The development of embryos reconstructed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is dependent upon numerous factors. Central to development is the quality and developmental competence of the recipient cytoplast and the type of the donor nucleus. Typically metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII) has become the cytoplast of choice. Production of a cytoplast requires removal of the recipient genetic material, however, it may remove proteins which are essential for development or reduce the levels of cytoplasmic proteins to influence subsequent reprogramming of the donor nucleus. In this study, enucleation at MII did not affect the activities of either MPF or MAPK kinases. Immunocytochemical staining showed that both Cyclin B1 (MPF) and Erk1/2 (MAPK) were associated with the meiotic spindle of AI/TI oocytes with little staining in the cytoplasm, however, at MII association of both proteins with the spindle had reduced and a greater degree of cytoplasmic distribution was observed. The analysis of oocyte proteins removed during enucleation is a difficult approach to the identification of factors which may be depleted in the cytoplast. This is primarily due to the large numbers of aspirated karyoplasts which would be required for the analysis.

Na+/K+-ATPase, an energy-transducing ion pump, is responsible for maintenance of relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions in the cell by transport of these ions across the plasma membrane. Na+/K+-ATPase consists of α, β, and γ subunits, but only α and β subunits are needed for basic functions. Na+/K+-ATPase is also involved in regulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration by coupling with Na+/Ca2+ exchanger involved in intracellular calcium extrusion. Our previous study showed that calcium regulatory molecules including Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs, however, expression of Na+/K+-ATPase in the uterine endometrium has not been determined. Thus, we examined expression of α1 (ATP1A1) and β1 (ATP1- B1) subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of ATP1A1 m- RNA in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy were higher than those during mid and term pregnancy, and that levels of ATP1B1 mRNA were highest on day (D) 12 of the estrous cycle. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 mRNAs were localized to luminal (LE) and glandular epithelia (GE) in the endometrium. During mid to term pregnancy, localization of ATP1A1 mRNA was confined to LE, GE, and chorionic membrane (CM) of areolae and ATP1- B1 mRNA was localized to LE, GE and CM with the strongest intensity in LE of areolae. Signal intensity of ATP1B1 mRNA in LE was slightly stronger than that in GE. RT-PCR analysis showed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 mRNAs were expressed in conceptuses on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. These results showed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 were expressed in the uterine endometrium and conceptuses during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy status- and stage-specific manner. These suggest that Na+/K+-ATPase may play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating intracellular concentrations of various ions including calcium at the maternal-fetal interface in pigs.

A member of mice interferon inducible transmembrane protein like family, IFITM1, is reported to play an important role in primordial germ cell (PGC) formation and this protein reported for anti‐proliferation. This study conducted to investigate the mIFITM1 expression in reproductive organs of male mice. mIFITM1 expression in testis and epididymis were revealed by immunostaining and immuno blot. Moreover, we showed that mIFITM1 is related to development of mouse testis. mIFITM1 protein expression as markedly upregulated around 5‐ 15day after birth in testis, but postnatal 21 56 day detected pattern was decreasing by immunoblot. In the other reproductive organ, epididymis, we observed that mIFITM1 protein was strongly expressed in caput, corpus and cauda. We analyzed IFITM1 gene expression under conditions of androgen manipulation. Total RNAs were obtained from the epididymis of adult mice that castrated and injected. Testosterone replacement for animals 7day after surgery. In castrated animals, A clear decrease was found in the IFITM1 protein level on Interestingly, castrated mice was revealed that mIFITM1 expression is strong. At that time, the injected catration mice decrease in IFITM1 gene expression. We also found same result from the immunoblot analysis. Our data suggest that the function of the IFITM1 expression in sperm is remain unclear but mIFITM1 expression will be important to postnatal development of mice testis and spermatogenesis. Also, mIFITM1 regulated not only sexual maturation by gene expression in the reproductive organs but also by hormone.

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a ubiquitous protein of eukaryotic and archaeal organisms which undergoes hypusination, and known to play pivotal functions for the synthesis of proteins involved in cell proliferation and cell cycle control. Its nuclear localization has an important implication for the eIF5A functions in nucleus, but the evidence of the nuclear translocation is still in controversy. This study is aimed to elucidate the nuclear localization of eIF5A in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia by the immunohistochemistry using trypsin digestion to remove their cytoplasms. The keratinocytes of the acanthotic and basal cell layers in oral leukoplakia showed the complete removal of their cytoplasmic components, but the nuclei of those cell layers were remained on the microsection. The immunostainings using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody against eIF5A showed the strong positive reaction in the nuclei remained after trypsin digestion. And the immunostaining was more intensely expressed in the nuclei of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes than in the nuclei of the upper spinous keratinocytes. These data directly indicate the post-translationally modified eIF5A is abundantly localized in the nuclear matrix components including nucleoli, which are resistant to the trypsin digestion. It is also presumed that the nuclear eIF5A localized at the trypsin resistant nuclear matrix, i.e., histone and r ibosomal proteins, may be closely relevant to the control of mRNA production or to the nuclear-cytoplamic trafficking for mRNA transportation.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether foodservice brand language localization affects consumer attitudes in terms of similar brand image recognition with an original brand. Many global foodservice companies have tried to modify their own brand identity according to local situations in order to attract more consumers. According to this study's results, consumers who similarly recognized both the original brand image and localization brand image tended to have greater purchase intention than those who did not recognize them similarly. In addition, when the original brand identity was changed to the local language, consumers more similarly conceived the original brand image and localization. And for local store marketing, foodservice companies should have a thorough marketing research plan since there can be difference results according to brand name recognition gaps or demographic characteristics. Original brand image similarity recognition by consumers affected their attitudes. In other words, the group that similarly recognized both the original brand company image and the localization brand company image tended to have greater purchase intention. Because brand language plays an important role in consumer attitudes with respect to recognizing a brand and distinguishing another brand, this study suggests that franchise foodservice companies have a local store marketing plan.

본 연구의 전편에서는 이동최소제곱 유한차분법을 이용한 고체역학문제의 정식화 과정이 소개되었다. 후편에서는 수치예제를 통해 이동최소제곱 유한차분법의 정확성, 강건성, 효율성을 검증했다. 탄성론 문제의 해석을 통해 개발된 해석기법의 우수한 수렴률을 확인했다. 탄성균열문제에 적용하여 간편한 불연속면 모델링이 가능하고, 적응적 절점배치를 통해 특이 응력해를 정확하고 효율적으로 계산할 수 있음을 보였다. 국소화 밴드문제 해석결과를 통해 변위나 응력이 급격하게 변화하는 특수문제에 대한 정확성과 효율성을 확인했으며, 본 해석기법이 다양한 특수 공학적 문제로 확장될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

地方化時代에 제7차 敎育課程은 모든 교과 교육의 地域化를 강조하고 있다.그런데 漢文科敎育課程에서 地域敎育의 반영은 미흡한 것으로 나타난다.따라서 ‘地域에 대한 敎育’이 요구된다.漢文科에서 地域敎育은 첫째,지역의 生活相을 형상화한 자료를 통하여 할 수 있다.둘째,지역인의 삶과 직결된 風俗을 통해서도 地域敎育이 가능하다.셋째,자신의 주변에 있는 景觀들을 다룬 작품을 학습하거나 직접 관찰하고 견학․조사하는 과정 속에서 효과적인 학습이 가능하다.넷째,자기 고장 출신의 人物에 대한 탐구는 학습자에게 흥미와 관심을 증대시키고,지역 사람들의 삶의 모습을 살펴보게 하며,그것을 통해 愛鄕心을 고취시킬 수 있다.地域化에 호응한 구체적 활동이 地域敎育인데,地域敎育은 地域化라는 교육 목표에 도달함과 동시에,그 사회의 正體性확립과 그 지역의 傳統文化에 대한 理解를 제고시킨다는 점에서 중요한 의의가 있다.그리고 劃一的인 교육보다 多樣性과 創意性을 존중하며 중심과 주변의 차별적 인식을 극복한다는 점에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

This article is based on a part of one-year field research in Minahsa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This is concerned primarily with so-called “re-localization” of Minahasan cultures and traditions. Since the Dutch colonial period, the Minahasan community has accommodated Christianity and elements of European culture, thereby undergoing certain fundamental socio-cultural transformations. However, the Minahasan have also continued to retain a deep sense of Minahasan-ness in cultural practices so that one can discern a re-localized continuity in Minahasan culture. Minahasan traditions and culture still exist as ‘memory traces’, which enshrine local value systems deeply in the minds of the Minahasan. What is more, non-local cultural practices and systems have been imprinted with these Minahasan memory traces in the process of ‘re-localisation’, whilst at the same time blurring some of them. Some traditions have eventually disappeared, while others have been revived in the process of re-localisation. For instance, some pagan elements of the fosso [Minahasan feast] such as the activities of tona’as [Minahasan ritual specialist] and the worship dances for ancestral gods and goddesses have disappeared with the adoption of Christianity; but the festive properties of the fosso can still be traced in socio-cultural events such as marriage. This article is divided into five major sections. Firstly, it reviews some theoretical perspectives of local cultures and tradition in the era of globalization. Secondly, it proceeds to reveal the brief history of Minahasa in relation to Christianity and European influences. Thirdly, it talks about Christian influences on the Minahasan community in more details. Fourth, it attempts to describe the re-localized elements of Minhasan traditions and culture across time, taking examples of creation myths, belief systems, shaman activities, festive rituals and indigenous performances. Lastly, having said all these, it argues that the form and pattern of re-localization depend on how the Minahasan perceive and define their traditional culture in relation to the present lifeworld.

1. The concentrations of Ang. II were 7.20.91 × 10³, 3.80.34 × 10³, 3.50.30 × 10³, 2.80.22 × 10³ pg/ml in bovine follicular fluids from 1∼3 mm, 3∼5 mm, 5∼7 mm and 8∼10 m follicles, respectively. The concentrations of Ang. II decreased in follicular fluids from large follicles. 2. When oocytes were cultured in media containing various concentrations of Ang. II, a higher proportion of oocytes developed to MII stage in medium with 100 ng/ml (79.5%) Ang II compare to that without Ang. II (58.8%). When oocytes from different sizes of follicles were separately cultured in media containing 100 ng/ml Ang. II, maturation rates were higher in oocytes from small and medium follicles those from controls. 3. GSH content in oocytes cultured for 24 hrs in TCM-199 medium containing 10 and 100 ng/ml of Ang. II was also higher than that of oocytes cultured in medium containing 0 or 10 ng/ml Ang. II. When oocytes were cultured in media containing 0, 10, 100, 1,000 ng/ml of Ang. II, the concentrations of GSH were 5.1M, 5.5M, 7.2M, 8.7M, respectively. 4. When oocytes were cultured in media containing various concentrations of 10, 100, 1,000 ng/ml Ang. II, in vitro maturation and developmental rates were 84.0%, 90.0%, 78.0% and 28.0%, 36.0%, 20.0%, respectively. When oocytes were cultured with an addition of Ang. II in media, in vitro maturation rates higher than that of their controls (76.0%).