감자뿔나방은 감자에 대한 검역 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 전자빔 조사가 감자뿔나방의 발육 및 생식, 그리고 DNA 손상에 미치는 영향을 비교하고 억제선량을 조사하였다. 전자빔을 알(0-12시간 이내), 유충(3령과 5령), 번데기(용화 1일 이내), 그리고 성충(우화 1일 이내)에 선량을 증가시키면서 조사하였다. 전자빔 150 Gy는 알의 부화와 부화된 유충의 용화를 완전히 억제하였다. 조사된 알의 부화율은 19.3%였지만, 성충 우화는 완전히 억제되었다. 3령과 5령 유충에 100 Gy를 조사하였을 때, 성충의 우화와 생식은 완전히 억제되었다. 번데기와 성충에 각각 300 Gy와 400 Gy를 조사하였을 때, F1세대의 부화율이 억제되었다. 전자빔에 대한 감자뿔나방 성충의 DNA 손상 정도를 alkaline comet assay으로 분석하였으며, 전자빔 조사가 선량 의존적으로 감자뿔나방의 DNA 손상 정도를 증가시켰다. 이러한 결과는 감자뿔나방에 대한 식물 검역 처리법으로 전자빔 150 Gy를 권장할 수 있다. 하지만, 감자뿔나방을 방제하기 위해 전자빔을 현장에 적용하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

We assessed the susceptibility of three fumigants on Phthorimaea operculella, which is an important pest of stored potato worldwide. 5 to 6 initial dosage of each fumigants were treated on every growth stages of P. operculella. Methyl bromide showed 100% mortality at CT 33.40mg h/ L on egg, CT 14.41mg h/L on late larvae, CT 31.89mg h/L on pupae and CT 16.01mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of methyl bromide was 19.115mg h/L on egg, 3.934mg h/L on late larvae, 13.810mg h/L on pupae and 6.260mg h/L on adult, respectively. In case of phosphine, 98% mortality was achieved at CT 16.77mg h/L on egg, and 100% mortality was achieved at CT 16.58mg h/L on late larvae, CT 18.54mg h/L on pupae and CT 12.28mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of phosphine was 1.457mg h/L on egg, 2.236mg h/L on late larvae, 1.282 mg h/L on pupae and 0.253mg h/L on adult, respectively. In case of ethyl formate, 100% mortality was achieved at CT 96.21mg h/L on egg, CT 101.30mg h/L on late larvae, CT 120.66mg h/L on pupae and CT 148.30mg h/L on adult, respectively. The LCT50 of ethyl formate was 23.730mg h/L on egg, 13.706 mg h/L on late larvae, 29.578mg h/L on pupae and 19.235mg h/L on adult, respectively.

Various plant extracts were widely used to control plant diseases and insect pests in organic farming system. This study was conducted to evaluate insecticidal activity of plant extracts against three moth in vitro. Insecticidal activity of 21 kinds of farm-made plant extracts including snowbell tree, sweet oleander leaf, sweet oleander and white cedar, collected from farmhouses were tested against diamondback moth (Plutella xypostella) and tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae. In addition, four plant extracts (pyrethrum flower, derris, neem and Sophora flavescens) were tested for insecticidal activity against Potato tuber moth (Phthouimaea operculella) larvae. As a result of insecticidal test on diamondback moth, insecticidal activity of pyrethrum flower extract was found to be 50% or more in diluted 100 times. The insecticidal activities against tobacco cutworm were 92.5% at snowbell tree extract, 77.5% at the sweet oleander leaf and white cedar extracts. Among the plant extracts, insecticidal activity of 300 times-diluted pyrethrum flower and derris extract was 85%, neem and Sophora flavescens extracts were similar to non-treatment. Consequently, pyrethrum flower extract and snowbell tree, sweet oleander leaf, white cedar extracts and pyrethrum flower, derris extracts for controlling diamondback moth and tobacco cutworm and potato tuber moth were selected. We think the selected organic materials can be used to control diamondback moth and tobacco cutworm, potato tuber moth under organic farmhouse condition.

Phthorimaea operculella is a pest causing serious damages in worldwide potato cultivation. As climatic factors are considered to be the most crucial on species’ distribution, we tried to compare climatic conditions between a native area of Phthorimaea operculella with cities in South Korea and other areas in Asia based on climatic similarity provided by 'Match Climates' function of CLIMEX software. Even though there is arguing regarding origin of Phthorimaea operculella, we selected Peru and Bolivia as home climate, and compared its climatic similarity to other areas in Asia with application of SRES A1B 2030 climate change scenario. Result showed that South Korea has favorable climatic condition for Phthorimaea operculella. Also, most of Asia except north China and south Russia showed the similar climate suitable for Phthorimaea operculella.

The potato tuber moth (PTM) is an oligophagous insect pest on solanaceous crops. Potato tuber is regarded as the main host of PTM but it can also feed, develop and reproduce on other solanaceous crops such as tomato. We tested adult olfactory behavior and larval development on 5 cultivated tomato varieties namely Money maker, Campari, Ailsa craig, LA 3475 (M82) and E-6203, and one wild species, S. pimpinellifolium. Tomato leaf hydro-distilled oils of Money maker, Campari, Ailsa craig, S. pimpinellifolium and E-6203 leaves showed strong attractiveness for mated adult PTM of both sexes (> 70%) in two-armed bioassay. LA 3475 (M82) oil showed repulsive response (83.7% for males and 87.3% for females). GC-MS analysis of the hydro-distilled oils of all tomato leaves contain the fatty acid n-hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) as a major compound with relative percentage as S. pimpinelifollium (32.1%) > E-6203 (26.5%) > money maker (26.1%) > LA-3475 (16.3%) > Campari (15.0%) > Ailsa craig (10.4%). LA 3475 consists of (1-hexyltetraecyl)cyclohexane (10.5%) as the second major compound which was absent in all other tomato varieties. In no choice test, PTM larvae showed highest developmental performances such as number of mines, headcapsule size, pupal weight and survival in Ailsa craig, and lowest in LA 3475. In choice test, similar results were observed. This study indicates the leaf volatile of n-hexadecanoic acid might be responsible for PTM attractiveness and (1-hexyltetraecyl)cyclohexane for repulsiveness. And varieties of tomato leaves could support suitable nutritional contents to PTM, posing pest potential in the future where higher exposure is expected.

The potato tuber moth (PTM) is a cosmopolitan insect pest and hosts various solanaceous crops including tomato. We tested olfactory behavior and larval development of PTM on different varieties of tomato fruit namely, Money maker, Campari, Ailsa craig, LA 3475 (M82) and E-6203, and one wild species, S. pimpinellifolium. We also analyzed essential oil of the tomato fruits through GC/MS. There were significance differences in immature developmental period and head capsule size among the tested varieties. PTM larvae showed highest survival on Ailsa craig (66.0±6.0) and E-6203 (64.0±4.0) and lowest on S. pimpinellifolium (14.0±6.0). The major compounds found in the tomato fruit’s essential oils include n-hexadecanoic acid (14.2%) and 2-octylcyclopropaneoctanal (8.7%) in Money makers; hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy -1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (13.1%) in Campari; tert-hexadecanethiol (6.8%) and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester (6.2%) in Ailsa craig; (Z)-13-docosenamide (13.39) in S. pimpinellifolium; Eicosane (4.4%,), (Z)-9 -octadecenamide (4.2%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (4.1%) in E-6208. The larval development result on tomato fruit could support its suitable nutritional contents to PTM, posing pest potential in the future where higher exposure is expected.

Potato tuber moth (PTM), phthorimaea operculella, invaded into Korea in 1968 but recently expanding the distribution possibly due to climate change. Ten insecticides were evaluated against the neonates and eggs of PTM. Vial contact test for neonates and dipping for eggs were conducted. LT50 at recommended dose and LC50 at 24 h were determined. Shortest LT50 was observed for fenthion (0.37 h) whereas longest LT50 from spinetoram (13.56 h). LC50 at 24 h was lowest in Abamectin (0.0052 ppm) followed by Emamectin benzoate (0.0084 ppm). Cartap hydrochloride significantly inhibited hatchability of 1, 2, 3, 4 day-old eggs (95.7, 94.0, 94.2, 89.8 % respectivly). Our result indicated that cartap hydrochloride was effective against both neonate and eggs of PTM.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) is a primary pest of potato which had invaded into Korea in 1968 and its distribution was restricted in the southern part of the peninsula. Possibly due to the climate change, its distribution expanded toward the North including Gyounggi and Gangwon province. Since this pest also can inflict damage on other solanaceous crop like tobacco and tomato, we tested the possible host expansion and damage potential on the varieties of tomato. A day old larvae were inoculated to three commercial varieties of a tomatoes and a potato. The results showed that PTM could survive and reproduce on tomato leaves or fruits with differential performance on the varieties. Development time for a day old larvae took longest in leaves of 3 months old plant than of one months old plant of tomatoes. PTM showed lowest reproduction on the leaves of variety with significantly higher type-VI trichome density/mm2. When fed with fruits of tomatoes PTM performance was low in terms of biological parameters in small sized cherry tomatoes than big normal size tomatoes. Significantly high survival rate was observed in the large sized fruit of tomato verities than small sized. This led to further discuss the importance of fruit size and the glycoalkoloid which is present in high level in cherry type tomatoes. Further work on resistance with more tomato accessions are necessary to know wider resistance variability in Korea.

The fumigant activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) was determined to all stage of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) under high oxygen concentration (50% and 80%). Oxygenated PH3 and EF were tested at two different temperatures (20°C and 4°C) during 7 days. Two oxygenated fumigants were treated with LC10, 30 and 50 values of single fumigant against each stage of P. operculella. At 10% inhibition of hatchability concentration value, inhibition of hatchability of P. operculella eggs was shown 20.3% and 9.2% with 50% and 80% oxygenated PH3 at 20°C at 1 day after treatment, respectively. The fumigant activity of oxygenated PH3 was increased at all stage of P. operculella except eggs both 20°C and 4°C. However, oxygenated EF was determined low fumigant efficacy to hatchability of eggs and emergence rate of pupae. The insecticidal activities of P. operculella larvae and adults were slightly increased mortality rather than single EF. In this result suggests that oxygenated phosphine is effective method for managing P. operculella. But, oxygenated EF is not effective.

The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is considered one of the main causes of potato losses during harvesting and storage. The pest occur throughout the year and its larvae damage the leaves, twigs and tubers. In this study, we have investigated the effects of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) against P. operculella. Fumigation to all stage of P. operculella was carried in a desiccator system at 5℃ and 20℃ for 24 h. As a result, LC99 of PH3 to all stage of P. operculella was showed 1.953 mg L-1 (eggs), 0.100 mg L-1 (larvae), 4.884 mg L-1 (pupae) and 0.240 mg L-1 (adults) at 20℃, respectively. LC99 of EF to all stage of P. operculella was observed 19.808 mg L-1 (eggs), 6.783 mg L-1 (larvae), 141.476 mg L-1 (pupae) and 3.223 mg L-1 (adults), at 20℃ respectively. Larvae and adults showed the highest susceptibility to PH3 and EF at 20℃. LC99 of PH3 to all stage of P. operculella was showed > 1.5 mg L-1 (eggs), 0.187 mg L-1 (larvae), > 1.5 mg L-1 (pupae) and 0.386 mg L-1 (adults) at 5℃ , respectively. LC99 of EF to all stage of P. operculella was showed 27.479 mg L-1 (eggs), 9.580 mg L-1 (larvae), 55.759 mg L-1 (pupae) and 3.084 mg L-1 (adults) at 5℃, respectively. These results indicated that the fumigant efficiency of PH3 and EF is more effective with treated in room temperatures against termites.

Insecticidal susceptibilities of 16 registered insecticides on each developmental stages of Phthorimaea operculella were investigated and further examined the contact, oral and residual toxicities after chosen from insecticides showing good effect. Mortality, longevity and effect on reproduction of 16 insecticides to P. operculella adults were also investigated. To the eggs and pupae, only spinosad showed 71.1% inhibition rate of egg hatch and 66.7% inhibition rate of emergence. To the 3rd nymphs, fenitrothion (LC50 336.6 ppm), esfenvalerate (LC50 8.6 ppm), ethofenprox (LC50 35.7 ppm), and emamectin benzoate (LC50 0.05 ppm) showed oral toxicity over 90% and esfenvalerate (LC50 0.87 ppm), ethofenprox (LC50 16.5 ppm), emamectin benzoate (LC50 0.53 ppm), and spinosad (LC50 2.48 ppm) showed the contact toxicity over 90%. To the adults, mortalities of insecticides were showed as below: deltamethrin and spinosad showed perfect mortality 48 h after treatment; esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, and thiamethoxam showed 40 - 60% mortalities; but the others are not showed any effect. Fecundities of female adults were inhibited by esfenvalerate, emamectin benzoate, and dinotefuran, compare to that of the control, but there were no statistical differences to that of ethofenprox, benfuracarb, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and diflubenzuron. Adult longevity was showed no difference compare to that of the control. Residual effect of emamectin benzoate showed perfect insecticidal activity at 14 days after treatment and the next ethofenprox showed over 90% at 7 days after treatment.

Potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the fields from warm temperate to tropical climates, and tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. To search potent natural enemies of PTM, we collected >150 PTM larvae from potato fields in Jeju-do in May, 2009 and then reared in the room until wasp adults emerging, which was identified by Lee J.W. as Diadegma fenestrale (tentative Korean name, 감자뿔나방맵시벌). This is the first report in Korea. When supplied 10% sugar solution on adults to rear, the longevity was 12.2±2.0 day, which was much longer than supplied with only water (5.0±1.4 day) or none (3.1±1.1 day). When the 2nd larvae of PTM, 10 days after hatch, dwelled in potato tubers were supplied to parasitoid adults for parasitization, the developmental periods from egg oviposition to adult emergence was 24.0±2.9 day, and the sex ratio of newly emerged adults was 0.27. The parasitization ratio indoor showed a kaleidoscopic characteristics, ranged from 30.0% to 71.4%. It represented that many factors might be related for the successful parasitization to PTM larvae.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) has been a destructive pest on potato in the fields and strores through tropical to subtropical area. According to global warming, PTM distribution limit in Korea is facing north gradually. Recently, potato fields damaged by PTM are reported intermittently in the midsection of a country and southward. To secure a sufficient number of insect with equal growth stage is a prerequisite for investigating bionomics and developing new agrochemicals to control pests. In 2009, we collected PTM larvae first from the potato fields in Miryang and Gimcheon, and then placed them into transparent hexagonal rearing cage (30×30×30cm) with providing potato tubers as a food till emergence. A transparent cylindrical rearing cage (Φ15×30cm) erected vertically before putting emerged adults, and covered upper opening with net (50 mesh). To get eggs, we placed a filter paper (Φ11cm, called ‘oviposition paper’) on the net and sprinkled sugar solution. The oviposition paper laid eggs was stored in 10℃ refrigerator and changed with new one every 1~2 day interval. The developmental period of eggs to hatch was 5.2±0.7 days at 23±2℃, L16/D8 condition. Although adults laid eggs continuously for two weeks, second to fifth days after emergence showed highest oviposition, which suggested the most efficient periods for collecting sufficient eggs. A hatchability of eggs laid within 10 days after emergence was over 90%.

The potato tuber moth (PTM, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the field in regions with warm temperate to tropical climates, and of tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. Although PTM can be a minor to serious pest depending on the area and year, this pest is getting more and more serious to potato fields in Korea according to accidental surveys. Son (1979) represented 12.5℃ of average annual temperature as northern limit of distribution where corresponding to Youngdeog, Dalseong, Boseong and Jindo regions. Soon after, Choi and Park (1980) reported that the northern limit of PTM distribution coincided with -8℃ isotherm for average annual minimum temperature of January. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. We carried out an extensive survey of PTM distribution using sex pheromone traps at 24 sites across the nation in 2009. As a result, we confirmed that the northern limit of PTM distribution climbed to southern Gyeonggi and middle Gangwon regions from Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk regions indicated by Choi and Park (1980). Hereafter, we are trying to investigate why drastic going northward of PTM happened in Korea. Here is one presumption that a sudden rise in average temperature has occurred during 30 years, from 6.34℃ in 1973 to 7.62℃ in 2007, especially around Daegwallyeong area where is a typical highland with 800 m high.

가지과작물의 주요해충인 감자나방이 국내에서 정착발생되는 지역을 파악하기 위해 수행된 명태별 저온처리시험과 분포조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 난은 -10℃. 처리에서 시간의 경과에 따라 부화율이 현저히 떨어졌으며, -12℃. 24시간 처리에서 부화능력을 완전상실하였다. 2. 유충은 -5℃, 처리에서 시간의 경과에 따라서 용화율이 현저히 떨어졌으며 -7℃. 96시간 처리에서 용화능력을 완전 상실하였다.