물질주의는 다양한 사회적 사건에 의해서 촉발될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 물질주의를 정체성과 관련된 목표 달성 이라고 개념화하는 이론을 기반으로 사회적 배제가 자기 정체성과 관련된 욕구를 불러일으키며 이는 물질주의 수준 의 상승으로 이어질 것이라고 가정하였다. 구체적으로, 사회적 배제가 소속의 욕구와 통제의 욕구를 상승시켜 물질 주의를 상승시킬 것이라고 예상하였다. 또, 권력감의 접근 경향성을 기반으로 권력감이 높은 사람은 낮은 사람에 비해서 사회적 배제를 경험할 때 소속의 욕구와 통제의 욕구가 더 커질 것으로 예상하였다. 20 ̴30대 한국 여성 202 명을 대상으로 실험 연구를 진행한 결과, 사회적 배제는 통제 욕구의 상승을 통해서 물질주의를 상승시켰다. 또, 권 력감이 높은 사람의 경우, 권력감이 낮은 사람들보다 사회적 배제가 통제 욕구에 미치는 영향이 더 강해졌으며, 사회 적 배제가 통제 욕구를 통해 물질주의로 이어지는 경로는 권력이 높은 사람들에게만 유의했다. 사회적 배제는 소속 의 욕구를 상승시켰으나 소속의 욕구와 물질주의의 관계는 유의하지 않았고, 소속의 욕구의 매개 효과도 지지되지 않았다. 해당 결과를 기반으로 사회적 배제와 물질주의의 관계 및 연구의 한계에 대해 논의하였다.

The hospitality industry is widely using customer data to develop successful personalized marketing communication. However, in the event of information leakage, personalized advertising may escalate customers’ privacy distress. Building on Conservation of Resources theory, this study proposes three dimensions for privacy threats that impact the relationship between personalized hospitality advertising and consumer responses. Findings from six experiments across high and low involvement hospitality products demonstrate diverging effects of personalized advertising depending on the type of privacy threat communicated. Results further indicate that customers’ psychological comfort mediates the relationship between high-personalized advertising and the customer response to the advertising when privacy threat is high. Additionally, when the perceived severity and distance of the announced privacy threat are high and low respectively, rational appeals generate higher levels of psychological comfort, while the same happens for emotional appeals when the perceived scope of the threat is high. The study concludes with value-adding theoretical and managerial implications for the hospitality industry.

There has been growing attention on the well-being of people with disabilities. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the associations between individuals’ socio-demographic and psychological characteristics and clothing expenditure, and (2) to examine the moderated mediation effect of self-efficacy and acceptance of disability on the association between dependency on others and happiness among people with visual impairment. This study was based on secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the 6th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled collected by the Employment Development Institute. The results of this study showed that average monthly expenditure on clothing was positively associated with self-efficacy, happiness, and acceptance of disability, while being negatively associated with dependency on others. The results also confirmed that self-efficacy mediated the association between dependency on others and happiness. A conditional direct effect of dependency on others on happiness was found, in which negative associations were significant among people with visual impairment who had low and mean levels of acceptance of disability (but not high levels). In addition, there was a significant conditional indirect effect, in which the indirect and negative effect of dependency on others on happiness via self-efficacy was significant for those with low and average levels of acceptance of disability. These findings support the importance of enhancing the independence and acceptance of disability among people with visual impairment, which ultimately contributes to their happiness.

일과 삶의 균형에 대한 관심의 증대와 더불어 수많은 연구들이 일과 삶의 균형의 효과성을 규명하고 있다. 이러한 기존의 연구들은 일과 삶의 균형에 대한 다면적인 측면을 살피지 않아서 일과 삶의 균형이 조직구성원들에게 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 온전히 이해하는 데 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 일과 삶의 균형에 대한 선행연구들을 토대로 일과 삶의 균형을 일-성장, 일-가정, 일-여가 균형으로 구분하고, 이들이 군 조직에서 부대원들에게 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 탐구한다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 일과 삶의 균형은 군부대원들의 사기를 진작하는 데 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 부대원들의 고양된 사기가 조직지향 조직시 민행동을 이끌어 낼 것으로 예측한다. 즉, 본 연구는 사기진작이 일과 삶의 균형과 조직지향 조직시민행동과의 관계를 매개할 것으로 주장한다. 또한, 일과 삶의 균형이 사기진작에 미치는 효과는 부대원의 근무환 경(경계부대 대 일반부대)에 따라 차별적으로 나타날 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 근무환경의 조절효과와 모형의 조절된 매개효과를 살펴본다. 이와 같은 가설들을 검증하고자 220명의 군 간부들을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였으며, 불성실한 응답을 제외한 214부의 자료를 실증분석에 활용하였다. 분석결과는 다음 과 같다. 첫째, 일-성장, 일-여가 균형과 사기진작은 긍정적인 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사기진 작과 조직지향 조직시민행동 간에 긍정적인 관계가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 일-성장 균형과 조직지 향 조직시민행동과의 관계와 일-여가 균형과 조직지향 조직시민행동과의 관계는 사기진작에 의해 매개 되는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 일-성장 균형과 사기진작과의 관계와 일-가정 균형과 사기진작의 관계는 일반부대원에 비해 경계부대원에게서 약화되는 것을 확인하였다. 다섯째, 일-성장 균형이 부대원의 사기 진작을 통해 조직지향 조직시민행동으로 이어지는 간접효과에서 근무환경이 조절된 매개효과를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 끝으로, 본 연구결과의 이론적ㆍ실무적 의의와 한계점 및 향후 연구에 대해서 논의한다.

Teacher professional development is critical because teachers play a pivotal role in students' positive learning experience in schools. In particular, teachers' systematic class goal-setting practice is important for their performance outcomes such as effective classroom management and student learning. This study investigates the effects of teachers' engagement in class goal-setting activities using strategies derived from Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) framework as a systematic guideline by exploring the relationship among the four variables: teachers' class goal-setting, their partnership with stakeholders, teacher effectiveness, and student satisfaction. By using Process analysis techniques to estimate the dual mediation model on data from 55 elementary school teachers and their 1790 students, the findings indicate the positive relationship between teachers' systematic efforts for their class goal setting and student satisfaction was fully and sequentially mediated by teachers' partnership activities with the stakeholders and perceived teacher effectiveness. The findings propose the importance of teachers' systematic goal-setting strategies in their classes, which can be developed for professional development opportunities leading to successful performance outcomes. The study also highlights the various indirect effects produced by teachers' engagement in class goal setting. The practical implications of the research as well as theoretical contributions for teachers are discussed.

This research develops an under-investigated aspect of the business literature regarding firm-created and user-generated social media communication and their influence on purchase intention of endorsed fashion products. The results indicate that (i) brand equity mediates the relationship between social media communication and purchase intention of endorsed fashion products, and (ii) the mediational role of brand equity is further moderated by the consumer’s self-congruity with fashion brands.

On the basis of the protection motivation theory (PMT) research model, this study employed perceived moral obligation as a determinant to improve predictions of people’s intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior aimed at mitigating the threat of environmental climate change through their protection motivation. The sample comprised 930 participants who completed self-reported questionnaire surveys in Taiwan. The empirical results of structural equation modeling indicated that the extended PMT model was more explanatorily powerful than the original model. The results not only confirmed that people’s perceived moral obligation plays a crucial antecedent role in predicting their intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior but also verified the mediation effects of protection motivation in the extended PMT model.

Introduction Customer co-creation – customers‘ active participation and interaction with the company during their consumption processes, has gained increasing attention in tourism industry (Bertella, 2014; Chathoth et al., 2016; Campos, 2015). For example, Finnair and Helsinki airport invited passengers to workshop for co-developing new service concepts to improve passenger experience (Loukas, 2013). Despite of the increasing enthusiasm at the firm‘s side, customers do not necessarily share the mindset and feel ready for cocreation. The success of value co-creation greatly depends on continuous collaboration between customers and companies (Chathoth et al., 2013), making knowledge regarding customers‘ engagement in value co-creation essential. However, insufficient research attention has been devoted to theorize and empirically investigate the drivers of cocreation behavior in tourism (Grissemann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2012). To address this research gap, we draw on the organizational socialization theory (Van Maanen & Schein, 1979) to propose and empirically test customer education as driving factor for tourists‘ co-creation behavior during their tours. Additionally, we propose customer readiness as a mechanism mediating the effect of customer education on value co-creation behavior, while such effect should depend on tourists‘ involvement with tourism. Background and hypotheses development Organizational socialization refers to the process by which a newcomer gradually absorbs values, abilities, expected behaviors, and necessary social knowledge for assuming an organizational role and for participating as an organizational member (Louis, 1980, p. 229–230). Similar to the organizational socialization perspective, customer socialization characterizes how customers develop skills, knowledge, and attitude relevant to the marketplace (Ward, 1975), which offers a lens to explain how service providers can assist customers and behave as effective co-creators in the service system (Claycomb, Lengnick-Hall, and Inks, 2001). Büttgen et al (2012) demonstrated that customer socialization by training tactic has more important influence on consistent beliefs of service quality than prior reinforcement experiences, which engenders co-production motivation, in turn, leading to coproduction behavior as distal outcome of the socialization tactic. Previous studies suggest favorable customer outcomes to derive from the provision of customer education (Damali et al., 2016). Thus, this study proposed customer education as a socializing tactic, which is mediated by customer readiness for co-creation, to determine tourists co-creation behavior. The concept of co-creation has gained increasing attention in tourism literature, which is often described as the tourist‘s active participation, engagement and interaction during the consumption experience (e.g., Bertella, 2014; So et al., 2014). As Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2004, p. 8) stated, cocreation is ―the joint creation of value by the company and the customer, allowing the customer to co-construct the service experience to suit her context‖. Indeed, creating a favorable, memorable experience involves not only the service providers but also the tourism customers because customers are always the value co-creator (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Challagalla and colleagues (2009) posit that firms can reach out to contact the customers to provide service after a sale is complete, rather than respond upon the customer‘s requests. In specific, Challagalla and et al. (2009) suggest the proactive service initiatives to consist of three dimensions, namely proactive prevention, proactive education, and proactive feedback seeking. In this study, the three key forms of proactive post-sales services proposed by Challagalla et al. (2009) provides a foundation that helps us to conceive customer co-creation behavior and define the dimensions underlying customer co-creation behavior of tourism services. Customer education, according to Meer (1984), involves learning activities that are organized and sustained by a firm to impart attitudes, knowledge or skills to customers or potential customers. Meanwhile, customer co-creation readiness (CCR) as a customer‘s condition or state in which he/she feels prepared to collaborate with service provider in value co-creation behavior, indicated by role clarity, ability and motivation to co-create (Meuter et al., 2005). Proper socialization process helps customers understand the product or service process as well as their role in performing service tasks, which not only could prevent customer‘s disruptive behaviors during the service process but also facilitate service flow and productivity (Rollag, 2012). Taken together, we propose the following hypotheses: H1: customer education will have a positive effect on customer co-creation behavior H2: Customer co-creation readiness will mediate the positive effect of customer education on customer co-creation behavior. Further, we postulate that tourist‘s product involvement is a boundary condition that constrains the positive effect of customer socialization. Socialization process does not always have much weight on tourists because the influence of socialization on each individual depends on tourists‘ individual characteristics (Van Maanen & Schein, 1979). Some tourists are highly interested in traveling whereas some consider traveling as a dessert in their meal. In line of this sense, we suggest the following hypothesis: H3: Product involvement will negatively moderate the mediation effect of customer co-creation readiness on co-creation behavior. Methodology The survey was posted on several well-known travel forums and referral networks. After eliminating invalid surveys, the authors obtain 300 valid questionnaires. Table 1 presents the sample characteristics. Customer education are measured by four items adapted from Bell and Eisingerich (2007). Product involvement depicts a customer‘s inherent needs, values, and interest towards tourism and is measured by ten items from Zaichkowsky (1985, 1994). Customer co-creation readiness is measured as a reflective first-order and reflective second-order construct by three dimensions: role clarity, ability, and motivation with 12 items adapted by Dellande et al. (2004) and Meuter et al. (2005). Customer co-creation behavior is measured as a reflective second order and reflective first order construct constituted by three dimensions of co-creation behavior with 12 items developed based on the review of concerns in the pre-site, on-site and post-site from several famous travel agencies. Results Measurement validation of constructs from construct reliability, convergent validity to discriminant validity were examined; and the results are provided in the table 2, indicating measurement validation requirements are satisfactory. Then, hypotheses testing was performed. In each analysis, we control variables, including customer gender, previous transaction experience with the travel agency (EP), and social desirability (SD), which are expected to have potential influence on co-creation behavior. H1 predicts a positive relationship between customer education and value co-creation. In support of H1, the analysis shows that customer education positively relates to co-creation of customers (β = 0.272, p = 0.043, R2adjusted= 0.292). Gender (β =-0.170, p<0.001) and SD (β =0.141, p=0.011) are negatively and positively related to customer co-creation behavior respectively. To test the mediating effect of customer readiness on the relationship between customer education and customer co-creation behavior, we used the PROCESS Macro (model 4) developed by Hayes‘s (2013) and estimated the effects with a bootstrap sample of 5000 cases. The indirect effect test indicates that customer education had a significantly positive effect on customer co-creation via the mediation of customer readiness for co-creation (0.312; 95% bootstrap CI [0.157, 0.517]) because the confidence interval did not include zero. The results support H2. Gender also has a significant effect on customer co-creation (β =-0.189, p <0.05). H3 postulated that product involvement will moderate the mediation effect of customer readiness. We used the PROCESS macro model 8 established by Hayes (2013) to test the moderated mediation. The conditional indirect effect test shows that customer readiness significantly mediates the influence of customer education on customer co-creation behavior, regardless of the level of product involvement (zero was not included in the confidence intervals). Nonetheless, customer education on customer co-creation behavior via customer readiness is significant and stronger in low level of product involvement (0.281; 95% bootstrap CI [0.186, 0.398]) but weaker in high level of product involvement (0.128; 95% bootstrap CI [0.029, 0.256]). Therefore, H3 is supported. Among the controlled variables, gender is the only significant predictor of customer co-creation behavior (β =-0.158, p<0.05). In a summary of dominant results of control variables, gender is significant in all three of the tested hypotheses; particularly, female shows a higher level of co-creation behavior than male. Conclusion we introduced organizational socialization theory to the literature on co-creation of tourism context and explored the effect of firms‘ education effort to socialize customers in co-creation activities. We found customer education as a socialization tactic and then conducting an empirical study by collecting data from several travel agencies to investigate the effect of firms‘ socialization tactic on customer co-creation. The results suggest that customer education could promote customer co-creation through customer readiness as a mediator. We also investigated whether the effect of socialization tactic differs on the different levels of product involvement. The results show that customers with high involvement were less influenced by customer education than those with low involvement.

Introduction Celebrities are actively capitalizing on their fame and credibility by launching their own brand extensions which are heavily promoted on Instagram. This situation is especially prevalent in Malaysia among many local Malay ‘celepreneurs’. While consumers’ constant involvement with a celebrity on Instagram is believed to result in the purchase of celebrity branded products, the central question of how a causal variable such as Instagram involvement has an effect on the outcome of purchase has been less explored in contemporary studies. The role of celebrity adulation and style conformity in the context of celebrity branding-cum-entrepreneurship deserves much attention given the strong influence celebrities exert on young consumers in this digital era of accessible information. Research framework Given the admiration that young consumers have towards the celebrities they follow on Instagram, celebrity worship, in both pathological and non-pathological form, is believed to be a crucial link between their involvement with the social media and their desire to imitate their favourite celebrity’s style. Eventually this paves the way for the purchase of celebrity brand products given that getting the products is an avenue for the young consumers to attain their celebrities’ style. Therefore in this study, four variables that mediate the relationship between Instagram involvement and purchase of celebrity branded products are examined: celebrity worship as manifested across three varying levels particularly entertainment-social (lowest form of worship); intense-personal (mid-level); borderline pathological (highest level); and style conformity. Method Data was collected from 226 Malaysian women of Malay ethnicity who are active Instagram users and fall under the technology-savvy Millennial segment using a self-administered questionnaire. This segment of consumers is technology savvy and has personalities and lifestyles (Gurau, 2012). They also tend to imitate their favourite celebrity in contrast to their male counterparts (Djafarova & Rushworth, 2017). Measures for the mediating variables were derived from McCutcheon et al.’s (2002) Celebrity Worship Scale and Park and Yang’s (2010) items on celebrity style conformity. A five-point scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) was utilized to capture the responses to the variables measured. Analysis and results Serial multiple mediation testing was applied on the data using variance-based structural equation modelling. The multiple mediation analysis showed that of all the three levels of celebrity worship which mediate the link between Instagram involvement and style conformity, only celebrity worship (entertainment-social) was found to be a significant mediator between Instagram involvement and style conformity (Indirect effect=0.127; t-value= 3.285, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.059, UL=0.216). In addition, the presence of a serial mediation was detected for the link between Instagram involvement-celebrity worship (entertainment-social)-style conformity-purchase of celebrity brand products (Indirect effect=0.04; t-value=2.954, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.02, UL=0.08). Conclusion The serial mediation testing in this study has demonstrated that celebrity worship and style conformity serve as the missing link between the involvement-purchase relationship. Furthermore, the multiple mediation testing has shown that only celebrity worship at the basic level functions as a mediator. The findings of this study imply that the use of Instagram is indeed a compelling marketing communication tool that fosters the purchase of celebrity brand extensions. Constant involvement in Instagram by following the celebrity, liking, reposting, commenting or hashtagging on the celebrity’s account builds a keen sense of devotion for the celebrity whereby the individual will constantly watch, read and learn about the celebrity. This then heightens the user’s desire to emulate the style of the celebrity which may well lead them to purchase the celebrity’s products in an effort to imitate the celebrity’s look and demeanour. strong desire for and high willingness to spend on branded products that match their

인사고과의 목적은 직무 수행을 통해 나타나는 구성원들의 능력과 성과를 공정하게 측정하고, 그 결과 를 반영함으로써 인적자원관리의 효율성을 높이는 데 있다. 따라서 인사고과는 구성원들의 성과를 관리 하고, 조직에서 기대하는 바람직한 태도와 행동을 향상시키는 도구로서 활용되어야 한다. 이에 본 연구는 사회교환이론과 확장-구축이론의 관점에서, 인사고과 공정성에 대한 인식의 확장이 구성원의 태도와 행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한 이러한 관계를 설명하는 매개역할로서 개인의 정서적 안녕에 주목하였고, 진성리더십을 통해 리더가 지닌 진정성의 확장이 가져오는 조절효과를 규명하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석을 위해 직장인 301명의 설문조사 자료를 사용하여 통계 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과에서 인사고과 공정성과 이타적 행동 간의 관계에서 정서적 안녕은 부분매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났으며 진성리더십의 경우, 높은 수준일수록 인사고과 공정성에 대한 정서적 안녕의 정적인 영향이 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 진성리더십이 높은 수준일수록, 인사고과 공정성과 이타적 행동 간의 관 계에 대한 정서적 안녕의 정적인 간접효과가 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 토대로, 프로세스 요인으로서 구성원들의 정서적 안녕이 지닌 역할과 더불어 진성리더십에 의한 조절역할에 대한 경영학적 시사점을 제시하였다.

Human resource is considered as an important resource that enables organizations to achieve competitive advantage. As such, it is important to have engaged employees to drive the strategic objectives of the organization. The study focuses on variables that can promote employee engagement. Work-life balance and employee engagement have received attention in both academia and practice. Engaged employees are crucial in the achievement of the strategic objectives of organizations. Besides, the role of religious orientation in life and work has been gaining attention from management scholars. The paper attempts to fill the research gap by developing a conceptual model and propositions for empirical testing. Specifically, the study proposes that work-life balance is expected to act as a mediator in the relationship between religiosity and employee engagement. Furthermore, religiosity is included as a moderator since religious belief can strengthen the positive relationship between work-life balance and employee engagement. A systematic literature review was carried out. A framework and propositions for future studies have been developed. The proposed framework provides direction for scholars to empirically test the indirect relationship between work-life balance, religiosity and employee engagement. Empirical testing of the framework could provide insights into how work-life balance and religiosity promote employee engagement.

Purpose: The present study examined how self-efficacy and parental support (autonomy and controlling support) mediate and moderate between exercise intention and exercise behavior in children. Methods: Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional process analysis was used with 252 children. Results: The results indicated that the positive association between intention and behavior partially mediated by self-efficacy, and this indirect link was stronger for students with low autonomy and controlling support than for those with high autonomy and controlling support. In addition, both autonomy and controlling support moderated the relationship between intention and self-efficacy. Autonomy support moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and behavior but not the relationship between intention and behavior. On the contrary, controlling support moderated the relationship between the relationship between intention and behavior but not the relationship between self-efficacy and behavior. Conclusion: These findings suggest that intention is positively link to behavior in children’s exercise settings, and self-efficacy and parental supports are key mechanisms in the relationship.

본 연구에서는 댐 건설 사업을 추진하는 경우 발생되는 갈등사안 중에서 수문학적으로 접근하여 이수 및 치수에 대한 갈등 발생원인을 파악하고 이해당사자들의 직접적인 참여와 의견을 수렴하여 대안 모의와 결과를 도모할 수 있는 공영시각모형(SVM)을 개발하였다. 이수부문에서는 각 행정구역별 생활용수, 공업 및 농업용수 수요를 예측하고, 치수부문에서는 각 구조적 대안이 형성되는 경우 신속하게 모의하여 수위저감효과, 침수면적 및 피해액의 변화를 제시하여 상호의견 교환에 따른 합의점을 도출할 수 있도록 구축하였다. 이러한 공영시각모형의 이용은 정보공개의 정확성, 결과의 신뢰성 등을 확보할 수 있게 함으로써 댐 건설에 대한 갈등 조정 및 완화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구의 목적은 체육시간에 학생들의 과제 지속성에 영향을 미치는 과제가치와 유능감 지각, 성취목표 및 정서간의 다중매개모형을 검증하는 것이다. 남녀 중학생 524명(남학생 230명, 여학생 299명)이 본 연구에 참여하였으며, 자료분석을 위해 다집단 구조방정식 모형분석이 실시되었다. 구조방정식 모형 분석의 결과 과제가치 지각은 숙달접근목표를 통해 긍정적 정서에 직간접적으로 영향을 미치는 동시에 긍정적 정서, 숙달접근과 숙달회피목표를 통해 과제 지속성에 직간접 효과를 보였다. 지각된 유능감은 숙달회피목표와 긍정적 정서를 통해 과제 지속성에 직간접 효과를 주었고, 수행회피목표를 통해 부정적 정서에 직간접 효과를 주었다. 숙달접근목표는 긍정적 정서를 통해 과제 지속성에 직간접 효과를 주었다. 집단 간 구조모형의 적합도를 비교한 결과 과제 지속성에 대한 과제가치 지각의 영향은 여학생이 남학생보다 강하고, 과제지속성에 대한 숙달회피목표의 영향은 남학생이 여학생보다 강하게 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 체육시간에 학생들의 과제 지속행동에 영향을 미치는 기대-가치 이론과 관련하여 논의되었다.