교통수단의 발달과 애완동물 시장의 확장은 외래생물의 국가 간 이동을 증가시키는 주요한 원인이 되고 있다. 게다가 최근 인터넷을 통한 판매는 애완동물 거래를 활성화하는 요인이 된다. 국내의 경우, 외래생물의 수입은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 반면 수입된 외래생물들이 어떻게 그리고 얼마나 거래되고 있는지는 명확하지 않다. 일반적으로 야생에서 발견되는 외래생물 대부분이 방생의 결과라는 점을 고려하면, 애완동물의 거래 현황을 파악하는 것은 야생으로 유입될 수 있는 잠재적인 외래생물을 파악하는 것과 동일하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2019년 1월 22일에서 2월 10일까지 총 25개 온라인 펫샵을 대상으로 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 종수, 빈도, 가격 등을 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 총 677종의 외래 양서파충류가 판매되고 있었으며, 그 중 뱀류이나 도마뱀류를 포함한 유린목(Squamata)이 전체 65.4%(443종)로 가장 많았다. 2019년도 온라인 펫샵에서 판매하는 외래 양서파충류 수는 과거 2015년 공식적으로 수입된 325종 보다 약 2.1배 많았다. 가장 많은 매장에서 판매하는 양서류는 Litoria caerulea(화이트청개구리)(21개 펫샵)였으며, 파충류는 Correlophus ciliatus(크리스디 드도마뱀붙)(24개)였다. 외래 양서파충류의 가격은 최저 3천원이었으며, 최고가로 판매되는 종은 유린목의 Rhacodactylus leachianus(리취자이언트도마뱀붙이)의 1억원이었다. 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 중 야생에서 발견된 종은 총 11종으로 확인되었으며, 비교적 낮은 가격에 판매되고 있었다. 멸종위기야생생물 II급이자 천연기념물 제453호인 남생이와 생태계교란야생생물인 황소개구리(백색증, albino)가 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 677종 중 21.6%가 CITES으로 지정된 종이었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 국내로 수입되어 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 현황을 파악할 수 있었으며, 이는 야생으로 유입될 가능성이 있는 잠재적인 외래 양서파충류를 평가하고 예측하는 데 중요한 근거가 될 것이다.

Amphibians and reptiles are included in two independent classes which are upper units of animal kingdom and inseparable members of biodiversity in Mongolia as well as important part of ecosystem. If these animals are taken from the ecosystem, that normal natural substance nutrient cycle and energy flow will be destroyed. In order to keep the ecosystem balance, there is a need to study and protect the herpetologcal species same as with other biological groups. When amphibians dominating in Nothern region which has more lakes, streams and ponds, as a true terrestrial animal reptiles are mainly occur in Gobi Desert region of the country. There are 6 species of amphibians in Mongolia belongs to 4 families of 2 orders and 21 species of reptiles in Mongolia belongs to 13 genera 6 families of 2 suorders. Our diversity is low, comparing with the Middle Asia, Northeast Asia and Central Asian herpetoligical species, due to harsh continental climate of Mongolia. From the viewpoint of evolution, whole class of amphibians and reptiles could be a relict and since they are cold-bloooded animal, its very difficult to live in dry and cold climate. Even species diversity is poor, Mongolian herpetological composition is unique, highly adopted in country’s harsh climate and originated a long time ago. There are two main characteristic in herpetilogical species composition of Mongolia. First, marginal population of widely distributed Palearctic species entered. Second, core zone of species originated in Central Asia is Mongolia. Based on these two characteristic, objective and future trend of herpetoligical study might determined. Recently climate changes and human impacts on environment negatively influencing on the marginal population species in Mongolia. In mongolia, totally 6 species of amphibian species are recorded; from class Amphibia, order Urodela, family Hynobiidae one species distributed- Hynobius keyserlingii, from order Anura, family Bufonidae two species: Bufo raddei and Bufo pewzovi, from Hylidae family: Hyla japonica, from Ranidae family 2 species: Rana amurensis and Rana chensinensis. Recently some study including Hynobius keyserlingii in Salamandridae family, but we are preffering previous classification which including the species in independent family “Hynobiidae”. The origin of Mongolian amphibian fauna divided into Central Asia-Mongolia, Siberian - Europe, Eastern and Middle Asia (Munkhbayar, 1973). There are total of 21 species of reptiles in two suborders (snake, lizard) of a order (Squamata) distributed in Mongolia, from these 13 species of 13 genera of 6 families are lizards, as follows Kaspischer even-fingered gecko – Alsophylax pipiens, Przewalski’s wonder gecko – Teratoscincus przewalskii, Gobi naked-toed gecko – Cyrtopodion elongates, Mongolian agama – Laudakia stoliczkana altaica, Toad-head agama – Phrynocephalus versicolor, Sunwather toadhead agama – Ph.helioscopus, Sand lizard – Lacerta agilis, Viviparous lizard – L.vivipara, Mongolian racerunner – Eremias argus, Variegated racerunner – E.vermiculata, Stepperunner – E.arguta, Multiocellated racerunner – E.multiocellata and Gobi racerunner – E.przewalskii, and 8 species are snakes as follows Tatar sand boa – Eryx tataricus, Slender racer – Coluber spinalis, Steppes ratsnake – Elaphe dione, Amur rat snake – E.schrenckii, Grass snake – Natrix natrix, Steppe ribbonracer – Psammophis lineolatus, Northern viper – Vipera berus and Halys pit viper – Gloydius halys. The origin of Mongolian reptilian fauna divided into three complex groups (Peters, 1982): West Palearctic forest centered originated species (Viviparous lizard, Grass snake and Northern viper), East Palearctic forest centered originated species (Mongolian racerunner, Halys pit viper and Steppes ratsnake), and Desert centered originated species. Desert centered originated species divided into as complex of Turan (Sunwather toadhead agama, Squeaky pygmy gecko, Stepperunner, Tatar sand boa and Steppe ribbon racer) complex of Tuvd (Mongolian agama), and complex of Mongolia (Plate-tailed gecko, Tuva toad-head agama, Gobi racerunner, Variegated racerunner and Slender racer). Also some researchers divided the fauna as follows Euro-Siberian cool zone, Manjuur, Central Asian, South Palearctic (Asian) and Palearctic and then these species included in Central Asian complex such as Sunwatcher toadhead agama, Mongolian agama, Plate-tailed gecko, Gobi naked-toed gecko, Mongolian racerunner, Multiocellated racerunner, Gobi racerunner and Slender racer (Orlova et al., 1986). At the second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop (11-15 September, 2006), participants assessed the status of 27 Mongolian reptile and amphibian species using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The assessments revealed a number of trends affecting the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Six Mongolian reptile and amphibian species were identified as regionally threatened. Of these, four species are amphibians and two are reptiles. One species, the stepperunner (Eremias arguta) is categorized as Data Deficient. This does not necessarily imply that it is facing a lower risk of extinction than those identified as threatened, but highlights a requirement for more extensive research (Terbish et al.,2008). Steppes ratsnake and Halys pit viper are in 8 biotopes, Mongolian toad is in 6 biotopes, Mongolian racerunner is in 5 biotopes, Siberian salamander, Siberian wood frog, Asiatic grass frog are in 2 biotopes, European grass snake, Steppe ribbon racer are in a biotope. Also lets discuss results of some sites’ estimation. About 60 Asiatic grass frogs are estimated from the 1000 m transect at bank of Dagsh River in Dariganga. While 14 Asiatic grass frogs are estimated from the 1000 m transect at bank of Nariin River in head of Nomrog. Three hundred Mongolian toads are estimated from a hectare at some sites of Mongol Daguur preserve (Munkhbaatar, 2004). Conservation of Mongolian amphibians and reptiles are being held as follow : Register and conserve in the Mongolian Red Book. There are 9 species of gerpetofauna have been registered in the Mongolian Red Book, and these are Siberian salamander, Pewzow’s toad, Japanese tree frog, Asiatic grass frog, Gobi naked-toed gecko, Sunwatcher toadhead agama, Stepperunner, Tatar sand boa and Slender racer. Amphibians and reptiles have been conserved at Special Protected Area Network. In 2008, 61 areas from Mongolian land, which are about 14% or 21.9 million hectares, have been protected as Protected Area.

To determine the status of Korean wild reptiles and amphibians infection and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula, references were reviewed. Wild animals serve as intermediate, reservoirs and paratenic hosts to zoonotic parasites of human beings. The parasites and disease can be a serious problem for all herptiles. The infectious diseases, in particular, become parasitized through contact with other reptiles or contaminated objects and environments, or by eating infected food items. Worms are one of the most common intestinal parasites. Among reptiles, the most common infections are flatworms (trematodes), roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes), and spiny-headed worms (acanthocephalans). A total of 20 species for infectious diseases from Korean wild reptiles and amphibians has been reviewed. Among them, 11 species was amphibians and 9 species for reptiles. The Korean wild herptiles had total 41 kinds of parasite pathogenic organisms. Meximum infections belonged to Rana nigromaculata as amphibians had 22 kinds of parasite organisms, including Gorgodera aponica, Gorgodera bombinae, Diplodiscus japonicus, Haematoloechus sibiricus japonicus, Pleurogenoides japonicus, Haematoloechus nanchangensis, Haematoloechus variegatus, Haematoloechus lobatus koreanus, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Halipergus japonicus, Haematolechus japonicus, Loxogenes liberum, Baerttia japonica, Ophiotaenia manae, Oswardcruzia lualata, Icosiella kobayashi, Pharyngodon pobypedates, Gyrinicola japonica, Catadiseus sp., Ophisthodiseus sp., Diplorchis sp., and Sparganum. Also, Dinodon rufozonatum as reptiles had 5 kinds of parasite, including Cotylaspis coreensis, Cotylaspis sinensis, Cephalogonimus japonicus, Astiotrema reniferum, Astiotrema odheri, Kaurma orientalis, and Astiotrema sp.. In the future, under the climatic extremes on Korean peninsula such as floods, drought and temperature variability, in particular, the susceptibility of amphibian and reptiles to infection will be increased and they have implications for the emergence of disease and the potential for climate change to exacerbate amphibian decline.

본 연구는 PIT tag (passive integrated transponder)과 무선추적법(radio telemetry)을 오대산국립공원과 월악산국립공원에 서식하고 있는 파충류에 적용한 후, 이를 평가하여 효과적으로 국립공원 내 파충류 자원관리 방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. PIT tag은 현재까지 알려진 파충류 개체표시법 중에서 가장 효과적인 방법으로 2006년 3월부터 2008년 10월까지 오대산국립공원과 월악산국립공원의 조사지역에 출현한

This survey was carried out to investigate herpetofauna in 22 Islands, Incheon. As a result, we have listed 1 order, 5 families, 10 species of amphibians and 1 order 4 families, 12 species of reptiles. Of them, legally protected species are following: Elaphe schrenckii Strauch (Colubridae), Eremias argus Peters (Lacertilidae), Rana plancyi chosenica Okada (Ranidae), Kaloula borealis (Barbour) (Microhylidae). Especially, E. schrenckii was the most abundant in Island Seongap. Islands where endangered species have been found could be protected from further anthropogenic activities.

Borrelia, which is transmitted by arthropod, is known as an infectious agent to vertebrate, such as Lyme disease (LD) Borrelia and Relapsing fever (RF) Borrelia. LD Borrelia is only transmitted by hard-bodied ticks classified into the Ixodes ticks. In contrast, almost of RF Borrelia was transmitted by soft-bodied ticks, Argasid ticks. Thus so far, the co-evolution was thought to be established between Borrelia and tick. In this study, we found unknown borreliae from imported reptiles and its associated ticks (we preliminary named as ‘REP Borrelia’). Ticks were introduced into Japan with world-wide trading of reptiles. Ticks were classified into genus Amblyomma or Hyalomma. Out of 82 ticks, 76 were positive for PCR of tickmitochondrial gene for 16S rRNA, and we used these 76 ticks for our examination. From 57 ticks (75%), Borrelia turcica and unknown three Borrelia spp. were detected or isolated. In addition, we examined imported reptiles which were infested exotic ticks. A total of 15 reptiles including 5 of Testudo graeca, 1 of T. horsfieldii, 2 of Phelsuma dubia and 7 of Geochelone pardalis were used for isolation study of Borrelia. Borrelia was isolated from 11 reptiles (73.3%) as follows: T. graeca, T. horsfieldii, G. pardalis. It suggested that, these imported reptiles and exotic ticks were highly infected with Borrelia. Phylogenetic analysis based on the DNA sequences of Borrelia, it was indicated that REP Borrelia constituted a cluster which was independent from RF and LD Borrelia. Surprisingly, this REP Borrelia was expected that was transmitted by hard-bodied tick, although it was thought to be diverged from ancestor RF Borrelia. From quantitative analysis of divergence based on 16S rRNA gene, it was expected that REP and RF Borrelia were differentiated around 50 million years ago (MYA). On the other hand, the oldest soft-bodied tick fossil from New Jersey amber was indicated that soft-bodied tick was speciated since ~92 MYA. In fact, soft-bodied tick was already diverged into genus level when RF and REP Borrelia were diverged. This may suggest that the vector switching event was occurred in ancestor REP/RF Borrelia.

우리나라에 서식하는 파충류상과 분포 현황을 파악하기 위해 제2차 전국자연환경조사, 국립공원자연자원조사, 개인 조사결과 등이 분석되었다. 그 결과 우리나라에 서식하는 파충류는 총 2목 7과 21종으로 확인되었다(장수거북, 바다거북, 붉은바다거북, 바다뱀, 얼룩바다뱀, 먹대가리바다뱀 등 해양 파충류 제외). 또한 분류학적으로 많은 논쟁이 있는 도마뱀류, 장지뱀류, 뱀류에 대한 분류학적 고찰이 시도되었다. 그러나 추가적으로 해양파충류에 대한 연구가 필요할 것