The leafhopper family Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) is plant feeders, with mouthparts adapted for sucking. Almost of the them cause injuries of destruction to plants, including fruit trees and grain crops, and can be vectors of plant diseases. Therefor, Cicadellidae is one of the most important pests in the world. However, their identifications are very difficult because of small size and morphological similarities, and their exact biological information such as host plants, life cycle and distribution are not clear for most species. So, we provide and integrated biological database that present accurate diagnostic methods and ecological infromation.

Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) is the largest subfamily of Cicadellidae, and caused direct damage on their host plants by feeding and spawning, or as vectors of plant pathogens such as viruses, phytoplasmas, and bacteria. It contains majority of cicadellid vector species of economically important plant disease. Despite of economical pests, Deltocephalinae is difficult to identify due to morphological similarities and variations, yet, their biological information like host plants and taxonomical characters has not been constructed for accurate diagnosis of species. In this study, we build a database of integrated biological information such as host plants, distributional records and dorsal habitus of specimens, male genitalia, and DNA barcoding data with illustrations and photographs.

The leafhopper subfamily, Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), caused direct damage by sap-sucking or indirect damage by transmission of viruses or diseases to the host plants, so Typhlocybinae is one of the most important insect pests in agriculture, urban ecology, forest, etc. in the world. However, their identifications are very difficult due to small size and morphological similarities, and their exact biological information such as host plants and life cycle are not reported yet for most species. So, we construct an integrated biological database that presents accurate diagnostic methods (illustrated key characters, DNA barcoding data), patterns and seasons of occurrences, and some ecological photographs such as dorsal habitus of specimens and plant damages

The subfamily Iassinae Walker belongs to the family Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). A total of 124 genera with 1,999 species have been described in the world. To date, two genera, Batracomorphus Lewis and Iassus Fabricius, and 5 species of the subfamily have been recorded in Korea. In this talk, one new species and one new record of the genus Batracomorphus and one new species and two new records of the genus Iassus from Korea are presented. And we also provide biological information such as host plants and distributional records of the Korean Iassine species.

Leafhopper subfamily, Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), caused direct damage by sap-sucking or indirect damage by transmission of viruses or diseases on the host plants, so typhlocybinae is one of the important pest groups in the world. Typhlocybinae distribute worldwide and a total of 471 genera and more than 4,300 species have been described. so far, 38 genera and 102 species were recorded in the Korean Peninsula. In this talk, we provide several taxonomic studies for the Korean typhlocybene fauna based on the genus-level reviews of the subfamily from the Korean Peninsula.

Three rice planthoppers, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the white back planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), and the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) and the green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps) are major homopteran sap-sucking rice pests in Korea. These insect pests commonly have highly modified mouthparts, the stylet bundle, for piercing and sucking. Two pairs of mandibular and maxillary stylets consist of the stylet bundle by interlocking each stylet, which forms the two canals, larger one for food canal and smaller one for salivary canal. Destructive damages result from direct feeding effects (hopperburing) with heavy infestation and/or transmitting virus diseases (Rice stripe virus and Rice black-streaked dwarf virus by L. striatellus and Rice dwarf virus by N. cincticeps). Damage level is closely related to the feeding behavior of sap-sucking insects, so generally honeydew excretion amount on the resistant rice variety is smaller than that on the susceptible. Therefore, the method to measure the honeydew excretion amount has been primarily used as an indirect way to compare the feeding amount between the susceptible and the resistant. On the other hand, the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was firstly developed by McLean and Kinsey (1964) to measure voltage changes during piercing and sucking of insect on the plant. Since specific voltage waveforms were identified and it was known that each waveform is commonly related to salivary and feeding behavior of insect stylets in the plant tissue, EPG technique has been used to real-timely and quantitatively measure feeding behavior of piercing and sucking insects on susceptible and resistant rice variety. However, identifying each different waveform distinctly and understanding biological function of each waveform are certainly necessary to analyze feeding behavior in the plant tissue such as phloem sap ingestion. In this study, the stylet penetration behavior of N. lugens, S. furcifera, L. striatellus, and N. cincticeps on rice plants (Oryza sativa) was evaluated through the use of a direct current based electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG). To accomplish this, we classified the EPG waveforms of planthopper group into seven different patterns, np, N1, N2, N3, N4-a, N4-b, and N5, according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The N4-b pattern was always preceded by N3 and N4-a, in that order. Continuous honeydew excretion only occurred during the N4-b period, and the honeydew deposited on a filter paper containing ninhydrin reagent during the N4-b period were stained into violet. Based on the location of the stylets in the cross-section of rice tissue and honeydew excretion, the EPG waveforms for the stylet penetration behaviors of the three rice planthoppers were assigned to the following groups; np: non-penetration of stylets, N1: penetration initiation, N2: salivation and stylet movement, N3: an extracellular activity near the phloem region, N4-a: an intracellular activity in phloem region, N4-b: phloem sap ingestion, and N5: activity in the xylem region. Futhermore, we classified the EPG waveforms of the green rice leafhopper, N. cincticeps into seven different patterns, Nc1, Nc2, Nc3, Nc4, Nc5, Nc6, and Nc7 according to their shapes, voltage amplitudes, voltage levels, and frequencies. The Nc6 pattern was always preceded by Nc5 pattern. The Nc6 pattern of the leafhopper was carefully considered as a phloem sap feeding behavior based on regular honeydew excretion. On the other hand, the planthopper group and the leafhopper hardly showed the phloem sap feeding pattern on resistant rice varieties during an EPG-recording. In addition, the duration of the phloem sap feeding patterns was highly decreased on resistant rice varieties relative to susceptible ones. From these results, it is suggested that the phloem sap feeding related patterns are an important parameter to determine resistance of rice plant.

This study was conducted to investigate specific stages and distribution of overwintering nymphs of green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps by measuring head capsule width. The nymphal head capsule width of the 1st instar to the 5th instar was 0.381, 0.502, 0.673, 0.979 and 1.128 ㎜, respectively. Its coefficient variation was 5.3, 4.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 5.3%, respectively. Growth ratio of each instar was not significantly different among 2nd to 4th instars as 1.31 to 1.34, but for the 5th instar it decreased as 1.28. The logarithm of the nymphal head capsule width was regressed as a function of the stage number of insects, resulting in LogY = 1.4627 + 0.1192X (r² = 0.9993). Also fitness to the Dyar’s law for the nymphal head capsule width of each instar was 98% or over and the Dyar’s constant (K) was 1.316. The occurrence of N. cincticeps was maximum at the end of January with 195 individuals/0.25 ㎡. The most abundant instar in the overwintering N. cincticeps population was 4th instar accounting for over 90%. Population of the 5th instar began to increase from mid-March, and adults began to occur in early April.

The green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps is an insect vector which transmits virus diseases of rice plant causing severe damage to the rice and its damage both quality and yield of rice. Survival rate of overwintering N. cincticeps in Alopeculus acquadis among 15 species of the winter crops and weeds was 37.8% and its most preferred. Density of N. cincticeps in environment-friendly agriculture area which cultivated Astragalus sinicus as a green manure crop in winter season increased in number wintering pass in Alopeculus acquadis and Astragalus sinicus as host plants, because of control of N. cincticeps was not enough in the previous year. Survival rate of N. cincticeps was higher mainly in habitation mixed with rice straw, Astragalus sinicus and Alopeculus acquadis as winter habitation. It warmed due to the effect of the keeping warmth inside of a rice paddy field and the bank around a rice field covered with rice straw or Astragalus sinicus. Also, habitation conditions were optimal for survival because of growing Alopeculus acquadis as the major host plant of N. cincticeps in that place.

대추나무빗자루병 매개충인 마름무늬매미충(Hish[monus sellatus Uhler)의 생태, 혼식 및 산란 호성, 기주이동, 월동태를 조사한 결과 남부지방에서 연 5세대가 경과되었고, 제 1세대 6월 중 ~하순, 2세대 7월 중~8월 상순, 3세대 8월 중~하순, 4세대 9월 상~중순, 5세대 10월 상~중순이었고, 최대 발생기는 3화기인 8월 중~하순이었다. 계절에 따른 한 세대에 요하는 기간은 춘계 80, 하계 69, 추계 77.8일이었으며, 각 단계별 크기는 란 0.8 mm, 1령충 0.9mm, 2령충 l.4mm. 3령충 2.1mm, 4령충2.5mm, 5령충 3.2 mm 이었으며 성충 암컷 4.1mm, 수컷 3.8mm였다. 년중을 통한 기주식물의 이동을 보면 주로 뽕나무, 환삼덩굴, 대추나무에서 란으로 월동하며, 5월 중~하순경까지 뽕나무와 환삼덩굴의 신호를 계속 증가하면서 일부가 6월 하순~7월초순경에 대추나무로 이동하며 가해하는데 이들 란이 10월 중~하순 경부터 월동태로 들어간다. 산란부위는 신초, 엽병, 엽통 등이며 1마리의 암컷 산란수는 32~62개였다. 파식선호성에서는 환삼덩굴, 대추나무, 쥐똥나무, 뽕나무에서 높은 선호성(38.2S-21.64 %)을 보였고 닥나무, 개머루, 구기자나무, 구지뽕나무, 모시풀, 벼, 골담초, 일일초, 차풀 등이 4.65~2.48%였다, 산란이호성에서는 식이호성이 높은 환삼덩굴, 뽕나무, 대추나무에서 24~12개 정도였으며 성충의 생명에서는 환삼덩굴, 뽕나무, 대추나무에서 41.4~44.4일, 개멀, 차풀, 쥐똥나무, 일일초, 자운영, 샐러리에서 25일 이상이었고 기지 기주식물에서는 20일 이하이었다.

말매미충(Cicadella viridis L.)의 구기에 있는 미각감각기에 대한 주사전자현미경 관찰에서 전구강에 위치한 상인두의 D-sensilla는 10개이며, 상인두 함입부의 양쪽변에서 P-sensilla 8 개가, 하인두의 식도 중간부위에서 H -sensilla가 2개 관찰되었다. D- 및 P-sensilla는 형태적 으로 2군으로 분리되었다. 그리고 D- 및 P-sensilla로부터 유래된 신경다발 1쌍씩은 상인두 뒷면의 큐티클 안에서, H -sensilla로부터의 신경다발 1쌍은 하인두 뒷면의 큐티클 안에서 관찰되었다.

끝동매미충의 월동후부터 본답말기 까지의 밀도를 조사(調査)하여 발육경과(發育經過), 우화시기(羽化時期), 암성충의 성숙율등(成熟率等)을 조사(調査)하였다. 1. 끝동매미충은 주로 4령충으로 휴반잡초(雜草)에서 월동(越冬)하며 발육(發育)이 시작되면서 휴한답(독새풀)으로 이동(移動)하였다. 2. 월동성충(越冬成蟲)의 50%우화일(羽化日)은 '77년(年)이 4월(月) 8일(日) '78년(年)이 3월(月) 30일(日)이었다. 3. 월동성충(越冬成蟲)의 산란(産卵)은 4월(月) 하순(下旬)부터 5(月) 상순(上旬) 사이에 가장 많이 되었다. 4. 제1세대(第1世代) 성충(成蟲) 50% 우화일(羽化日)은 '77년(年)이 6월(月) 11일(日) '78년(年)이 6월(月) 10일(日)로 차이(差異)가 없었다. 5. 본답(本畓)에서는 2세대(世代)를 경과(經過)하였으며 연도간(年度間) 큰차(差)없이 안정(安定)되어 있었다. 6. 머리파리류(類)에 의한 기생율(寄生率)은 7월중순(月中旬)부터 8월중순(月中旬)사이에 가장 높았다.

이 시험은 우리나라 남부지방에 있어서 끝동매미충의 알에 기생율이 높은 Paracentrobia andoi의 포장생태에 대해서 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 월동후 활동은 3월상순부터 활발하였으며 4월상순 이후 부터는 휴한답로 옮겨가는 경향이였다. 2 .휴한답의 둑새풀에서 끝동매미충의 알에 대한 기생율은 끝동매미충의 산란최성기인 4월하순에서 5월상순 사이에 높은 경향이였다. 3. 휴한답에서 지역별 평균 기생율은 거창과 남지는 , 남해, 김해 및 진주는 였다. 4. 본답에 있어서 이 알기생봉은 3회 발생을 하였으며 발생최성기는 8월중순과 10월초순경이였다. 5. 본답기에 있어서 끝동매미충의 2세기충(6월하순경 발생)과 3세대충(8월하순경 발생)에 대한 이 알기생봉의 평균 기생율은 각각 와 였다.

본 연구는 1982연과 1983년 끝동매미충의 난기생봉중에 우종인 Gonatocerus sp. y의 생태를 실내와 포장에서 수행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Gonatocerus sp. y의 난에서 성충으로 우화되기까지 평균발육기간은 및 에서 각각 53일, 25일, 15일 및 12일이였다. 2. 성충의 평균 산란수는 및 에서 각각 28개, 48개, 42개 및 32개였고 산란기간은 대부분 일 이내였으며 최고 산란수는 98개였다. 3. 성충의 우화는 전체의 가 아침에 이루어 졌으며 오후에는 거의 우화하지 않았다. 4. 성충의 우화성비는 암수의 비율이 4 : 1인 것이 가장 많았다. 5. 성충의 수명은 물보다 꿀물을 먹이로 주었을 때가 현저히 길어졌으며 수컷보다 암컷이 다소 길어졌다. 그리고 꿀물을 주었을 때 암컷의 평균 수명은 에서 30일, 에서 15일이였다. 6. 휴한답의 둑새풀에 산란된 끝동매미충 난에 대한 시기별 Gonatocerus sp. y의 기생율은 4월 하순에서 5월 상순에 가장 높았다. 7. 휴한답에 있어서 4월 하순부터 5월 상순 사이에 지역별로 조사한 본 난기생봉의 기생율은 거창, 남지, 진주지방에서 , 남해, 김해지역에서 였다. 8. 본답기에 있어서 끝동매미충의 2세대충(6월 하순경발생)과 3세대충(8월 하순경 발생)에 대한 본 난기생봉의 기생율은 각각 와 였다.

본답후기인 8중-9상순에 걸쳐 끝동매미충 난에 기생하는 기생봉의 종류와 이들의 기생율을 남부 4개 지역에서 재래품종과 통일계통 품종 포장에서 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 난에 기생하는 실적으로 Gonatocerus sp. 2종과 Paracentrobia andoi 그리고 Anagrus sp. 1종 등 모두 4종의 난기생봉이 분포하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 2. 기생율 조사 결과 Gonatocerus sp.의 평균 난괴기생율과 난립기생율은 각각 58.8%와 41.0%였고 Paracentrobia andoi의 경우에는 각각 6.2%와 5.3%로서 Gonatocerus sp.가 Paracentrobia andoi의 기생율 보다 훨씬 높안 우점종을 이루어 있었으며 이들 두 종이 같은 난괴에 혼재하는 율은 5.4%였다.