Japan has argued that its recently introduced export control measures toward the Republic of Korea (ROK) are consistent with relevant international guidelines. The ROK has rejected this view and claims that Japan’s measures are inconsistent with World Trade Organization (WTO) law. If a WTO Panel is established to adjudicate this matter, the national security exception clause, specifically Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), is likely to be invoked. Russia–Measures concerning Traffic in Transit is one of the few cases in which a WTO Panel has rendered a decision on this article. In general, the doctrine of precedents does not strictly apply; however, it hints that the Panel may require objective arguments to be provided despite the clause’s “self-judging” nature. On its face, Japan appears to have a stronger case, but the Panel would nonetheless be required to make a difficult decision.

Epidemiological research to investigate the spatial characteristics of poultry farms confirmed with avian influenza (AI) infection can help increase the efficacy of AI surveillance as well as AI control strategies. The spatial characteristics of poultry farms confirmed with AI infection can provide insights on effective AI-surveillance and AI-control strategies to policymakers by providing a visualization of the geographical pattern of AI distribution. The goal of the current study was to investigate the spatial characteristics of the risk of a farm being AI-positive by using data from routine AI-surveillance performed during the period 2014–2015. To achieve this goal, we applied a spatial model because it improves the estimation of the relative risk by taking into account spatial dependence between epidemiological units. The results revealed there was a lack of dependency between districts in the risk of a farm being AI-positive. The estimates for the spatial autocorrelation coefficient in the spatial model for chicken farms were 0.006 in 2014 (p = 0.9496) and -0.064 in 2015 (p = 0.6052) and for duck farms were -0.066 in 2014 (p = 0.4380) and 0.047 in 2015. Likewise, Moran’s I statistic estimates for chicken farms were 0.0243 in 2014 (p = 0.3183) and -0.0174 in 2015 (p = 0.5657) and for duck farms were -0.0342 in 2014 (p = 0.6678) and -0.0230 in 2015.

2012~2017년까지 강원도 3개 시 ‧ 군(춘천시, 강릉시, 횡성군)에서 채집된 모기는 총 6속 13종, 654,362마리가 채집되었다. 채집된 모기는 분류하여 얼룩날개모기속을 제외하고 종별, 채집일, 채집 장소에 따라 최대 50마리를 1개 실험군으로 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 염기서열 분석방법으로 플라비바이러스 감염여부를 조사하였다. 채집모기 276,224마리에 대해 7,721개 실험군을 검사한 결과 68개 실험군(0.9%)에서 플라비바이러스 유전자가 검출되었다. 검출된 플라비바이러스의 염기서열 분석결과 4개 실험군은 일본뇌염바이러스 (Japanese encephalitis virus), 64개 실험군은 차오양바이러스(Chaoyang virus)로 확인되었다. 일본뇌염바이러스는 2012년 춘천시에서 채집 된 2,728마리의 빨간집모기 중 1개 실험군, 2013년 횡성군에서 채집된 19마리의 동양집모기 중 1개 실험군, 2017년 춘천시에서 채집된 1,111마리의 빨간집모기 중 1개 실험군, 강릉시에서 채집된 빨간집모기 724마리 중 1개 실험군에서 검출되었다. 검출된 일본뇌염바이러스의 유전형은 모두 Ⅴ형 바이러스였다. 차오양바이러스는 강원도 내에서 6년간 채집된 금빛숲모기 232,871마리, 5,055개 실험군을 대상으로 검사한 결과 63 개 실험군에서 검출되었으며, 춘천지역에서 채집된 빨간집모기 585개 실험군 중 1개 실험군에서 검출되었다. 채집지역별 금빛숲모기의 차오양 바이러스 감염률이 가장 높은 지역은 MIR (최소감염률) 0.32, MLE (최대우도법) 0.33 (CI 0.23~0.46) 감염률을 보인 춘천시였다. 그 뒤로 횡성군 MIR 0.30, MLE 0.30 (CI 0.16~0.52)과 강릉시 MIR 0.21, MLE 0.21 (CI 0.13~0.31)순이었다. 월별 금빛숲모기의 차오양바이러스 감염률은 10월에 MIR 0.38, MLE 0.38 (CI 0.07~1.25)로 가장 높은 감염률을 나타내었다.

This study was conducted to investigate 106 grassland farms in six provinces including Chungcheongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeju-do, and Jeollanam-do to present their problems and causes by surveying the actual state of grassland farms during three years(2014~2016). The grassland survey was divided into three categories; used as the perennial grasses and annual forage crops (Complied with Grassland Act), not used as the perennial grasses and annual forage crops (Not complied with Grassland Act) and failed to meet the farmer and some items are missing or inaccurate (Insufficient contents). Among the surveyed grassland farm, 68 farms (64.2 %) were complied with Grassland Act but 30 farms (28.3 %) were not complied with Grassland Act. Especially, the 8 farms (26.7 %) not complied with Grassland Act used the grassland as other purposes such as tree growing, golf club and swine farm etc.. Therefore, strict on-site investigation by local governments is required to prevent the grassland from being used by illegal purposes. And there’s a strong likelihood that 5 farms (62.5 %) avoided the survey violate the positive law. Grassland grades used by the local administrative agencies were not influenced by the factors affecting the yield (existence and non-existence of overseeding and fertilization by grassland grade, soil pH and organic matter content). This results suggest that there is a fundamental problem on the current grassland grade system based on the yield and the irregular time of investigation and lack of on-site investigation are another causes for inaccurate grassland grade. Therefore, the new method evaluating grassland grades which is not based on yield and the thorough on-site investigation by local administrative agencies are necessary when the grassland grade is evaluated.

이 연구에서는 우리나라의 자연환경 조건 및 사회적 요구를 반영한 산지하천의 합리적 관리방안을 제시하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 산지하천을 대상으로 한 국제･국내 연구논문을 수집 및 분석한 후, VOSviewer 프로그램을 이용한 텍스트마이닝과 동시출현단어 분석을 통하여 연구주제에 따른 연구영역을 구별하였으며, 이후 각 연구영역별로 시･공 간적인 연구동향을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 산지하천을 대상으로 한 국내 연구논문은 국제 연구논문에 비하여 초보적인 단계에 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 국제 연구논문은 산지하천의 어류 및 무척추동물의 서식환경과 종구성에 관한 연구영역(제1연구영역), 산지하천에서의 수문현상 및 양분이동에 관한 연구영역(제2연구영역), 산지하천에서의 유수에 의한 하상물질 이동 및 지형 변화에 관한 연구영역(제3연구영역), 산지하천 주변의 식물종 구성에 관한 연구영역(제4연 구영역)으로 구분되었다. 이 중 제1연구영역과 관련된 국내 연구논문은 주로 대형무척추동물만을 연구소재로 하고 있었으며, 제3연구영역과 관련된 국내 연구논문은 유수에 의한 하상물질 이동 및 지형 변화를 생태계의 교란작용이 아닌 산지토사재해의 원인으로 간주하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 구분된 각 연구영역이 전체 연구논문 중에서 점유하고 있는 비율을 시기별･국가별로 파악한 결과, 국제 연구논문의 경우 3･4연구영역에 해당하는 연구논문 이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 여기에는 미국을 중심으로 브라질･캐나다･중국의 영향이 크게 작용하였다. 이와 달리 국내 연구논문의 경우 1･3연구영역에 해당하는 연구논문이 시간의 경과에 따라 다소 증가하였으나, 이 두 연구영역 간 상호 연관성은 다소 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후에는 이를 보완한 하이브리드 성격의 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

A seasonal chigger-borne disease surveillance program was established at Geoje from March to November of 2018 in Gyeongnam Province, Republic of Korea. Two species of 84 wild rodents were collected by using Sherman traps for Geoje in 2018. Chigger mites were collected from the live-captured rodents to figure out seasonal prevalence of mite species and to identify chigger-borne pathogens. A total of 4,611 chiggers were collected from two species of the rodents in 2018. The chigger mites were collected mainly from A. agrarius (Chigger Index; CI 68.3). A vector of scrub typhus, Leptotrombidium orientale was predominant species (CI 14.9, Species Ratio; SR 27.2%) followed by L. pallidium (CI 14.2, SR 25.9%) and L. scutellare (CI 13.2, SR 24.2%) in 2018. In the results of the isolation of Orientia tsutsugamushi from the chigger mites, no pathogens detected from the DNA of the 171 pools of the mites in 2018, using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method.

A tick survey was conducted to monitor ticks using tick traps attached dry ice and a flagging method at each four sites in Busan, Ulju, and Geoje areas of Gyeongnam Province from April to November, 2018. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently collected, representing 99.8% in Ulju. A total of 27,247 ticks were collected as H. longicornis (Trap Index; TI 283.2), H. flava (TI 0.3), and Ix. nipponensis (TI 0.3). In the collection environment, a total number of 15,672, 5,798, 4,876, and 901 ticks were collected from glassland, tump, tomb, and mountain path, respectively. On the other hand, H. longicornis and Ix. nipponensis were collected with flaggings at the four sites in Ulju, Busan, and Geoje in May and June, 2018. A total of 1,517 ticks collected H. longicornis (Flagging Index; FI 9.3) and Ix. nipponensis (FI 0.1) in Ulju. Haemaphysalis longicornis were collected 2,183 (FI 13.6) and 1,596 (FI 10.0) in Geoje and Busan, respectively. In the results of the isolation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) from the ticks, no pathogens detected from RNA of 557 pools of the ticks using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method in 2018.

Surveillance of the vectors were conducted at a total of 7 locations from March to November, 2018 in Gyeongnam province. In the surveillance, a total of 13 species belonging to seven genera were collected in a total of 15,935 females and 126.5/trap/night (TI; Trap Index) in 2018. Among the collection sites, a bird refuge in Busan, Eulsukdo recorded the highest TI 230.4 (Species Ratio; SR 60.1%) for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females in 2018. A Cx. tritaeniorhynchus female collected firstly for 2018 in the nation at the pigsty of Busan at 1st April. In the results of isolation of viral RNA from 12 mosquito species including Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens, Ae. vexans, Ae. albopictus, and Oc. togoi. Chaoyang virus was positive at a pool of Ar. subalbatus collected at a bird refuge but negative in the other 543 pools (14,295 individuals) in 2018.

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray, 1867) (SHB) is one of the important pests of bee keeping industry. This species is endemic in sub-Saharan region of Africa that has recently became an invasive and distributing rapidly throughout the world. Recent detections of SHB in Philippines, Brazil and South Korea indicate that SHB has the potential to become a global pest for apiculture and wild bees. Having enough knowledge about the population source of invasion can help understand the pest ecology and develop the control tactics. SHB has invaded to South Korea in 2017 and cause heavy damage to apiaries in Miryang City, in south-eastern part of Korea and the origin of this pest is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phylogenetic position and origin of Korean population of SHB. We sampled the SHB from different bee hives in Miryang city and used 922 bp part of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) region of mitochondrial DNA to compare with all previously reported COI sequences of SHB. The result showed that the population of SHB in south Korea is classified with South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Canada, Australia and USA populations in one clade and among them, the lowest genetic distance between South Korean and USA populations indicated that most likely the SHB was imported from the United states to South Korea. No genetic difference has been detected between studied sequences from Korean population indicating that the invasion would had happen in one occasion.

중기문응애목에 속하는 기생응애과(Parasitidae) 응애는 몸집이 크고 활동력이 왕성한 중요 토양 포식자이다. 토양응애 다양성 연구 중 국내 미기록종 기생응애과를 발견하여 보고하는 바이다. 이 논문에서는 온판기생응애속(genus Cycetogamasus) 2종, 한국온판기생응애(Cycetogamasus coreanus), 주름온판기생응애(C. corculatus), 두판기생응애속(genus Neogamasus) 5종, 두판기생응애(Neogamasus eogenualis), 티코미로비두판기 생응애(N. tikhomirovi), 이쁜두판기생응애(N. laciniatus), 경기두판기생응애(Neogamasus kengicus), 마훈카두판기생응애(Neogamasus mahunkai) 를 한국의 미기록종으로 보고한다.

This study was conducted to perform the suitability analysis of whole-crop rye (Secale cereale L.) based on the climatic information in the Republic of Korea to present useful information for producers and policy makers to determine the site-selection for the cultivation of the whole-crop rye. The criteria to analyze the climatic suitability of whole-crop rye was developed firstly. Then, the climatic suitability map for spatial analysis was developed through weighted overlaying the raster layers of climatic items in the evaluation criteria. Meanwhile, 16 geographically representative weather stations were selected to show examples of the calculation process of the climatic suitability score of a specific cultivation area. The results of the climatic suitability mapping indicated that the climatic conditions in most arable lands of the Republic of Korea such as the coastal, southern, western areas in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula and central areas in Jeju Island are suitable for the cultivation of whole-crop rye. The climatic suitability scores of the 16 weather stations were all in line with the results of the climatic suitability map.

The cost-effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control strategies was evaluated using a simulation model fitted to the 2010/11 FMD epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to the direct cost of a FMD-control strategy, such as slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination. All the strategies included pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination, but the levels of each control option were different. The simulated median cost of the baseline FMD-control strategy (three kilometers of pre-emptive slaughtering area, 100 days of movement restriction and vaccination of all FMD-susceptible animals in the study area) was estimated to be USD 99.7 million. When a five kilometer vaccination area was applied (with the other control measures being the same as the baseline strategy), the simulated median cost was reduced to USD 81.1 million from USD 99.7. The simulated median costs were USD 107.6 million for a five kilometer radius slaughtering area and USD 168.8 million for 60 days of movement restriction. The FMD-control strategy cost decreased with increasing number of farms depopulated per day. The probability of passive surveillance being effective or the probability of the successful implementation of movement restrictions were increased. Cost-effectiveness analysis is a suitable tool for evaluating the financial consequences of FMD-control strategies by comparing the cost of control strategies for a specific area.

본 연구에서는 교도작업 활성화를 위한 조직체계 개편방안을 미국, 싱가포르, 일본 등 외국의 사례를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 교도작업의 활성화는 수형자의 교정교화와 사회복귀에는 물론 재범방지를 통한 안전한 사회 건설에도 순기능적인 역할을 할 것 이므로 교정행정의 성공을 위한 중요한 촉매제라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 교도작업이 대내외의 불리한 환경을 극복하고 제 역할을 다할 수 있도록 획기적인 조직개편이 요구된다. 새로운 교도작업 조직구성방안으로는 별도의 특수법인으로 한국교정산업공사를 설 립하는 방안, 기존의 특수법인인 대한민국재향교정동우회나 교정공제회에 교도작업사 업부를 신설하는 방안이 있다. 이러한 방안 중에서 교도작업의 활성화를 위해서는 미국의 연방교도소 산업공사(FPI)나 싱가포르의 교도작업공사(SCORE)를 모델로 하는 한국교정산업공사를 설립하는 방안이 가장 바람직하다고 제시하였다. 다만, 이러한 방 안은 당장 막대한 국가재정이 투입되어야 하고, 「한국교정산업공사법」의 제정 등 국민 의 동의가 필요하므로 교정동우회나 교정공제회에서 일본 교정협회의 형무작업 협력 사업부를 참고한 교도작업사업부를 신설하여 단계적으로 교도작업을 수탁 받아 운영 하는 방안을 제안하였다.

In the current study, a total of 102 common Todarodes pacificus squid caught in the East Sea were investigated for parasitological research. The results revealed that 33 (32.35%) out of 102 squid were infected by Nybelinia surmenicola, the mean intensity was 5.58 parasites per squid, and the maximum abundance was 11. Morphological analysis using a field emission scanning electron microscope showed the characteristic features of N. surmenicola. Molecular identification based on the 28S rRNA gene confirmed the isolated parasite as N. surmenicola, while phylogenetic analysis revealed that N. surmenicola isolated in this study was clustered with N. surmenicola isolated from Japan. This is the first report of phylogenetic characterization of N. surmenicola isolated from Korea.

A simulation model of the 2010/11 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea was constructed to evaluate the epidemiologic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to a number of epidemiologic indicators relating to the outbreak, including the number of infected animals, number of infected farms, and epidemic duration. The FMD-control strategies in the model consisted of pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination; however, levels of each control option differed. The constructed model was not perfectly representative of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic, although it was considered to mimic the actual FMD epidemic in its prediction of two outcomes: the median number of simulated FMD-detected farms was 294 (range 207–515), which was close to the number of farms detected (299) during the actual FMD epidemic (x2=87.239, df=98, p = 0.774); and the simulated epidemic curve was visually similar to the actual epidemic curve of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic. The effectiveness evaluation of simulated FMD-control strategies emphasized the amount the FMD outbreak size could have increased if the radius of the pre-emptive slaughtering area or the duration of movement restriction were decreased.