Currently, the number of animals administered in animal hospitals and drugs prescriptions has increased. At the same time, the number of cases of violation of administrative measures due to violations of the Narcotics Control Act has also increased. Therefore, it is necessary to review whether the current status of drug prescriptions, management and supervision systems in animal hospitals are correct and whether there is anything to be supplemented. Although drug handling is managed through NIMS, there are problems such as poor supervision due to the NIMS single system, reporting exceptions that form blind spots for management supervision, and lack of connection between prescriptions and medical departments within the system. In order to overcome these problems, the following improvement plans are proposed. First, reduces the hassle of handling reports and facilitates verification of medical records and prescriptions by strengthening the link between NIMS and animal hospital electronic charts, and strengthens the link between drug handling reports of medical institutions and drug handling reports of animal hospitals to prevent exposure to medical shopping. Second, by introducing a preliminary notification system into the veterinary system, drug misuse is prevented through prior notification in accordance with the criteria for preventing misuse of animal drugs. Third, by modifying the NIMS reporting system by introducing disease classification symbols, the exact cause of the increase in use is identified by preparing drug use data for each disease. Based on these improvements, it is expected that a management system that reflects the actual medical environment of animal hospitals will be established and drug abuse will be prevented based on guidelines.

This study was conducted to evaluate the degradation and mineralization of PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products) using a CBD(Collimated Beam Device) of UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process. The decomposition rate of each substance was regarded as the first reaction rate to the ultraviolet irradiation dose. The decomposition rate constants for PPCPs were determined by the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation intensity. If the decomposition rate constant is large, the PPCPs concentration decreases rapidly. According to the decomposition rate constant, chlortetracycline and sulfamethoxazole are expected to be sufficiently removed by UV irradiation only without the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In the case of carbamazepine, however, very high UV dose was required in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. Other PPCPs required an appropriate concentration of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation intensity. The UV dose required to remove 90% of each PPCPs using the degradation rate constant can be calculated according to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in each sample. Using this reaction rate, the optimum UV dose and hydrogen peroxide concentration for achieving the target removal rate can be obtained by the target PPCPs and water properties. It can be a necessary data to establish design and operating conditions such as UV lamp type, quantity and hydrogen peroxide concentration depending on the residence time for the most economical operation.

In this study, the fate and removal of 15 pharmaceuticals (including stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, etc.) in unit processes of a sewage treatment plant (STP) were investigated. Mass loads of pharmaceuticals were 2,598 g/d in the influent, 2,745 g/d in the primary effluent, 143 g/d in the secondary effluent, and 134 g/d in the effluent. The mass loads were reduced by 95% in the biological treatment process, but total phosphorous treatment did not show a significant effect on the removal of most pharmaceuticals. Also, mass balance analysis was performed to evaluate removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in the biological treatment process. Acetaminophen, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, cefradine, and naproxen were efficiently removed in the biological treatment process mainly due to biodegradation. Removal efficiencies of gemfibrozil, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were not high, but their removal was related to sorption onto sludge. This study provides useful information on understanding removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in unit processes in the STP.

The aim of this study was to evaluate pretreatment methods for 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in various sewage samples using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and online solid-phase extraction with LC-MS/MS. Extraction efficiencies of PPCPs in the solid phase under different experimental conditions were evaluated, showing that the highest recoveries were obtained with the addition of sodium sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate in acidified conditions. The recoveries of target compounds ranged from 91 to 117.2% for liquid samples and from 61.3 to 137.2% for solid samples, with a good precision. The methods under development were applied to sewage samples collected in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) to determine PPCPs in liquid and solid phases. Out of 27 PPCPs, more than 19 compounds were detected in liquid samples (i.e., influent and effluent) of two STPs, with concentration ranges of LOQ-33,152 ng/L in influents and LOQ-4,523 ng/L in effluents, respectively. In addition, some PPCPs such as acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and ofloxacin were detected at high concentrations in activated sludge as well as in excess sludge. This methodology was successfully applied to sewage samples for the determination of the target compounds in STPs.

특허권 존속기간 연장제도는 1987년 물질특허제도를 도입하면서 함께 도입하였고, 의약품의 기존 특허권 존속기간을 최대 5년까지 연장해 주 고 있다. 우리나라 특허법 제89조에 의하면, 특허발명을 실시하기 위하 여 다른 법령에 따라 허가를 받거나 등록 등을 하여야 하고, 그 허가 또 는 등록 등을 위하여 필요한 유효성·안전성 등의 시험으로 인하여 장기 간이 소요되는 대통령령으로 정하는 발명인 경우에는 제88조 제1항에도 불구하고 그 실시할 수 없었던 기간에 대하여 5년의 기간까지 그 특허권 의 존속기간을 한 차례만 연장할 수 있다고 규정하고 있다. 의약품은 특허권 존속기간 만료시점에 가까울수록 매출이 급증하는 경 향이 있어, 특허권 존속기간의 연장기간 문제로 원개발의약품 특허권자 와 일명 복제의약품을 제조하는 우리나라의 제약회사 간의 이해관계는 첨예하게 대립된다. 특히, 복제의약품 출시 과정에서 특허무효심판 또는 권리범위확인심판을 통한 특허도전이 필수적인 것으로 인식되고 경쟁사 들보다 한발 앞서 연구개발에 착수하여 우선판매품목허가를 취득하려는 시도가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이 글에서는 의약품 특허권 존속기간의 연장기간 산정기준을 중심으로 검토하고 관련 쟁점을 분석하여 시사점을 살펴보기로 한다. 논의의 순서 는 먼저 의약품 특허권 존속기간 연장제도를 검토하고, 이 제도가 외국 에서는 어떻게 시행되고 있는지 외국의 입법례를 살펴보고 비교법적 검 토를 행한다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 하여 특허법원이 국내 최초로 제시 한 존속기간의 연장기간 산정기준에 대한 사례를 소개하고, 이에 대한 평석을 통하여 특허법원이 제시한 산정기준의 적정성을 검토하여, 최종 적으로 원개발의약품 특허권자와 복제의약품 제조업체 간의 합리적인 이 익조정을 위하여 우리 의약업계의 현실에 부합하는 특허권 연장기간 산 정기준의 개선방안을 다루기로 한다.

Acetaminophen (CAS 103-90-2) is one of the most used pharmaceuticals around the world. In Korea, it was produced 1,069 tons in 2003. This chemical is not eliminated in wastewater treatment plant and may flow into the ecosystem through various routes. Therefore, there is a possibility that it can make an adverse effect on aquatic organisms. To examine its ecological toxicity, we used three native Korean aquatic invertebrate species, Daphnia sp., Chironomus yoshimatsui, and Ephemera orientalis. The acute toxicity on Daphnia sp. was moderately high, and its 48 hour median immobilization concentration (EC50-immobilization) was 51.7 mg/L. On the other side, the reproductive toxicity was very high, and its EC50 of 25 day reproduction test was 0.005 mg/L. In E. orientalis egg hatching test, the median egg hatching inhibition concentration was 0.199 mg/L. C. yoshimatsui was most tolerant to acetaminophen, in which 48 hour median lethal concentration (LC50) was 400.0 mg/L and 45 day median emergence inhibition concentration (EC50-emergence) was 45.27 mg/L. From this results, we concluded that acetaminophen is hazardous to freshwater macroinvertebrates, especially to water flea. Therefore we need to study more about pharmaceuticals' ecotoxicology including acetaminophen and to assess their potential ecological risk.

The purpose of this study is to examine the development of the pharmaceutical distribution industry. The pharmaceutical industry is are expected to suffer a heavy blow when the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is introduced, despite its best efforts. Therefore, adequate solutions must be found. Section II introduces the Korean pharmaceutical distribution system and its current situation; Section III explores the distribution system’s strengths and weaknesses. Section IV, identifies the problem and possible solutions for the Korean pharmaceutical distribution system; Section V summarizes and concludes this paper and acknowledges its limitations. Finally, this paper has a clear limitation. The lack of objective information and scientific analysis due to the data being based on interviews with company representatives is its most significant shortcoming. However, it offers implications for new directions for future research.