The development of heteroatoms doped inorganic nanocrystal-carbon composites (INCCs) has attained a great focus for energy applications (energy production and energy storage). A precise approach to fabricate the INCCs with homogenous distribution of the heteroatoms with an appropriate distribution of metal atoms remains a challenge for material scientists. Herein, we proposed a facile two-step route to synthesize INCC with doping of metal (α-Fe2O3) and non-metals (N, P, O) using hydrogel formed by treating hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (Gallic acid). Metal oxide was doped using an extrinsic doping approach by varying its content and non-metallic doping by an intrinsic doping approach. We have fabricated four different samples (INCC-0.5%, INCC-1.0%, INCC-1.5%, and INCC-2.0%), which exhibit the uniform distribution of the N, P, O, and α-Fe2O3 in the carbon architecture. These composite materials were applied as anode material in water oxidation catalysis (WOC); INCC-1.5% electro-catalyst confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a noticeable catholic peak 0.85 V vs RHE and maximal current density 1.5 mA.cm−2. It also delivers better methanol tolerance and elongated stability than RuO2; this superior performance was attributed due to the homogenous distribution of the α-Fe2O3 causing in promotion of adsorption of O2 initially and a greater surface area of 1352.8 m2/ g with hierarchical pore size distribution resulting higher rate of ion transportation and mass-flux.

Biological phosphorus removal is accomplished by exposing PAO(phosphorus accumulating organisms) to anaerobic-aerobic conversion conditions. In the anaerobic condition, PAO synthesize PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate) and simultaneously hydrolysis of poly-p resulting phosphorus(Pi) release. In aerobic condition, PAO uptake phosphorus(Pi) more than they have released. In this study, cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., which is known to be able to synthesize PHB like PAO, was exposed to anaerobic-aerobic conversion. If Synechococcus sp. can remove excess phosphorus by the same mechanism as PAO, synergistic effects can occur through photosynthesis. Moreover, Synechococcus sp. is known to be capable of synthesizing PHB using inorganic carbon as well as organic carbon, so even if the available capacity of organic carbon decreases, it was expected to show stable phosphorus removal efficiency. In 6 hours of anaerobic condition, phosphorus release occurred in both inorganic and organic carbon conditions but SPRR(specific phosphorus release rate) of both conditions was 10 mg-P/g-MLSS/day, which was significantly lower than that of PAO. When converting to aerobic conditions, SPUR(specific phosphorus uptake rate) was about 9 mg-P/g-MLSS/day in both conditions, showing a higher uptake rate than the control condition showing SPUR of 6.4 mg-P/g-MLSS/day. But there was no difference in terms of the total amount of removal. According to this study, at least, it seems to be inappropriate to apply Synechococcus sp. to luxury uptake process for phosphorus removal.

In this study, effects of nutrient and inorganic carbon on single cell emergence during the cultivation of microalgae were observed using colonial green algae, Pediastrum duplex. The concentration of inorganic carbon had significant effect on single cell emergence and its growth, but nitrogen and phosphorus concentration showed minor effects. According to P. duplex cultivation experiment, single cell started to be emerged around 500~750 mg-C/L of inorganic carbon concentration and it was bloomed dramatically at the higher values. And growth of P. duplex was started to be surpressed at the single cell formation concentration. From the results, it could be said that when we operate the microalgae systems for cultivation/harvesting or wastewater treatment, in order to avoid single cell formation, inorganic carbon should be maintained to the proper level

PURPOSES: This study intends to develop an inorganic soil pavement material using industrial by-products and to evaluate its applicability as a road pavement material. METHODS: In this study, a compressive strength experiment was conducted based on the NaOH solution molarity and water glass content to understand the strength properties of the soil pavement material according to the mixing ratio of alkali activator. In addition, the strength characteristic of the inorganic soil pavement material was analyzed based on the binder content. The performance of the soil pavement was evaluated by conducing an accelerated pavement test and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test. RESULTS: As a result of the soil pavement material test based on the mixture ratio of alkali activator, it was identified that the activator that mixed a 10 M NaOH solution to water glass in a 5:5 ratio is appropriate. As a result of the inorganic soil pavement materials test based on the binder content, the strength development increased sharply when the amount of added binder was over 300 kg; this level of binder content satisfied 28 days of 18 MPa of compression strength, which is the standard for existing soil pavement design. According to the measured results of the FWD test, the dynamic k-value did not show a significant difference before or after the accelerated pavement testing. Furthermore, the effective modulus decreased by approximately 50%, compared with the initial effective modulus for pedestrian pavement. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, inorganic soil pavement can be applied by changing the mixture proportions according to the use of the pavement, and can be utilized as road pavement from light load roads to access roads.

This study investigates the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on growth of S. dimorphus. NaHCO3 concentration was varied from 0 to 2 g-C/L. As a result, the increase in concentration of NaHCO3 up to 1.5 g-C/L increased dry weight of algae. The highest specific growth rate of S. dimorphus was 0.36 day-1 which was obtained at concentration of 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3. pH showed a large variation range at the concentrations lower than 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3 whereas inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rates were almost same at the concentrations higher than 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3 (0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2 g-C/L NaHCO3). Their average inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rate were 70 mg-C/L/d, 11.3 mg-N/L/d, and 1.6 mg-P/L/d, respectively. Thus, NaHCO3 didn’t effect on inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rate of S. dimorphus.

Magnetite and inorganic sludge were mainly composed of Fe2O4 and Fe2O3, respectively. Initial specific surface areas of magnetite and inorganic sludge were 130 m2/g and 31.7 m2/g. CO2 decomposition rate for inorganic sludge was increased with temperature. Maximum CO2 decomposition rates were shown 89% for magnetite at 350℃ and 84% for inorganic sludge at 500℃. Specific surface area for magnetite was not varied significantly after CO2 decomposition. However, specific surface area for inorganic sludge was greatly decreased from initial 130 m2/g to approximately 50~60 m2/g after reaction. Therefore, it was estimated that magnetite could be used for CO2decomposition for a long time and inorganic sludge should be wasted after CO2 decomposition reaction.

This research was conducted to estimate the characteristics of carbon dioxide decomposition using an inorganic sludge. The inorganic sludge was composed of high amount (66.8%) of Fe2O3. Hydrogen could be reduced with 0.247, 0.433, 0.644, and 0.749 at 350, 400, 450, and 500℃, respectively. The carbon dioxide decomposition rates at 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500℃ were 32, 52, 35, 62, 75, and 84%, respectively. High temperature led to high reduction of hydrogen and better decomposition of carbon dioxide. The specific surface area of the sludge after hydrogen reduction was higher than that after carbon dioxide decomposition. The specific surface area of the sludge was more decreased with increasing of temperature.

폐시멘트, 폐콘크리트, 제강 슬래그, 폐수 등을 포함하여 다양한 폐기물들이 여러 산업으로부터 배출되고 있다. 그런데 이러한 폐기물들은 Mg2+ 이온, Ca2+ 이온을 다량 포함하고 있다고 알려져 있다. 폐기물 처리 시 이러한 금속 이온을 활용한다면 MgCO3, CaCO3 등 다른 유용한 물질로 전환시킬 수 있다. 이를 위해 지구온난화를 일으키는 주요 원인으로 알려진 이산화탄소를 사용할 수 있고, 이는 이산화탄소 저감 및 폐기물 처리를 동시에 해결할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서는 CO2의 용이한 전달을 돕기 위한 습식 흡수제에 대해 제안하고 Henry constant, Diffusivity, 총괄반응속도상수(kov)를 측정하였다. 흡수제는 7 wt% 암모니아, 3 wt% ʟ-Arginine, 1 wt% 부식방지제(Imidazole과 1,2,3-Benzotriazole)를 물에 녹여 제조하였다. 암모니아는 기존에 습식흡수제로 사용되던 MEA보다 저렴한 가격을 가지고 있으며 CO2 흡수 능력 또한 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 최근 아미노산은 우수한 CO2 흡수능력과 친환경적인 특성으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 두 종류의 부식방지제는 암모니아에 의해 발생할 수 있는 플랜트 장비의 부식을 방지하기 위해 첨가되었다. 303.15 K에서 333.15 K의 온도에서 실험이 진행되었으며 실험 결과와 CO2/N2O analogy를 이용해 각 값을 계산하였다.