The purpose of this study is to identify the major peacekeeping activities that the Korean armed forces has performed from the past to the present. To do this, we collected 692 press releases from the National Defense Daily over the past 20 years and performed topic modeling and social network analysis. As a result of topic modeling analysis, 112 major keywords and 8 topics were derived, and as a result of examining the Korean armed forces's peacekeeping activities based on the topics, 6 major activities and 2 related matters were identified. The six major activities were 'Northeast Asian defense cooperation', 'multinational force activities', 'civil operations', 'defense diplomacy', 'ceasefire monitoring group', and 'pro-Korean activities', and 'general troop deployment' related to troop deployment in general. Next, social network analysis was performed to examine the relationship between keywords and major keywords related to topic decision, and the keywords ‘overseas’, ‘dispatch’, and ‘high level’ were derived as key words in the network. This study is meaningful in that it first examined the topic of the Korean armed forces's peacekeeping activities over the past 20 years by applying big data techniques based on the National Defense Daily, an unstructured document. In addition, it is expected that the derived topics can be used as a basis for exploring the direction of development of Korea's peacekeeping activities in the future.

Pigs are considered a “mixing vessel” that can produce new influenza strains through genetic reassortments, which threaten public health and cause economic losses worldwide. We performed surveillance of swine influenza virus (SIV) using 114,140 nasal swabs from 11,414 Korean farms from 2009 to 2022, and characterized their genetic evolution at each farm level. A total of 169 farms out of the 11,414 (1.48%) were SIV-positive. The positivity rate for the H1N2 subtype, which is most dominant in the pig population, was 37.87% (64/169). Through hemagglutinin (HA) gene analysis, 64 H1N2-positive farms were classified into Eurasian avian-like (46/64, 71.88%), triple-reassortant (14/64, 21.88%), pdm09 (3/64, 4.69%), and classical swine (1/64, 1.56%) groups. The estimated evolutionary rate of HA in H1N2 from 2009 to 2022 in Korea is 1.5309 × 10-3/site/year (95% HPD intervals from 1.0003 × 10-3 to 2.1735 × 10-3) with an estimated mean growth rate of 0.0114. Estimates of the relative genetic diversity of clades over time suggested that the HA of H1N2 exhibited an increase in population size. The results of this study showed that the Eurasian avian-like-HA of the H1N2 subtype was dominant in the pig population. The continued evolution of the HA of H1N2, which is critical for cell entry, might lead to genetic diversity and the loss of vaccine cross-protection. These results indicate that continus surveillance is imperative for monitoring the evolution of the swine influenza virus.

본 연구는 주변 환경의 차이에 따른 화분매개곤충의 유입 특성을 파악하기 위하여 국립수목원 내 진화속을걷 는정원과 부추속전문전시원에 식재된 울릉산마늘의 화분매개곤충을 조사하였다. 2023년 5월 22일부터 6월 2일 까지 꽃이 70% 이상 개화하였을 때 포충망을 활용하여 8일간 곤충을 채집하였고, 각 전시원 별 식생(피도), 기후 (온도·습도·조도)를 조사하였다. 조사 결과 진화속을걷는정원에서 피도 60% 온도 26.4℃, 습도 31.5%, 조도 40953.6lx, 화분매개곤충 20과 450개체, 부추속전문전시원은 피도 90%, 온도 25.6℃, 습도 31.6%, 조도 6387lx, 화분매개곤충 15과 196개체로 나타났다. 온도와 조도가 상대적으로 높은 진화속을걷는정원이 채집된 곤충의 다양성과 방문 빈도가 높았다. 시간대별 곤충의 방문 빈도를 비교해본 결과 온도와 조도는 개체수가 증가할 때 같이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 습도는 반대의 경향을 보였다.

The family Asilidae(robber flies) is one of the representative predatory flies that hunts a variety of insects during the larval and adult stages. There are more than 7,500 known species distributed around the world, and 74 species in 30 genera are recorded in Korea. There are about 270 species of the genus Leptogaster recorded worldwide, and three species (L. augusta, L. basilaris, L. dorsopicta) are recorded in Korea. Through this study, three unrecorded species (L. abdominalis, L. furculata, L. spadix) were identified, and a total of six species were confirmed to be distributed in Korea. We would like to provide general information of the genus Leptogaster, a list of currently distributed species in Korea, photos, diagnostic traits, and so on.

Riptortus pedestris has established symbiotic interactions with specific bacteria from soil environment in every generations. The soil environment is extremely heterogeneous with microbial diversity, suggesting that bacterial composition of the R. pedestris can be affected by surrounding environments. Therefore, we investigated spatiotemporal variation of bacterial communities in wild R. pedestris collected from five mainland areas and Jeju Island in South Korea across insect generations. Among the 390 R. pedestris adults collected, we detected a total of 28 bacterial genera from the symbiotic region of insects. Among the bacterial genera, genus Caballeronia bacteria was the most abundantly detected regardless of sampling site and generation. Nevertheless, bacterial richness varied among the insect generations with 10 genera detected in overwintered generation, 15 genera in the 1st generation and 18 genera in the 2nd generation. Moreover, we found five bacterial genera that were exclusively detected from the Jeju island compared to the mainland areas surveyed.

The effect of change in exchange rates on an economy is very important, especially, to a small open economy like South Korea. I explore whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have positive influences on exchange rate-pass through import price of import market for fishery products in South Korea. Competition among FTA partners is enhanced after FTAs are effective. I expect that the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through (hereafter, ERPT) into import price of fishery products (in terms of Korea currency) would be reduced since the import market for fishery products in South Korea is an oligopolistic market. Specifically, I　investigate two research questions with six South Korea’s FTA partners─Norway, Thailand, Peru, U.S., China and Vietnam. First, whether the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through into import price of fishery products from six FTA partners would decrase in the post-FTA era; seconds, the size of reduction has a negative relation with the size of their market share in the import market for fishery products in South Korea if it decreases. The empirical results indicate that the degree of ERPT into import price from other FTA partners than Norway has been reduced after FTA, statistically and significantly; however, I do not find the evidence that the size of reduction is related to their market share. The findings in this study imply that FTAs have negative effects on producers’ economic welfare in South Korea’s fishery industry by reducing the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through as well as reducing tariff barriers.

Arcuphantes catillus n. sp., a new species of the genus Arcuphantes Chamberlin and Ivie, 1943 is described from Korea. The present species is distinguishable from its known similar congeners by a conspicuous proximal process and a blunt lateral process of the paracymbium, feathery tipped lamellar extension of the pseudolamella, and bowl-like posterior part of radix. The present new species was collected from the leaf litter layer of mixed forest on a hillock around rice fields with a pitfall trap.

In this study, the near-complete genome sequence of the novel reassortant H1N2 influenza A virus strain A/swine/Korea/KS60/2016 is reported. Sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes were analyzed, revealing that the isolates contain segments from previous Korean swine H1N2 strains. Additionally, the remaining genes of this strain originated from human H1N1 strains in 2009.

효과적인 물환경관리계획을 수립하기 위해서는 다양한 기원의 유기물이 난분해성 유기물 농도 증가에 영향을 줄 수 있는지 여부를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 특히 상당량의 광합성 산물은 식물플랑크톤에 의해 매일 생성되고 있지만, 이들이 수계 내 난분해성 유기물에 기여하는지에 대한 정보는 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 13C 및 15N 추적자 첨가 실험을 통해 조류기원 유기물이 생분해 (60일, 암배양) 및 산화제 (과망간산칼륨) 처리 후 분해되지 않고 잔존하는지 여부를 확인하였다. 생분해 실험 결과 광합성을 통해 생성된 총 유기탄소 (TO13C), 입자성 유기탄소 (PO13C), 입자성 질소 (P15N)는 각각 26%, 20%, 17%가 비 생분해성 유기물로 잔존하였다. 또한 상당량의 PO13C가 과망간산칼륨에 의해 산화되지 않고 잔존하였다 (초기: 12%, 60일 암배양 후: 38%). 이는 미생물에 의해 사용된 후 남아있는 조류 기원 유기물이 난분해성 유기물에 기여할 수 있음을 의미 한다. 또한 미생물에 의해 변형된 조류기원 유기물의 양은 COD 산화율 및 유기물 지표 간 격차에 영향을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

Epizootic HPAIV, H5N6, and H5N8 infections produced severe loss in poultry and wild birds in the Republic of Korea from 2016 to 2017. But pathological lesions and antigen distribution of the novel HPAIV H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 in natural cases have been rarely reported. Herein, we describe the pathological lesions and antigen localization in chickens (layer and Korean native), ducks, and Japanese quail naturally infected by HPAIV H5N6. Grossly, severe reddening, swelling, and some necrotic foci, which were similar to septicemia or viremia, were observed in skin and many visceral organs including trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Histopathologically, pulmonary congestion and edema, as well as necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis were observed. Immunohistochemically, numerous HPAIV antigens were detected in necrotic parenchymal cells and in blood vessels of the respiratory, lymphoid, digestive, urinary, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. The results indicate that HPAIV H5N6 spread to the entire body via blood and caused severe damage throughout the entire body. The HPAI H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 virus was isolated from samples of all four cases.

It is necessary to understand of temporal and spatial dynamics by establishing a periodical monitoring system for theproper management in small brown planthopper (SBPH). A dataset is including the number of SBPHs by location, collectionmethod [aerial collection net (AeCN) or light trap (LT)] and period (May~Aug.) for five years (2011~2015), and missingvalues were imputed using multiple imputation methods. Of the 15,848 individuals collected, approximately 47% and 52.9%were collected using the AeCN and LT methods, respectively. A high incidence of migratory SBPHs was observed duringJulian days 144-166 using the AeCN method. Generally, the migratory SBPHs from China composed 39.4% of the totalpopulations of SBPHs. These results would provide valuable information to predict the incidence period of migratory SBPHsand establish a proactive management system against SBPH.

Although Agaricus bisporus mushroom is a popular mushroom consumed world-widely, the application of common bio-elements to verify its geographical origin remains highly limited. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether the six cultivation regions in Korea of A. bisporus could be determined by the stable isotope composition analysis of bio-elements, which are unique and abundant in most living creatures. δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, and δ34S in A. bisporus were influenced by the region, cultivar, and the interactions between these two factors (P < 0.05). In particular, the effect of cultivation region was more significant to the isotope ratio profiles as compared to the mushroom cultivar effect. During the cultivation period of A. bisporus, the C, N, O, and S isotopic fractionation was observed between the mushroom and cultivation medium, note higher in the mushroom (P < 0.05). Two dimensional plot of δ15N, δ18O, or δ34S effectively distinguished the cultivation regions, Nonsan, Buyeo, Boryung, Daegu, and/or Gyeongju examined in this study. Further, these isotope ratio profiles measured in this study would be statistically analyzed with various chemometrics to provide isotope markers for the authenticity of geographical origin. Our preliminary case study improves our understanding of how the isotope composition of A. bisporus varies with respect to cultivation regions and cultivars. In conclusion, the analysis of stable isotope ratios is a suitable potential tool for discrimination between the cultivation origins of A. bisporus collected from Korea, with potential application to other countries after certain validation steps required.

Chinese Character studies have mainly been focused on four areas: orthography, phonology, meaning, and character frequency. To add a new dimension to the existing approaches, this paper will provide and examine a quantitative data about the range of the vocabulary in Chinese character dictionaries. As a promising new method, the new approach, both diachronic and dynamic, will be very useful in exploring changing aspects of Chinese Characters usage, compared with the existing synchronic and static approaches. This paper aims to provide analysis of all Chinese Characters included in Chŏnun-okp'yŏn, the most authoritative dictionary of Joseon dynasty published in 1805 meaning ‘Chinese Rhyme Dictionary’, and in Sinjajeon, meaning ‘New Dictionary of Chinese Characters’ published in 1915, to explain their changing aspects in the entries of two dictionaries, and then to show how social change affected the use of Chinese Characters in early twentieth-century Korea. To that end, I construct the database of the two dictionaries on the basis of a detailed analysis of all the characters with respect to the radicals, strokes, components, and structures of these characters, which shows that Chŏnun-okp'yŏn includes 10,997 Chinese characters and Sinjajeon contains 13,348 characters with 13,084 in the body text and 264 in three appendices. 2,114 characters were newly inserted and 7 characters were removed in the body text of Sinjaeon. In particular, the number of the radical headings containing more than 20 newly inserted characters are 35, with 1,624 new characters in total, accounting for 77.1% of the total. The total number of radical headings including more than 30% newly inserted characters are 26. In addition, the number of radical headings containing more than 10 newly inserted characters with a growth rate of more than 20% is 903, accounting for 43% of the total number of characters. Based on these data, modern Koreans appears to have a wider vocabulary consisted of Chinese characters. The number of characters under the radicals meaning animal and plant ( 犬 (dog), 牛 (cow), 肉 (meat), 木 (tree), 米 (rice), 禾 (pine), 田 (farmland), 虫 (insect) etc.), those meaning mineral (石 (stone), 玉 (jade), etc), those meaning industrial products (皮 (leather), 巾 (towel) ect.), those meaning pathology (疒 (illness), 歹 (broken bones), etc.), increased quite a bit, the words reflecting newly emerged phenomena of industrialization or modernization in the early 20th century. In addition, it can be pointed out that the words used for spoken Chinese newly appears in Sinjaeon.

Genus Phytocoris Fallén, 1814 is the largest genus among Heteroptera, around 700 species are described worldwide. In this presentation, the genus Phytocoris from Korean Peninsula is reviewed for the first time with eight species, includes one new record, P. minakatai and one new species, P. goryeonus sp. nov. For further comprehension of this genus, figures of dorsal habitus, genitalia and diagnosis of each Phytocoris species are provided.