본 연구의 목적은 노인의 지역사회 계속 거주와 관련하여 주요하게 다 루어지는 정주의식의 결정요인을 실증함에 있다. 특히 전기·후기노인이라 는 연령별 특성을 중심으로 두 집단 간 정주의식 결정요인 중 주거환경 만족의 하위요인별 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명하고자 시도되었다. 조사 대상은 울산광역시 5개 구군 노인복지관을 이용하는 노인 중 총 503명을 조사하였다. 5개 구군에 고른 표집과 전기 및 후기노인으로 구 분하여 조사하기 위해 구·군별, 연령대별 할당표집을 적용하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전기노인의 정주의식을 결정하는 요인으로 판 별된 주거환경만족 하위요인 중 주택, 치안·교통안전, 이웃 간 교류, 지 역환경 전반이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 둘째, 후기노인의 정주의식 결정 요인으로는 통제변수에서 지역변인이, 주거환경만족에서 치안·교통안전, 이웃 간 교류가 통계적으로 유의했다. 마지막으로 노인의 정주의식 결정 요인은 지역, 주거환경만족의 하위요인에서 주택, 치안·교통안전, 이웃 간 교류, 지역환경 전반이 통계적으로 유의했다. 특히 이웃 간 교류는 모 든 모형에서 정주의식을 가장 크게 설명하는 변인으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 노인의 정주의식 함양을 위한 공동체 정신 패러다 임의 정책 입안, 전기와 후기노인 차이에 대한 고려, 주거정책 개선을 위 한 케어안심주택의 추가 도입을 제언하였다.

본 연구는 경기도 베이비붐세대와 에코세대의 세대별 주거만족도 영향요인을 분석함으로써, 경기도 세 대별 주거만족도 향상을 위한 정책적 함의를 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해서 ‘2020 경기도민 삶의 질 조사’ 자료를 활용하여 이분형 로짓분석을 적용한 실증분석을 진행하였다. 분석결과, 베이비붐세대(고령 세대)가 에코세대(청년세대)보다 주거만족도가 높았으며, 베이비붐세대의 경우 경기북부지역보다 경기남부 지역에서 주거만족도(공간적 분포)가 높았다. 청년세대인 에코세대는 전·월세에 거주하는 경우 주거만족도 가 베이비붐세대보다 높았고, 고령세대인 베이비붐세대는 1인가구일수록 주거만족도가 높았다. 이런 결과 를 봤을 때, 베이비붐세대와 에코세대의 세대별 주거만족도 향상을 위한 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 베이비붐세대의 경우 1인가구(소형주택) 중심의 주택공급 전략이 필요하다. 둘째, 베이비붐세대의 주거안정 을 위해서는 주택공급의 다양화가 필요하다. 셋째, 에코세대의 주거안정을 위해서는 임대주택 중심의 주택 공급이 필요하다. 넷째, 에코세대를 타깃으로 한 주거비지원과 금융지원이 필요하다. 마지막으로, 에코세대 의 주거만족도 향상을 위해서는 지역별 차별화 전략이 필요하다. 본 연구는 세대별 주택정책 수립을 통해 경기도민의 주거복지를 향상시키는 데 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구의 목적은 독거노인의 주거환경요인인 이 생활만족도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 이 두 변인과의 관계에서 기능적 지지가 조절변인으로서의 역할을 하는지에 대해 구체적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 대전광역시에 거주하는 65세 이상 독거노인을 대상으로 동구, 중구, 서구, 유성 구, 대덕구에서 각각 90명씩 450명을 대상으로 생활 관리사들의 도움을 얻어 방문 설문조사를 실시해 450부의 설문지를 회수하였다. 연구방법으로는 사회과학을 위한 통계분석 프로그램(SPSS 24.0)을 이 용해 빈도분석, 기술통계, 변수들 간의 관련성을 알아보기 위한 상관분석, 조절효과 검증을 위한 다중 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구결과 인구학적 요인으로는 주관적 건강상태는 가장 정적으로 유의미한 관계를 보였고, 교육수준과 직업이 부적으로 유의미한 관계를 알 수 있었다. 또한, 주거환경 요인인 이 생활만족도에 긍정적으로 영향력을 보이는 것으로 나타났고 기능적 지지의 경우 독거노인의 주거환경 이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향에서 조절효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 기능적 지지 중에서도 정서적 지지에 비중을 크게 두고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 기능적 지지라 함은 사회적 지지의 두 가지 의 미인 구조적 지지와 기능적 지지의 일부분으로써 물질적 지지, 정서적 지지, 정보적 지지를 모은 용어 이다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 독거노인의 생활만족도 향상을 위하여 네 가지를 제언한 다. 첫째, 독거노인의 주거환경을 재해로부터 안전하게 관리할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 독거노인의 생활만족도에 건강상태가 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타남에 따라 독거노인의 건강을 체계적으로 관리·감독할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 기능적 지지가 생활만족도에 미치는 영향이 유의미하게 나타남에 따라 기능적 지지를 위한 체계적 지원책 마련이 필요하다. 넷째, 독거노인의 생활만족도를 향상시키기 위하여 주거안전성 및 사회적 지지에 대한 지역사회 차원의 지원이 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다.

Level of urbanization in China has reached 53.73% in 2013, indicating a tremendous progress on the urbanization of China. On the other hand, the number of villages in China reduces by around one million from 3.6 million in 2000 to 2.7 million in 2010 (Zhang, 2014). Issues in both urban and rural areas of China appear, including the imbalance between increased population and limited resources in urban region, and more significantly, the increasing disparity between rural and urban areas. Chinese researchers interpret and analyse these matters from different perspectives. For instance, Zheng (2006) and Ma (2006) suggest the importance of the infrastructure construction and public service. Wu (2006) advises that the government should pay attention to the development of the secondary and tertiary industry. Wen (2005) proposes that the improvement of social institution and the recovery of social cultural environment are required to achieve sustainability in the urbanization process in China. Previous studies in environmental psychology put quality of life, attachment to place, and residence satisfaction at the center to understand the relationship between inhabitants and their neighborhood of residence. However, there are gaps in this research realm in both practice and theories. Firstly, very limited research studies this environmental psychology issue in China (e.g. Mao, Fornara, Manca, Bonnes, & Bonaiuto, 2015). Secondly, there are different opinions on the causal order between quality, attachment, and satisfaction. Research on the relationship between perceived residential environment quality (PREQ), place attachment, and environmental satisfaction has not reached a consensus. The debate on the direction of the causal relationship between perceived quality and satisfaction has been summarized by Bradya and Robertson (2001). They conclude that the quality to satisfaction causal order holds up well across diverse cultures. However, relevant debate is still ongoing. A number of research articles place satisfaction as an antecedent to attachment, e.g. Chen, Dwyer, and Firth (2014); Lee, Kyle, and Scott (2012); Ramkissoon and Mavondo (2015); etc. Some argue that place attachment is an indicator of satisfaction. Kyle et al. (2004) investigate the effect of place attachment on the perceived values of tourists and find that place attachment is an important factor explaining the variance of perceived values. This is supported by research e.g. Hwang, Lee, and Chen (2005); Prayag and Ryan (2012); Yuksel, Yuksel, Biljm (2010); etc. As to the relationship between perceived quality and attachment, the debate has not stopped. Through comparisons, Mesch and Manor (1996) conclude that the residents who give a higher evaluation of the social and natural environment may have greater place attachment. Brown, Perkins, and Brown (2003) also suggest that the residents who agree that the street environment is better would attach to this place. Sam, Bayram, and Bilgel (2012) have certified the relationship between residential environment quality and place attachment. Furthermore, Borrie and Roggenbuck (2001) and Walker and Ryan (2008) find that the connection between human beings and the nature environment would affect their affection toward the environment. It means that the closer the relationship with the nature environment is, the stronger the attachment would be, which in turn, enhances the intentions to protect the environment. This quality to satisfaction relationship is supported by other research such as Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, and Ercolani (1999); Grisaffe and Nguyen (2011); Yu, Chen, and Chen (2015); etc. Nevertheless, a different opinion arguing that attachment to a place may affect one’s perception on the quality related to a place is emerging in tourism research (e.g. Neuvonen, Pouta, & Sievänen, 2010). This paper takes the credit of quality → attachment → satisfaction causal order as the initial model and proposes three hypotheses as follows. H1a: One’s PREQ has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H2a: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place; H3a: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between PREQ and environment satisfaction.To be noted, the initial model has its theoretical basis as discussed above but is not necessarily the absolute optimal model. Relatively, this model provides more theoretical interpretation and practical implications in the specific research context: residential psychology in urban and rural areas of China. On this basis, this article further examines a competing model illustrating an alternative theoretical framework on the relationships between these three constructs (satisfaction → attachment → quality). Relatively, another group of hypotheses in this competing model is listed as follows. H1b: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her PREQ; H2b: One’s satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H3b: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between environment satisfaction and PREQ. A survey approach is employed and data are collected from several backgrounds. Dataset A (rural) is collected from three villages from Heilongjiang Province and two villages from Shandong Province in China from July to August 2014. The choices of the provinces, rural areas, and the sampling process are random. 490 valid questionnaires are included in the data analysis. Dataset B (urban) is collected via an online survey portal, which allows a nationwide sampling reach. In total 1368 online survey entries are recorded and 420 valid questionnaires are included, resulting in a valid rate of 30.7%. The measures for each construct are based on an extensive literature review. The measurement of perceived residential environment quality is from Sam, Bayram, & Bilgel’s (2012) development on the perception of residential environment. The measurement of place attachment in this study is adopted from Kyle, Graefe, and Manning’s (2005) and Chen, Dwyer, and Firth’s (2014) evaluation based place attachment dimensionality and scales. As for the scale of environmental satisfaction, Pelletier, Legault, and Tuson’s (1996) measure was applied. All the entire variables adopted multiple-item, 5-point Likert scales were adopted, where “1” indicated “strongly disagree” and “5” indicated “strongly agree”. After pre-testing the preliminary version of the survey instrument, a revised version was developed. This study adopts structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) modeling given the small sample size and the explorative purpose of this study (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015a). The software used was Smart PLS 3.0. The reliability and validity of the constructs were assessed. Cronbach’s alpha and the value of CR of each construct were found to exceed the cut-off value of 0.70 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), except for adequacy of education which is close to 0.70 (only for Cronbach’s alpha but not for CR). Furthermore, the AVE of each construct exceeded the variance attributable to its measurement error cut-off value of 0.50 (Chin, 1998; Fornell & Larcker, 1981). In addition, heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT) is recommended as a better method to test discriminant validity (Henseler, Dijkstra, Sarstedt, Ringle, Diamantopoulos, Straub, Ketchen, Hair, Hult, & Calantone, 2014). The result shows that there is neither value of the HTMT higher than the threshold of 0.85 nor confidence interval containing the value one, indicating that all the constructs exhibit satisfactory discriminant validity. The hypothesized effects in the theoretical model were tested by structural equation modeling (SEM). The first group of models tested the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction through place attachment i.e. initial model (Model A, Model B, Model C), while the second group of models tested the reverse effect of environmental satisfaction on perceived environmental quality through place attachment (Model D, Model E, Model F). Both the full model and the multi-group model were tested. The value of SRMR of the full model that tests either the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction (SRMR = 0.104, t = 41.826, p < 0.001) or the reversed effect (SRMR = 0.106, t = 37.736, p < 0.001) shows that the models fit the data quite well (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015b). However, the former is little bit more significant. In this study, PREQI is found different impacts on place attachment and environmental satisfaction. This provides evidence to support a similar mechanism of studying residents’ psychology with SERVEQUAL model. However, the model testing is found significantly different between rural and urban samples, indicating a systematic difference in the psychology of rural and urban populations. Quality  attachment  satisfaction causal order is found significant and supported by both samples in this study. However, a reversed causal order model (satisfaction  attachment  quality) is also supported by the samples. Although the results may not be able to end the debate on alternative models between PREQ, place attachment, and environmental satisfaction, this paper provides empirical evidence from a specific context (urban and rural China) for further research. Specifically, PREQ has a significant impact on place attachment in both urban and rural areas in China. As for the impact of place attachment on environmental satisfaction as well as the indirect impact of PREQ on environmental satisfaction, the influence is more significant in cities of China compared to rural areas. This suggests in the urban areas in China, affective and emotional responses to their lives play an important role to residents. Local government in cities should balance between improving and maintaining quality of the environment and strengthening local residents’ psychological attachment to the place. Governments in rural areas, on the other hand, should lay great focus on the physical aspects of the environment including nature, health, education, commerce, and venture of the rural areas, to enhance residents’ living experience and satisfaction. Further, there are some limitations. Although this study attempts to clarify the framework of “perception-affection-attitude” in the field of environment management, considering the practical implications, the future study could bring the individuals’ behaviors or intentions into this model such as willingness-to-pay for environment-friendly products. It will also benefit from reviewing more literature on community-based social marketing.

본 연구는 노인주거복지시설 종사자의 심리적 임파워먼트를 통한 조직구성원의 조직 몰입과 직무만족에 중요성에 주목하였고, 검증결과를 요약해보면 다음과 같다. 먼저 심리적 임파워먼트은 직무만족에 대해 각각 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 노인주거복지시설 종사자의 심리적 임파워먼트 수준이 높아지면 조직몰입 과 직무만족이 높아진다는 점이다. 다음으로 매개효과에 대한 검증결과를 살펴보면 심리적 임파원먼트의 의미성은 정서적 몰입, 계속적 몰입, 규범적 몰입과 직무만족간의 관계에서 매개효과를 확인하였다. 또 한 자기권한에서도 정서적 몰입, 계속적 몰입, 규범적 몰입과 직무만족간의 관계에서 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 검증결과 제시한 4개의 가설들은 모두 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 직무몰입, 심리적 임파워먼트, 그리고 직무만족 간의 관계에 대한 실증적인 연구로써 직무몰입과 직무만족 이론적 발전에 기여를 하였다는 점에서 시사점을 들 수 있겠다.

The aim of this study was to analyze differences in the perception of Gangwon-do residents using a satisfaction survey. The residents were found to be most satisfied with sectors such as parks/green spaces, landscape, and public order; however, they were least satisfied with transportation, culture, sports, medical services, and welfare facilities. Additionally, among all the items in the satisfaction survey, job satisfaction was the lowest. When comparing satisfaction trends observed in the city to those of the county, the overall satisfaction of the county was found to be slightly higher. This result could be attributed to young people being underrepresented in this survey in conjunction with the greater policy-level support for middle-aged people by from the government and Gangwon-do. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to create policies that primarily support young people and to also to create high-quality jobs with stable pay and employment prospects. This could minimize the outflow of youth and even encourage their inflow to similar small provincial cities. In Southern region and Seorak region of Gangwon-do, the satisfaction with gap between house price and region was low, which might be related to the increased demand for real estate throughout this area.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the preferences for the physical features of senior congregate housing. The survey was conducted to target the elderly households living in senior congregate housing and general elderly households living in the rural. The results of this study were as follows. Showed that housing conditions are more important than environmental conditions, elderly households living in senior congregate housing. Among them was the most important house prices and rents. Also among the external factors such as environmental conditions is the distance to the workplace were very important. So the elderly households living in congregate housing showed that more important considering the economic aspects. Finally, want to be the foundation of sustainable housing policies for rural elderly households.

This study analyzed the types of Rural Villages, divided the areas with six criteria such as geographical environment and selected three target areas to observe them. Through these target areas, it attempted to analyze the difference and correlation of satisfaction with the residential environment depending on the characteristics of the Rural Village. In investigating and analyzing the satisfaction of the residents in the Rural Villages, it divided it into 'satisfaction with rural village life', 'satisfaction with housing' and 'satisfaction with village environment,' and compared and analyzed them with the physical environment of the Rural Village. Based on this, according to the type of local Rural Village, it analyzed with what part there were high relations with resident's satisfaction with the Rural Village. As a result, there was no significant difference between groups by the Rural villages, but residents were more satisfied with the natural environment of the village rather than individual housing. The analysis of the correlation between satisfaction with Rural villages and various factors, the more distance there is between the individual housing and the meeting facility, the lower their satisfaction with the Rural village became. In the future, when a community center or meeting facility is planned, it would heighten the resident's happiness when it is located at the physical center of the village rather than at the entrance of it.

This study aims to present the policy issues and direction of sub-urban residential complex by analyzing the settlement environment and life satisfaction. For the purpose, 10 sub-urban residential complexes in Chungnam Province were surveyed for general situation, physical environment, social environment, economic environment. The results are as follows; 1) The satisfaction in the physical environment is more higher in case of the complex created by the public organization. 2) The physical environment is an important factor in the determinant of the settlement, while the economic environment have a relatively lower impact. 3) The residents community is the more active, the satisfaction in the social environment is the more improved. 4) The source of income or the activity of consumption doesn't have an effect on the satisfaction in the economic environment. On the basis of this study, three programs for improvement of sub-urban residential complex policy were suggested. First, the various information and counseling service should be provided to attract city dwellers. Second, the policy on the development of sub-urban residential complex has to consider residential preference factors and improve the quality of life. Third, to increase the life satisfaction, the residents community should be activated and especially the activation of community with residents in other village is very important.

본 연구는 해양건축물 또는 워터프런트 개발계획에 있어 특히 워터프런트에 입지하는 주거단지 계획에 역점을 투어 사용자의 측면에서 기존 워터프런트 주거단지의 거주환경 만족도를 조사, 분석 하였다. 또한 통일 주거단지 내에서도 각층별, 방위별, 위치별 쾌적성에 대해 분석하여 가장 선호하는 층, 방위 위치 통에 관한 근거를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 1) 만족도의 순서는 남향, 남동향, 동향, 남서향의 순으로 나타났으며 남향, 남동향의 선호 경향이 절대적으로 우세한 것으로 나타났다. 2) 전체 응답자의 67%이상이 향보다는 외부로의 조망이 좋아야 한다고 응답하여 워터프런트 주거단지에 있어서는 조망에 대한 중요성이 매우 크다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 3) 경관 선호도를 분석한 결과는 안벽형 워터프런트, 호안형 워터프런트 덴 하천형 워터프런트의 세가지 Type의 경관별로 약간의 차이는 있었으나 공통적으로 고층부 경관이 가장 높은 선호도를 보였으며 저층부 경관이 상대적으로 가장 낮은 선호도를 보여주었다.