The reliability of control valves is critical in nuclear power plants to ensure precise fluid regulation and prevent risks associated with overheating or decreased efficiency. Recently, the supply of imported control valves used in these plants has been discontinued, making the development of domestic alternatives an urgent necessity. This study focuses on the design of an orifice in the pilot valve pipe of a positioner to reduce hunting, a key issue that compromises control stability. Fluid analysis was conducted using ANSYS CFX to investigate the fluid behavior in the pipe with the orifice. The analysis methods included enhanced meshing techniques, turbulence models, and residual values to improve convergence and accuracy. To meet the operational requirements of nuclear power plants (outlet pressure: 3.2 bar, inlet pressure: 7 bar), the inlet fluid velocity was determined. The pressure and pressure hunting were analyzed. Results showed that the selected inlet velocity satisfied the operational conditions, and pressure hunting values were measured and analyzed. The findings provide a basis for further optimizing orifice shapes to achieve the target pressure hunting value of 0.5%.

龍崗秦簡은 진(秦)의 사회와 법률을 이해하는데 중요한 출토 문헌으로 본고에서 는 제23간부터 제34간까지의 내용을 해독하고 주석을 붙였다. 이 12매의 죽간에는 금원(禁苑) 안에 들어온 짐승에 관한 규정, 불법적으로 얻은 재화에 관한 처리, 금원 및 금원을 둘러싼 공터(격리지대)에서의 사냥 및 어로(漁撈) 행위에 대한 허용 범위 와 금지 사항에 대한 기록이 담겨 있다. 본고는 龍崗秦簡 제23간부터 제34간에 대 한 기존의 연구 성과 및 적외선 카메라로 재촬영한 죽간 사진을 토대로 더욱 정확한 고석(考釋)을 진행하고자 하였으며, ‘敺’와 ‘驅’·‘每’와 ‘毒’·‘灋’와 ‘法’ 등의 한자에 대해 서 고대한자 자료에 보이는 관련 자형을 수집해 보다 상세하고 명확한 주석을 작성 하고자 하였다.

미국 메트로폴리탄 미술관에는 청 황제 건륭제(乾隆帝, 재위 1735~1796)가 발문한 사 슴뿔 그림인 <녹각도(鹿角圖)>가 소장되어 있다. 기존 연구에서 이 그림은 건륭제가 서양의 회화 주제인 사슴뿔을 서양 화법을 적용하여 그림으로써 서양풍을 모방하고 자신의 목적에 맞게 전용하고자 한 시도로 이해되었다. 본고는 관점을 달리하여 <녹각도>의 상서적(祥瑞 的) 요소를 발견하고 청 황제들의 대표적인 사냥감이었던 사슴의 뿔이 사냥 전리품에서 산령 (山靈)이 보낸 상서로운 징표, 즉 부서(符瑞)로 변모한 과정을 고찰한다. 이를 위해 우선 북 경ㆍ심양고궁박물원에 소장된 홍타이지, 강희제, 건륭제가 제작한 녹각의(鹿角椅)를 통해 청 황제들에게 있어 사슴뿔이 만주족의 전통과 용맹함을 보여주는 사냥 전리품이었음을 확인 한다. 또한 <녹각도>에 실린 건륭제의 발문인 ‘녹각기(鹿角記)’를 분석하여 이 사슴뿔이 어떻게 부서가 되었는지 밝힌다. <녹각도>에서 건륭제는 사냥감보다 서수(瑞獸)로서의 사슴 을 강조함으로써 청 황실의 사냥 의식이 중시한 만주적 무용(武勇) 위에 한족의 전통 사상인 천인감응설(天人感應設)에 의거한 부명(符命)의 가치를 덧입혔다. 이처럼 <녹각도>에서는 사냥을 자연의 정복이 아닌 자연과의 교감으로 해석하여 만주 황권을 성군의 경지로 끌어올 리고자 한 건륭제의 의도가 읽힌다.

Dynamics of predator-prey systems are strongly affected by the strategic behavior of both predator and prey. Thus, understanding the relationship between the strategic behavior and the species survival is necessary to comprehend the system resilience and stability. In the present study, we constructed a spatially explicit lattice model to simulate integrative predator (wolf)-prey (two rabbit species)-plant relationships. Wolves have only the hunting strategy, while rabbits have the hunting-escaping strategy. When a rabbit simultaneously encounters its predator (wolves) and prey (plant), either hunting or escaping should take priority. Hunting priority is referred to as hunting preferred strategy (HPS), while escape priority is referred to as escape preferred strategy (EPS). These strategies are associated with some degree of willingness to either hunt (H) or escape (E). One rabbit species takes HPS (HPS-rabbit) and the other rabbit species takes EPS (EPS-rabbit). We investigated the changes in predicted population density for wolves, rabbits, and plant with changes in the value of H and E. Simulation results indicated that EPS-rabbit had a greater chance for survival than HPS-rabbit regardless of the initial density of EPS-rabbit, and the chance was optimized at the appropriate values of E and H. In addition, we briefly discussed the development of our model as a tool for understanding behavioral strategies in specific predatorprey interactions.

There are a lot of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Dynasty Ruins. But what the exact number is. Different ideas come from different people.The key one among many reasons is that the statisticians don’t have the uniform and specific standards. We can also use some rigid standards to judge the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Hunting, for example, Shou, Ge, Tian(It has limited conditions), Xian, Jing, Bi, Qin, Fen etc.

Understanding the predator-prey dynamics is essential to comprehend the ecosystem resilience and stability because ecosystems consist of dynamically interacting subsystems with predator-prey relationship. The relationship is likely to be of the predator and prey hunting-escaping strategy. Thus, to better understand the ecosystems, we should comprehend how the hunting and the escaping strategy affect the ecosystems. To do so, we constructed a spatially explicit lattice model to simulate the integrative predator-prey-plant relationships. When an individual simultaneously encounters its predator and/or prey, the individual should take priority between the two strategies. When the hunting (or escaping) strategy takes priority, we call it hunting preferred strategy, HPS, (or escaping preferred strategy, EPS). Each strategy was characterized by the willingness for each strategy. The degree of willingness was represented as H (for hunting) and E (for escaping). Higher value of H (or E) means stronger willingness for hunting (or escaping). We investigated the population density of each species for different values of H and E for HPS and EPS. The main conclusion that emerges from this study was that HPS plays a positive role in the ecosystem stability. In addition, we briefly discussed the development of the present model to be used to understand the predator-prey interaction in specific species.

To search for novel biologically active venom components, secretory venom proteins of two solitary hunting wasps, Orancistrocerus drewseni Saussure (1857) and Eumenes pomiformis Fabricus (1781), were identified by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with mass analysis with the aid of venom gland and sac-specific EST libraries constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Arginine kinase was the most predominant protein in both wasp venoms. Along with the full-length arginine kinase, a truncated form, which was known to have paralytic activity on a spider, was a common predominant protein in the two wasp venoms. Insulin/insulin-like peptide-binding protein was abundantly found only in E. pomiformis venom and the EST library, which might be due to its unique behaviors of oviposition and provision. It seemed that some venom proteins are secreted into venom fluid from venom gland cells via exosomes, not by signal sequence-mediated transport processes. Amphipathic α-helical peptides (10-15 amino acids) were predominantly transcribed in the venom gland/sac than protein components, and showed cell lytic activities against insect cells, mammalian cells, bacteria, and fungi. Phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase, which are known to be the main components of wasp venoms, were found in both wasp venoms. In addition, a dendrotoxin-like peptide known to be a K+ channel blocker was also found in the venom of E. pomiformis.

수렵과 채집은 구석기시대부터 존재하였던 생계 형태로 농경의 비중이 높아진 청동기시대에도 일정한 역할을 담당하였다. 청동기시대 수렵의 종류로는 활수렵과 창수렵, 함정수렵 등이 있는데, 이 가운데 함정수렵의 비중이 높아졌던 것이 신석기시대와 구별되는 청동기시대 수렵의 특징이다. 함정수렵은 수렵에서 손실되는 노동력을 절감함과 동시에 수렵의 시점을 자유롭게 결정할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 장점을 고려하면 청동기시대에 농경의 비중이 높아짐과 동시에 수렵활동에 투입할 수 있는 노동력의 비율이 감소하였기 때문에 함정수렵을 채택하였던 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 그리고 청동기시대 채집의 양상을 추정할 수 있는 자료는 없지만, 수렵처럼 노동력을 절감하는 방향으로 변화하였을 가능성이 있다고 생각한다. 즉, 농경활동을 통해 구축된 협업체계를 통해 단시간에 많은 사람이 채집활동을 실시함으로써 결과적으로 노동력을 절감하는 형태로 변화하였을 것으로 추정한다. 청동기시대에 수렵과 채집에서 변화가 발생한 시점은 청동기시대 후기로 판단되는데, 이 시점은 수도작이 확산되는 시기에 해당한다. 수렵과 채집에서 확인되는 변화가 노동력의 효율적 사용이라는 점에서 전작보다 수도작의 확산으로 발생한 사회변화가 보다 컸던 것으로 생각한다.

The latest report on draft genome of Brassica rapa sequence has been published. To elucidate the functions of a large population of these genes and to search efficiently for agriculturally useful genes, the Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting system was used. The FOX library was transformed into rice by Agrobacteriummediated transformation. Approximately 1,150 FOX-rice lines were generated. Genomic PCR analysis indicated that the average length of FL-cDNAs was 900∼1,200 bp with functional annotation of many unknown function (35.5%). Most of the randomly selected transgenic rice lines showed overexpression (92%) and barely mRNA expression in the wild type Gopum. Moreover, 94% of the 850 transgenic rice lines were moderately tolerant (slightly yellow) to cold and 9 lines were tolerant (seedling light green). For the salinity evaluation, most of the transgenic lines (85%) were highly susceptible whereas seven lines were tolerant. In addition, morphological evaluation of rice lines showed minimal phenotypic alteration (12%). About 25.1 and 22% were earlier in terms of days to heading and chlorophyll contents, respectively. Further, 18% of FOX rice lines showed lower chlorophyll contents. Filled grains, number of tillers, panicle length, culm and plant height were relatively less variable among the lines. These results provided useful genes for functional analyses in the mechanisms of identified transgenic tolerant lines.