Low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes have been disposed of in the first-phase deep underground silo disposal at Gyeongju in South Korea. These radioactive wastes contain harmful radionuclides such as Uranium-238 (238U), which can pose long-term and deleterious effects on humans and the natural environment. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and isosaccharinic acid, which can be formed via cellulosic waste degradation under high alkaline conditions might considerably enhance the transport behavior of 238U with the intrusion of rainwater and groundwater. In this study, the engineered barriers (concrete and grout) and natural barriers (sedimentary rock and granite) were used to investigate the 238U transport behavior in artificial cementitious porewater of State I (pH 13.3) and State II (pH 12.5) based on groundwater or rainwater. The surface properties and geochemical compositions of barrier samples were characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, and BET. The transport behaviors of 238U in various solution conditions were observed by sorption distribution coefficient (Kd) at a range of initial chelating agents concentration (10-5-10-2 M). The sorption behavior of 238U was retarded more in the engineered rock barriers than in the natural rock barriers. The mobility enhancement of 238U was more significant in State I than in State II. In comparison with the absence of chelating agents, negligible changes in the Kd values of 238U were observed at less than initial chelating agent concentrations of 10-4 M. However, the Kd values of 238U were significantly reduced at initial chelating agent concentrations higher than 10-3 M. Therefore, these experimental findings show that the transport behavior of 238U into the geo- and bio-sphere could be accelerated by the presence of chelating agents and the type of cement degradation states.

Several previous simulation studies using various geochemical models have been carried out in several major analogue sites. The cases are beneficial when these studies provided the possibility of testing the geochemical models to be used to describe the migration of radionuclides in a future radioactive waste repository system. It was possible to interpret the complex transport behaviour of radionuclides such as uranium and thorium in an environment. We organize major natural analogue study sites from the previous literatures that provided information on the general geochemistry of the sites, in terms of groundwater composition and mineralogy. Also, we calculated aqueous speciation and the solid phases most likely to control their solubilities. The results obtained from the previous studies and this study vary depending on the tools used and on the conceptual models followed. Also, the results differed from the actual measured concentrations of trace metals or radionuclide analogues. The results obtained from these tests identify the main mathematical limitations of available geochemical models. However, the modelling results using a geochemical code with the thermodynamic database simulated well the observed behaviour of radionuclides, especially to identify the dominant processes controlling actinide mobilization and fixation. It was a useful outcome in terms of building confidence on the current geochemical tools to predict the concentrations of radionuclide analogues once the major geochemical characteristics were known. This study allows improving specific aspects of geochemical modelling using major natural analogue sites.

Removal of phosphate from environmental water has become more important to prevent eutrophication. In the present study, sorption behavior of phosphate onto magnesite was investigated under different conditions. The optimum pH of phosphate adsorption was determined to be 6.0. The adsorption capacity was found to decrease with increasing temperature, which indicates that a low temperature was beneficial for phosphate adsorption. The sorption capacity for phosphate was found to be 10.2 mg/g at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L and a dose of 2 g/L. The first order kinetic equation and Freundlich isotherm model fit the data well. Phosphate adsorption on magnesite was explained by electrostatic attraction and weak physical interactions.

This study was designed to determine whether visitor behavior at science museums differs across various exhibit styles and between Family and Non Family groups. Eight exhibits in the natural history sections of the national science museum located in Daejeon were identified to have distinctive characteristics and styles. At each selected exhibit, visitor behavior was observed for an hour. An average of eighty people stopped by each exhibit. Descriptive analyses of visitors behaviors showed that: 1) families spent more time than non-family visitors; 2) families paid more attention to exhibits, for instance, they talked and commented about the exhibits; 3) exhibit characteristics related to holding power and attention span; 4) families more frequently visited exhibits related to school curriculum rather than ones that looked attractive, fun or novel. Visitors did not play with sensory simulation types of exhibits as much as expected. This implicates that exhibit style does not guarantee long visitors holding time and attracting power. Non-significant results are explained in terms of environmental and exhibit-related factors. Several potential factors including visitor factors, setting factors, and exhibit factors are discussed and explored with topics proposed for future study.

게임 개발에서 사실성은 몰입감을 높이기 위해서 중요한 요소로 고려된다. 이를 위하여 본 논문은 RPG에서 몬스터들의 이동을 기존의 에너지 모델을 적용하여 ‘정글 마스터’ 게임을 개발 하였다. 이 게임의 주요 시나리오는 정글에서 동물들이 살아남기 위하여 서로 공격하는 것이다. 기존의 에너지 모델이 추격 몬스터와 도망 몬스터가 1:1인 환경인 반면에 본 논문에서는 게임 을 보다 재미있게 하기 위하여 그것을 n:1 로 확장하였다. 그 결과 에너지 모델이 실제 게임에 서도 효과적으로 적용될 수 있음과 보다 자연스럽게 이동하는 몬스터들을 구현할 수 있음을 보 였다.

스트레스 리본 교량(Stress Ribbon Bridge)이란 현수된 케이블에 최소 휨강성을 제공하기 위한 철근 콘크리트 상판 또는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 상판을 케이블에 현수 형태로 설치하는 교량을 말한다. 스트레스리본 교량은 지간장에 비해 매우 얇은 두께의 상판과 최소 휨강성으로 인해 낮은 대역의 고유 주파수 성분을 가지고 있다. 이러한 낮은 고유주파수 대역으로 인해 보도 하중에 의한 공진의 위험성이 있으며, 또한 진동에 의한 케이블 수평력의 변동 등 구조적 악영향이 발생 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이블의 수평력과 새그량을 주요 변수로 하여 고유진동 해석을 수행하였으며 이를 바탕으로 스트레스 리본 교량의 거동 특성을 분석하였다.

The shell of form-finding is most important in design procedure of the cooling tower, because the shape of the shell determines the sensitivity of dynamic behavior of the whole tower against wind excitation. The purpose of the study is the investigation of the influences of the geometric parameters of the cooling tower shell on the structural behavior. As a result, a hyperbolic rotational shell with the small radius overall will yield the shell geometry with a higher first natural frequency and thus a wind-insensitive structure. Linearly and nonlinearly numerical analysis are demonstrated influence of the shell-geometric parameters on structural behaviours. The results of this study may be informative for the form-finding of the cooling tower shell.

포항지역 널리 분포하고 있는 규질이암으로부터 상업화를 위한 50리터 bench scale 수열장치를 사용하여 Na-A형 제올라이트의 합성을 성공적으로 수행하였고 또한 이 제올라이트를 이용하여 환경 개선재로 활용하는 연구를 수행하였다. 초기물질로 사용된 규질이암은 제올라이트의 주요 성분인 SiO2 및 Al2O3가 각각 70.7% 및 10.0% 함유되어 제올라이트의 합성에 유리한 조성을 가지고 있다. 이전의 실험실적 규모에서 수행된 동일한 조건인 Na2O/SiO2 = 0.6, SiO2/Al2O3 = 2.0, H2O/Na2O = 98.6의 조성비로 80℃에서 18시간 동안 합성한 결과, Na-A형 제올라이트의 결정도 및 결정형태는 실험실적 규모와 유사하였고, 회수율 및 양이온 교환능은 각각 95% 및 215 cmol/kg으로 실험실적 규모에서 보다 약간 우수한 결과를 나타냈다. 합성된 Na-A형 제올라이트를 이용하여 모사폐액(Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn 및 Mn)에 중금속 제거율을 조사한 결과, 중금속 제거율은 Pb 〉 Cd 〉 Cu = Zn 〉 Mn의 순서이었다. Mn을 제외한 다른 중금속들은 1500 mg/L에서 99% 이상의 제거율을 보였고, Mn의 경우도 98%의 제거율을 보여 합성된 Na-A형 제올라이트는 중금속 흡착제로서 우수한 특성을 나타냈다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of hydraulic behavior of the natural channel flow according to the temporal classification mode, and thus propose the hydraulic analysis method for future channel design. For analysis, the temporal flow characteristics of the channel section was divided into the steady flow and the unsteady flow. For hydraulic analysis, the HEC-RAS model, which is a one-dimensional numerical analysis model, and the SMS-RAM2 model, which is a two-dimensional model, were used and the factors used for analysis of hydraulic characteristics were flood elevation and flow rate. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the one-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow for review. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate changed by (-)0.16%～(+)0.26%, and the flood elevation varied by (-)0.35%～(+)0.51% as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these results, in the one-dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the two-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate varied by (-)0.16%~(+)1.08%, and the flood elevation changed by (-) 0.24%~(+)0.41% as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these analysis results, in the two dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow, the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow.