This study aimed to validate the Revised Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (Re-STMI) for high school and university students and examine the differences between the two groups. Data were collected from 475 high school students and 340 university students. Analyses were conducted using the Rating Scale Model of Item Response Theory and traditional Classical Test Theory methods including internal consistency reliability and independent-sample t-tests. The findings are as follows: First, the Rating Scale Model analysis indicated that students with higher levels of systems thinking were more likely to choose the highest score (5) for each item, and the item distribution exhibited a normal pattern around the mean item difficulty. Average systems thinking ability was higher among university students (1.21) than among high school students (0.94). Second, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis showed that the items functioned equivalently across the two groups. Third, the internal consistency reliability of the instrument, based on Classical Test Theory, was high (Cronbach’s = .866). Additionally, the independent samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the groups (p< .001). Based on these results, the instrument was verified to be valid through both Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory frameworks. Therefore, the Re-STMI can be utilized in future research on systems thinking in various educational contexts.

Since the small screen must be watched at the production and manufacturing site, when using the monitor without a separate paper for work and production instructions, it is necessary to look at the work instruction screen installed in a separate space to prevent work efficiency from deteriorating. It plays a role through a monitoring system using DPS or Barcode and RF-ID recognition as a safety device for installing heterogeneous parts in manufacturing and missing parts, but due to the high cost of introducing the system and difficulty in maintaining management, Visual POP is put into the production line. This study was produced by paying attention to the following five points in order to reduce the weight of these industrial Visual POPs and have global specifications and uses. These include instrument design and design, processing production, UI and control, application, thermal stress analysis and thermal analysis. In this study, for Models 1 and 2 that satisfy detailed specifications and performance indicators, instrument design and design were shown, and processing production is expressed by consideration.

Ulsan Airport cannot operate precision instrument approach procedures from the south direction (Runway 18) due to obstacles. Even non-precision instrument approach procedures have higher approach angles and minimum descent altitudes (MDA) compared to other airports, which can pose safety risks for pilots following the flight procedures. Recently, since the introduction of SBAS-based satellite navigation flight procedures in Korea, Ulsan Airport is expected to experience improvements, including reduced offsets and lower minimum descent altitudes in its existing flight procedures. During the design process of new flight procedure routes, a comprehensive analysis of noise differences from existing routes and the noise impact on new areas is necessary. Therefore, this study aims to present the changes in aircraft noise resulting from the implementation of new flight procedures using the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT)

The condensation phenomenon can affect the product in terms of function and aesthetics, so it is a complaint of many users from the past, and continuous research has been conducted to solve it. A portable instrument panel is installed inside combat vehicles such as tanks and armored vehicles. Due to the nature of the combat vehicle operated in the special situation of battle, the internal heat generation of the instrument panel has increased significantly, which is presumed to be the cause of condensation inside the instrument panel. In this paper, a study on the development of subsequent processes was conducted to reduce the condensation phenomenon of the instrument panel for combat vehicles. In order to reduce the condensation phenomenon, the experiment was carried out by setting baking time and stabilization time as major factors. This paper is considered to be a reference research data for all systems in which similar assemblies are used as well as instrument panels for combat vehicles.

이 연구의 목적은 1) 베트남 고등학생들을 대상으로 Lee et al. (2024)에서 보고한 개정 시스템 사고 검사 도구 의 타당도를 재검증하고, 2) 연구에 참여한 우리나라 고등학생과 베트남 고등학생 간 시스템 사고 능력에 대한 차이를 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 베트남 고등학생 234명이 베트남어로 번역된 개정 시스템 사고 검사 도구 20문항과 STS 척도 20문항에 응답한 자료를 활용하였다. 타당도 분석은 문항 반응 분석(Item Reliability, Item Map, Infit and Outfit MNSQ, 남녀 집단의 DIF)과 탐색적 요인 분석(프로맥스를 활용한 주축 요인 분석)을 통해 검증하고, 나아가 우 리나라 고등학생 475명의 데이터를 함께 활용하여 구조 방정식 모형을 이용한 잠재평균비교를 통해 검증하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 베트남어로 번역된 R e_ STMI 2 0문항의 문항 반응 분석 결과 Item Reliability는 .97, Infit MNSQ는 .67-1.38으로 나타났으며 Item Map과 DIF 분석에서도 선행 연구에서 보고된 결과와 일치하는 결과가 도출되 었다. 탐색적 요인 분석에서는 모든 문항들이 의도한 하위 요인에 적재되었으며, 요인별 신뢰도는 .662-.833, 전체 신뢰 도는 .876으로 분석되었다. 우리나라 고등학생과 잠재평균비교를 위한 확인적 요인 분석에서 도출된 모형 적합도 수치 는 모두 수용 가능한 값으로 분석되었다(χ 2 /df: 2.830, CFI: .931, TLI: .918, SRMR: .043, RMSEA: .051). 마지막으로 연구에 참여한 우리나라 고등학생과 베트남 고등학생 간 잠재평균비교에서는 시스템 분석, 정신 모델, 팀 학습, 공유 비전 요인에서 작은 효과 크기가, 개인 숙련 요인에선 중간 이상의 효과 크기를 보이며, 베트남 고등학생들이 시스템 사고 능력에서 유의미하게 높은 결과를 보여주었다. 이를 통해 개정 시스템 사고 검사 도구 문항은 안정적인 신뢰도와 타당도를 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 앞으로 학생들의 시스템 사고 연구와 관련하여 베트남어 및 영어 등으로 번역한 문항을 활용하여 시스템 사고의 국제 비교 연구도 진행할 필요성이 있을 것이다.

Background: Outcome measures (OMs) are essential components of evidence- based practice as they help in implementing interventions and assessing changes in a patient's status before and after treatment. However, many therapists do not utilize OMs in their practice, and research on the factors that influence physical therapists' decisions regarding the use of OMs primarily consists of quantitative or survey-based studies. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to select research studies on OMs use among physical therapists through a systematic review, identify questionnaire characteristics, and assess the quality of items collection and research. Design: A systematic review. Methods: This study systematically collected survey studies on the use of OMs from five databases (KMBase, RISS, KCI, Pubmed, and Cochrane) based on the criteria of PRISMA's systematic review flowchart. The quality of the studies was assessed using the AXIS Tool. Results: A total of eight studies were selected. In most of the studies, the questionnaires were developed internally, validated through preliminary research, and reliability testing was not conducted. The items used within OMs were divided into 10 categories, with the highest frequency of questions centering around how to use OMs, and the lowest frequency regarding work environment and reasons. All eight studies were determined to be of good quality. Conclusion: The collected OMs questionnaires revealed variations in the item frequency. Future qualitative research and participant feedback are needed to develop a consistent questionnaire and validate its validity and reliability.

Biopiracy, largely defined as misappropriation and intellectual property control of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge, has long had profound adverse impacts on the lives of the people and communities in developing countries, including Southeast Asia, one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Given that patents are the main means used in most biopiracy cases to exploit resources and knowledge, this article will discuss its feasibility as the other policy instrument to tackle biopiracy in Southeast Asia and suggest how it should be established and/or improved. For this purpose, this article examines two policy instruments in the patent regime that can be and have been used to address the aforementioned problem: compulsory licensing and the disclosure requirement. Based on the analysis of these two instruments, this article discusses why compulsory licensing is an unlikely means of tackling the problem and suggests how a disclosure requirement can be established or improved to tackle biopiracy in the region.

본 논문은 코로나19(COVID-19)의 출현으로 새롭게 재정립되는 한국 교회의 선교적 행보를 꿈꾸며, 교회의 본질에 대한 ‘선교적 교회’의 적합성을 논하고, 교회 공동체의 핵심 주체인 평신도들의 선교적 그리 스도인(missional Christians)으로서의 소명(calling, 召命)을 발견 한다. 이에 따라 대럴 구더(Darrell L. Guder)가 제시하는 ‘선교적 공동체’의 사도직을 한국 교회의 평신도들에게 접목시켜 선교적 증인 공동체의 올바른 선교적 삶을 모색해본다. 평신도는 목회자와 더불어 세상에 파송된 하나님의 선교 동역자로 목회자와 함께 사도직을 부여받은 존재이며, 교회와 사회를 연결해 주는 유일한 통로이다. 이것을 인식하는 교회는 기존의 방식, 즉 교회 내부 중심의 프로그램들의 획기적인 변화에 초점을 맞추어 교회 지도층 들의 일괄적 프로그램 개발과 평신도들의 수동적 참여가 아닌, 평신도 들의 자발적 참여로 함께 만들어 가는 창의적 프로그램들이 요구된다. 따라서 교회의 핵심 주체인 평신도들이 세상을 향해 ‘증언의 도구’로 나아가 ‘세속적 임무(secular order)’를 충분히 감당할 수 있도록 해야 한다.