우리 헌정의 기본이념 중 하나인 법치주의 또는 법의 지배를 어떻게 이해 할지에 관하여는 다양한 견해가 제시되어 왔다. 법치주의는 갈리(W.B. Gal lie)가 제시한 ‘본질적으로 경합적인 개념’이 아니다. 법의 형식이 아니라 법의 내용이나 법을 제정하고 시행하는 절차에 관한 요청까지 포함하는 실 질적 법치주의는 개념적 혼돈을 초래한다. 법치주의는 형식적으로 이해하 는 것이 타당하다. 법치주의를 형식적으로 이해할 주된 필요는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 법치주의의 내용으로 모두가 동의할 수 있는 부분이다. 둘째, 법치주의를 헌정이념 전 체와 동일시하지 않음으로써 자유주의, 민주주의 등 여타 헌정이념들과의 관계를 분석하고 파악할 수 있다. 셋째, 그 이념의 역사성을 이해할 수 있 고, 일반적이고 보편적인 법치주의 개념도 확보할 수 있다. 넷째, 그 자체 로 선(善)인지, 인간존엄과 어떤 관계가 있는지, 어떤 헌정론이 그 이념과 친한지, 법개념론과 법치주의론의 연관은 어떠한지 등 관련 문제를 분석적 으로 성찰할 수 있어서 이론적 발전을 촉진한다. 형식적으로 파악된 법치주의의 요소는 풀러가 법의 내적 도덕성으로 제시 한 것들을 기본으로 삼는다. 법은 일반적이어야 하고, 공개되어야 하며, 소 급하지 않고, 이해할 수 있고, 모순되지 않으며, 할 수 없는 것을 요구하지 않고, 안정적이고, 정해진 대로 집행되어야 한다는 요청이 그것이다. 그리 고 입법에 제한이 있다고 하는 형식적 입헌주의 요소는 그런 제한이 없는 법에 의한 지배(rule by law)로부터 법의 지배(the rule of law)를 구별할 수 있게 하고 법치주의에 관한 역사적 성찰에서 주된 요소이므로 그 이념에 포함할 필요가 있다.

The interaction between might and right is an important topic throughout the development of international relations. Various ideologies and corresponding practices have been put forward by realism, liberalism, constructivism, and international socialism under both Western international relations theories and China’s traditional Wang Dao (王道, “the kingly way” or “benevolent government”), and Ba Dao (霸道, “the hegemonic way” or “rule by force”). In international relations, the rule of law - a phenomenon that has emerged and is continuously developing - is conducive to restraining power politics and promoting right, which is one of the goals of international relations development. China has always opposed hegemony and power politics; it firmly supports a modern system of international law based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and aims to build a new international political and economic order with peace, justice, and stability.

The rule of law principle has been established in modern society as a core value in domestic political governance. It evolves from social contract theory and is meant to rein in the almighty and powers from its beginning and later applies to all. In general, international law has become an essential pillar of the present international order. The recent rise of unilateral actions has posed threat to the international rule of law tradition. Equality in international relations, Pacta Sunt Servanda, and good faith implementation of treaty obligations are the essentials of the international rule of law, which provides predictability and stability to the stake holders in the international community. It also represents the fundamental common values of thousands of years of human civilization. Upholding the principle of international rule of law goes to the fundamentals and natures of human beings. Thus, maintaining international rule of law is a guarantee for a better world for all.

법의 역사에서 ‘법의 지배’ 즉 ‘법치주의’가 가지는 의미는 매우 크다. 1215년 왕과 귀족 사이에 합의된 마그나 카르타(Magna Carta)는 법의 힘에 대한 신뢰에 바탕을 둔 귀족들의 이익에서 시작되었지만, 절대적이고 자의적인 왕의 권력을 능가할 수 있는 보편적인 ‘법의 지배’의 힘을 보여주는 것이다. 인권의 보호를 위해서도 ‘정의의 이념’과 함께 법의 지배는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 아리스토텔레스, 롤즈, 오킨, 그리고 코넬 역시 ‘평균적 정의’와 더불어 ‘배분적 정의’를 실현하고자 하였다. 자연법론자인 풀러와 법실증주의자인 라즈도 ‘형식적 합법성’ 내지 ‘법 준수’ 라는 점에서 ‘법의 지배’에 대하여 직간접적으로 지지하고 있다. 타마나하 역시 인권과 인간 존엄을 보장할 것을 주장하며 광범위한 영역에서 법의 지배의 힘을 주장하고 있다. 법이 인간의 자유와 평등이라는 이상을 기초로 공정한 내용으로 제정되고 집행한다면, 모든 인간에게 유익하다. 이러한 점에 법의 지배의 중요성이 있다. 그리고 모든 인간에게 유익할 뿐만 아니라, 인간의 인권을 지키는 데도 중요하다. 법의 지배가 제대로 이루어진다면 시민들의 권리도 지켜질 뿐만 아니라 소수자의 인권 역시 지켜진다. 이 연구에서는 가장 소수자 중 어쩌면 가장 많은 수를 차지하는 여성의 인권을 ‘법의 지배’와 연관하여 분석하였다. 이는 형식적 법치주의 발전 단계에서 많은 권리에 여성에서 주어졌지만, 간과되어 왔던 권리를 현대법의 이상인 실질적 법치주의와 연계하여 보장하고자 하는 세계적인 흐름과도 부합한다.

With the coming of the information era, Chinese administrative rule of law is experiencing an profound reform not only in the field of administrative basic theory, but in the field of administrative practice, not only in the field of administrative execution, but in the field of administrative legislation, not only in the field of real world but in the field of virtual world. Confronting such a reform, scholars of Chinese administrative law should scheme ahead to reflect upon the present theory of administrative law from all-round aspects, timely adjust related theory so as to the construction of administrative rule of law. This article mainly analyses the conflicts, dilemma of Chinese administrative rule of law, points out some outlets of Chinese administrative rule of law under the conditions of the information age.

본 논문은 수정 종교사무조례 가 시진핑정부의 종교정책을 반영하고 있다는 전제하에, 신 설된 조항을 중심으로 법치화가 강화된 부분을 살펴보고, 그것이 함의하는 바를 분석하였다. 수정조례에 신설된 조항을 보면, 수정조례는 다음의 세 가지 특징이 두드러진다. 첫째, 법치 를 통한 보장이고, 둘째는 법치를 통한 통제이며, 셋째는 법치영역의 확대이다. 중국정부는 종교조례에 신설된 조항을 통해 자신들의 가이드라인에 따르는 종교단체의 권익은 보호해주 지만, 그들이 설정한 합법의 선 바깥에 위치한 자들은 엄격히 통제하겠다는 의지를 보여주고 있다. 엄밀히 말하면 수정조례는 종교계에 혜택보다는 통제가 더 많은 비중을 차지한다. 하지 만 그럼에도 불구하고 우리가 주목해야 하는 이유는 중국의 종교정책이 더 이상 소극적 관리 가 아닌, 중국특색사회주의 종교이론에 부합하도록 적극 관리하겠다는, 종교정책의 패러다임 의 전환을 의미하기 때문이다.

In this paper, I tried to study the legislative history on the controversial issues in relation to the "web-board" game. The legislative procedural issues and the controversial regulations needs to be investigated in sequential analysis and review with the view of content validity and formal legitimacy. The second annexed list of the enforcement decree of the GAME INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT is based on the article 28 (Matters to be Observed by Game Products related Business Operators) and its main fround is the item 8 "He/she shall observe matters prescribed by Presidential Decree as other matters necessary for maintaining business order." These provisions have many legal problems with the "Rule of Law" principle ("Vorbehalt des Gesetzes" in german), Overbreadth doctrine, Void for vagueness and the The Less Restrictive Alternative(LRA) doctrine etc. The regulation on the "web-board" game industry seems to be very severe and rigorous, because the balancing between the public interest and private one is not considered and corresponded well. It caused many harmful effects on the game industry, game business operator and its users. However, the purpose of legislation might not be achieved due to the weakness of the regulation so that the policy failure may bring about the loss of trust in the governmental regulation. The regulation on the game industry and ICT system needs to be authenticated as a measure to promote the business and rationalized to protect the game users.

As the ASEAN moves towards its vision of a ‘Community,’enforceability and consistency of legal standards, broadly the “rule of law,”have drawn attention due to their impact on the predictability of social environments, with consequences for markets, people, and policy makers. This paper draws together recent findings and suggests ASEAN States have made significant progress but remain in a state of transition. These findings support Barry Weingast’s prediction that developing countries are more likely to create consistent rules and move to“ open access orders” in line with requirements for development, rather than install artificial enforcement mechanisms before growth.

Essentially, the university spirit is a kind of steady value, which is condensed from the organizational culture and the humanistic spirit of the university. It originates from the university system, the tangible cultural carrier and the intangible public awareness. Also it is the embody of the compound elements like the abstract and concrete, or the tangible and the intangible of the university. Only by establishing on the rule and order of law, and being followed and defended by the whole society, can the university spirit be built and developed. The University System is a management system which can carry out the unification of rights and responsibilities of the university as a legal entity and running subject. It reflects the governance model, the system standard and the standard of behavior of the relationships between university with government and society. There is no system model of university that can be run forever or shared all around the world. It should not only adapt to its national situation, cultural tradition and historical stage, but also match with certain social conditions and civilization. However, whether as a domestic or foreign university, it may and ought to have some converging university spirit and system.

Much has been written about the general ability (or lack thereof) of international development organizations to effectively monitor and evaluate the impact of their Rule of Law projects on the ground. However, less research has focused on particular development organizations’methods of project evaluation, the politics behind them and their strengths and weaknesses. This paper offers such an analysis of the evaluation methods of GTZ Legal Advisory in Beijing. After describing the work of GTZ in general and its Legal Advisory in particular, the paper offers a detailed evaluation of the tools that it uses to gauge the impact of its projects on the ground. What is gained from such a particularized analysis is a deeper understanding of both the donor politics and organizational tradeoffs inherent in monitoring and evaluation decisions, two factors often given insufficient attention in more theoretical discussions.

The paper aims to investigate the interactions between rule of law, economic growth and the shadow economy in 18 selected transition economies. This study uses annual data over the period 2002-2015 for 18 transition countries to estimate the effects of rule of law and other factors on the size of shadow economy. The transition country group is classified based on International Monetary Fund resources and is selected on the basis of the availability of data. The data examined in this research are derived from the World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators project and Working Paper from International Monetary Fund. This study employs GMM method. The results show that the economic growth indicators have negative and statistically significant impact on the shadow economy. Additionally, these results also reveal that in transition countries the size of shadow economy is negatively related to the quality of rule of law. However, the findings of this research also point out that there are positive relationships between inflation, public expenditure and the size of shadow economy. Hence the results from this study suggest that the size of shadow economy could be controlled by improving the effectiveness of rule of law and the growth of economy particularly in transition countries.