of a restricted host range, this specificity is one of the limiting factors for their use. These factors are preventing wider application and use of these biocontrol agents. To mitigate such problems we selected an Beauveria bassiana Bb08 which kill green peach aphid with its liquid culture filtrate. In this study we conducted bioassay with the fungal culture filtrate and culture fluid to greenhouse pests such as cotton aphid, whitefly and thrips. Culture fluid showed high mortality against green peach aphid, as well as cotton aphid, sweet potato whitefly, and western flower thrips. However, control effect of culture filtrate varied with pests. Culture filtrate showed high mortality to cotton aphid. Mortality of western flower thrips with culture filtrate was slower than culture fluid including spores and sweet potato whitefly was much lower. These results indicated that the culture fluid of Beauveria bassiana Bb08 has potential to simultaneously control various greenhouse pests.

전북지역에서 재배되는 시설 채소류 5과 20종의 작물을 대상으로 해충 종류 및 발생양상을 조사한 결과 총 22과 39종의 해충이 발생하였다. 명아주과에서는 대만총채벌레 등 7과 10종, 십자화과는 16과 25종, 미나리과는 9과 10종, 백합과는 6과 7종, 국화과는 13과 21종의 해충이 조사되었다. 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방은 5개 과의 채소 모두에서 발생하였고, 대만총채벌레, 온실가루이, 복숭아혹진딧물, 완두굴파리는 백합과(파, 부추)를 제외한 4개과 채소에서 모두 발생하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 반면에 흰띠명나방을 포함한 13종의 해충은 각각 1개과의 채소에서만 발생하였다. 명아주과에서는 복숭아혹진딧물과 흰띠명나방, 파밤나방, 담배거세미나방 4종이 주요해충이었으며, 알락수염노린재, 온실가루이, 완두굴파리, 양배추은무늬밤나방 4종은 미기록해충이었다. 배추과에서는 양배추가루진딧물, 복숭아혹진딧물, 좁은가슴잎벌레, 배추벼룩잎벌레, 배추좀나방, 배추순나방, 담배거세미나방, 배추흰나비, 무잎벌 9종에 의한 피해가 컸고, 대만총채벌레를 포함한 6종은 미기록 해충이었다. 미나리과에서는 해충 발생에 의한 피해는 크지 않았으며, 차응애, 대만총채벌레, 온실가루이, 담배거세미나방, 완두굴파리는 미기록 해충이다. 백합과 주요해충은 파총채벌레, 파좀나방, 파밤나방, 파굴파리 4종이었다. 국화과에서는 담배거세미나방을 제외하고 피해가 큰 해충은 없었다

 ,  , The effect of natural enemies on four major pests of hot pepper was tested in greenhouses. The aphids were successfully controlled by introducing three Aphidius colemani-banker plants, and releasing 23.3 wasps per m<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, on April 16 and 23 wasps per m<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, in a greenhouse of 660 m<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, . To control thrips, Orius laevigatus was released twice, 3.0 bugs per m<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, at a time(May 11<, SUP>, th<, /SUP>, and June 12<, SUP>, th<, /SUP>, ). The thrips population was controlled within 0.3 thrips per flower during the growing season. To control two species of mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a total of 113.7 individuals of Amblyseius swirskii were released twice(May 11<, SUP>, th<, /SUP>, and 30<, SUP>, th<, /SUP>, ). The densities of B. tabaci and T. kanzawai were kept within 171.0 individuals/trap and 0.8 individual/leaf, respectively. P. latus was suppressed completely twelve days after release. The cost of the released natural enemies to control the four arthropod pests in this study was 420,000 Won per 660 m<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, .

This study reports the results of natural enemy application against four insect pests on greenhouse sweet pepper in winter cropping system. Orius laevigatus (3.3/㎡) was released at two different times (Nov. 2005 & Feb. 2006) to control Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips (WFT). Throughout the cropping season, the lowest level recorded of WFT was less than 2.0 individuals per yellow sticky trap. Amblyseius swirskii (232.3/㎡) was released four times (Nov. 2007 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Bemisia tabaci, tobacco whitefly (TWF). Until July 2008, TWF population had been suppressed lower than 6.6/trap. Phytoseiulus persimilis (44.5/㎡) was released seven times (Apr. 2008 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Tetranychus kanzawai, tea red spider mite (TRSM). As a result, TRSM population was suppressed lower than 1.7/leaf. To control aphids, Aphidius colemani (9.5/㎡) was released seven times (Oct. 2004 ~ Jan. 2005), with the transplantation of banker plants (5.5pot/660㎡). As a whole, aphid"s population has been successfully reduced to less than 2.0/leaf.

Biological-control-based-integrated-pest-management of major pests occurring on sweet pepper in greenhouse during summer season was tried. As many as 2.1 Orius laevigatus per ㎡ were released in two times on June 6 and 19, and the population of thrips was kept under control and accordingly the damage was negligible throughout the season. To control aphids, a total of 0.8 Aphidius colemani per ㎡ were released in four times, 0.2 of them at a time, flonicamid on May 14 and July 18 and pymetrozine on June 14 and September 4 were sprayed on the spots of high aphid occurrence to reduce the release of the wasp, and the density of aphids was kept under control. Whitefly was controlled successfully by releasing a total of 343.4 Amblyseius swirski per ㎡ in nine times, 38.1 of them at a time, from May 9 until November 12 and dinotefuran was sprayed on November 12 when the density of whitefly increased up to 200 per trap. Tetranichus kanzawai was controlled by both Phytoseiulus persimilis which was released a total of 44.4 per ㎡ in five times 8.9 of them at a time from May 23 to September 10, and the A. swirski which was released for the control of whitefly.

The devastating insect pests of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were surveyed in environmentally friendly (no-pesticide and organic) greenhouses located in the provinces of Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Chungcheong and Jeju. Whitefly, leaf miner, aphid and moth were recorded as the major pests in these surveys. Among them, whitefly was the most serious pest of greenhouse cultivated tomato and major species was Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The population densities of T. vaporariorum was 0~36 nymph per leaf. Population of moths Spodoptera litura were the highest in summer season. Population of the whitefly was considered to be influenced by the previous cultural methods. Farmers in organic cultivation, used insect natural enemy, commercial EFAM (Environment Friendly Agricultural Material), yellow sticky trap or home made pesticides. Commercial microbial pesticides were applied to evaluate their insecticidal activities against whitefly. The results revealed that microbial pesticides exhibited 65.3 to 100% whitefly nymph mortality. Further, pesticidal activities of Cooking Oil and Yolk (COY), plant extracts and neem oil were evaluated against other tomato pests as well.

Insect pests attacking the leaf of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were surveyed in environmentally frendly leaf-lettuce-greenhouses in Hwaseong, Namyangju, and Suwon from 2003 to 2004. Sixteen insect species of eleven families in eight orders were collected in greenhouses. Among them, Acyrthosiphon solani, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Autographa nigrisigna were the most serious pest species because of their damage ratio was over 30%. Population of Acyrthosiphon solani showed the highest peak one or two times between mid-April and early June in both the second and the third cropping period. Frankliniella occidentalis reached the highest peak one or two times, the first peak between mid-June and the late July, and the second peak between the mid-August and the mid-October. Autographa nigrisigna reached the highest peak one or times between early June and late July and in the mid-August to late October. The highest peak occurrence of A. solani was observed in early June as many as 4,836 nymphs and adults per 100 leaves. And for F. occidentalis it was in early July occurring 437 larvae and adults per 100 leaves, for A. nigrisigna in early October occurring 42 larvae per 100 leaves. The density of F. occidentalis and its damage as well was greater in soil culture than in hydroponic culture, but in case of both A. solani and A. nigrisigna no such difference between cropping systems was found.