Our study experimentally evaluates the structural characteristics of a Cone-Shaped Friction Isolator (CFI) as part of research on sliding bearings. With its relatively simple configuration and effective restoring mechanism, the CFI has significant practical implications for structural engineering. We designed the shape and components of the CFI, and its operation and restoring mechanisms were theoretically reviewed. A prototype of the CFI was developed, and structural characteristic experiments were conducted, focusing on design parameters such as the cone’s inclination angle, the friction coefficient of the contact surface, the magnitude of the vertical load applied to the isolator, and the horizontal loading frequency. The experimental results provide valuable insights into the structural characteristics of devices in terms of critical shear force and restoring shear force.

Limited fashion products serve as a strategy for demonstrating the brand’s vitality and presence by satisfying the emotional needs of consumers seeking to escape from the boredom of similar products. The MZ generation values unique experiences and desires to purchase rare and unique products. Accordingly, the fashion industry prioritizes launching limited fashion products that emphasize artistry and can convey different values compared to existing products. The open-run phenomenon, characterized by people waiting in line before the store opens and then running to the store to purchase these limited products as soon as the store opens, is rapidly emerging as a consumer trend in our society. This study explored the impact of fashion consumers’ psychological factors-that is, FOMO, brand attachment, and need for uniqueness-on their open-run intention for limited fashion products. An online survey was administered to test the research hypotheses on Korean consumers, and 300 responses were statistically analyzed using the SPSS 28.0 program. The results revealed that FOMO, brand attachment, and the need for uniqueness significantly increased open-run intention for limited fashion products. Furthermore, consumers’ fashion involvement appeared to have a significant positive moderating effect on FOMO, brand attachment, and open-run intention. However, it did not substantially impact the effect of the need for uniqueness on open-run intention.

This study explores how to integrate the generative artificial intelligence (AI) tool Midjourney into the fashion design process, emphasizing the visualization of sporty fashion concepts. The research applied Midjourney at every stage of the fashion design process: mood board, fashion sketch, flat drawing, production package, fashion show presentation, and store display and sales. Specifically, sporty fashion was selected as the theme, and customized prompts were developed from prior research and design principles to generate visual outputs for each stage. Furthermore, three apparel design experts evaluated the AI-generated images to assess Midjourney’s practical applicability and effectiveness in each phase of the fashion design workflow. Expert evaluations revealed that Midjourney was particularly effective in the early stages, offering diverse and visually engaging imagery that supported creative ideation and mood expression. The tool allowed quick exploration of different silhouettes during the sketching stage but was imprecise in detailed forms and proportions. Limitations became more evident in the flat drawing and work instruction stages, where outputs failed to accurately reflect material textures and technical construction. Prompt refinements and referencebased prompts were tested but often resulted in inconsistent or stylized outputs. Additionally, continuity between stages was missing. Midjourney shows potential as a creative tool, but experts highlight its limitations for practical industry application. Further research is needed to improve prompt optimization and training data for enhanced accuracy and usability in AI-assisted fashion design workflows.

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data necessary for establishing a system for analyzing the dimensions and body types of men aged 30–59. The subjects were 1,247 adult males selected based on data from the 8th Korean anthropometric survey; the direct and calculated values constituted 36 items; and descriptive statistics analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted. the descriptive statistics analysis revealed that the weight difference between individuals was high, while the height difference was low. Overall, the differences between individuals were high in waist-related items and low in lower limb circumference-related items. It was found that knee height and hip side length increased in subjects aged in their late 30s and decreased in those aged in their early 50s, while lower leg circumference decreased with age from the late 30s onward. The factor analysis identified four dimensions: “horizontal size of lower body,” “vertical size of lower body,” “hip length,” and “ankle size.” on the basis of the cluster analysis, they were classified into the following types: “tall body shape with long waist and hips, bent legs and hips, thick legs and ankles,” “slim body shape with short legs and short hips,” and “slim body shape with short legs and thin ankles.” A follow-up study is required to analyze changes in body shape over time based on annual measurements. We believe that this study will furnish basic data for establishing a measurement system for men’s clothing.

본 연구 논문은 우파마뉴 채터지의 소설 􋺷영어, 8월􋺸를 통해 도시 인도 생활을 분석한다. 이 소설은 인도 사회, 관료제, 문화적 역학을 탐구하며, 도시 현실을 복합적으로 조망한다. 주인공의 삶을 분석함으로써 현대 인도 사회를 지배하는 긴장, 모순, 그리고 열망을 밝혀낸다. 주요 주제는 관료제, 문화적 갈등, 사회적 불평등, 정체성, 그리고 도시 맥락에서의 실존적 위기이다. 본 연구는 도시의 복잡성을 이해하고, 포스트식민지 인도의 삶을 형성하는 사회적·문화적·제도적 역학에 대한 통찰을 제공하 는 것을 목표로 한다.

Background: During daily activities, stability is maintained to enhance the function of muscles surrounding the lumbopelvic and hip structures. The core muscles such as the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) responsible for this stability. One effective static exercise for strengthening these muscles is the plank. Objects: This study aimed to compare abdominal electromyographic activation when an unstable support surface was applied to the upper and lower extremities during a standard and a knee plank. Methods: A total of 30 adults (15 males and 15 females) participated in this study. Surface electromyography electrodes were placed on the RA, EO, and IO muscles. Data were collected under six conditions for males, including two plank postures (standard and knee planks) and three unstable surface conditions (a dynamic balance cushion applied to the upper extremities, lower extremities, or no cushion). Female participants performed only the knee plank. A mixed-effects model with a random intercept was used to analyze muscle activation across plank posture and surface position, with statistical significance set at α = 0.05. Results: In males, the standard plank elicited greater muscle activation than the knee plank across all muscles (p < 0.0001). Additionally, applying an unstable support surface to the upper extremities significantly increased muscle activation in both plank postures in EO and IO (p < 0.001). Other muscle, RA, was only affected by the unstable support surface in the standard plank position only. In females, the knee plank with upper limb instability resulted in the highest muscle activation for all muscles. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of surface instability in core muscle engagement. However, future studies should further investigate abdominal muscle activation with a more detailed analysis and the inclusion of a control group to enhance comparative validity.

Background: Ankle flexibility is important for maintaining proper biomechanical function. Static stretching is used to improve flexibility with minimal risk; however, its effects are often temporary. Transfer of energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy has the potential to enhance muscle flexibility and circulation through deep heat applications. However, comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness of TECAR therapy and static stretching are lacking. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of static stretching therapy (ST) and combined TECAR and static stretching therapy (T-ST) in subjects with gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) tightness. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with bilateral GCM tightness were enrolled. To administer the ST and T-ST, which were each applied to both legs, the participants stood for 15 minutes on a wedge with a 0°–15° incline, with both feet on the wedge during ST and with TECAR therapy in resistive energy transfer mode applied to only one side of the GCM during T-ST. Muscle stiffness (MyotonPRO), dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM), peak torque, and pennation angle (PA) of the GCM were measured before and after the intervention. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences between the ST and T-ST leg conditions and between pre- and post-intervention changes in the legs were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: There were no significant differences in any of the measured variables between the legs before the intervention. ST and T-ST legs showed significant improvements in all measured variables after the intervention (p < 0.05). T-ST legs demonstrated a significantly greater increase in DF and a greater decrease in PA than ST legs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: T-ST outperformed ST in reducing PA and increasing DF-ROM by promoting deep tissue relaxation and stimulating metabolic activity. This may lead to reduced pain and greater flexibility compared to ST. Maintaining an optimal PA ensures efficient force transmission during exercise, as evidenced by the observed increase in peak torque.

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a common health problem among female caregivers. In Korea, 70.4% of caregivers experience LBP after caregiving. The prevalence of LBP was higher in female caregivers of patients who required physical assistance with transfer than in those caring for patients who did not require physical assistance. Lifting movements, such as patient transfer and positioning, are associated with lumbopelvic stability (LPS) and knee muscle strength. However, no studies have investigated the differences in LPS and knee muscle strength between female caregivers with and without CLBP. Objects: This study was conducted to investigate the differences of the LPS, knee extension strength (KES) and knee flexion strength (KFS) between female caregivers with and without CLBP. Methods: Thirty-one female caregivers participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: (1) caregivers without CLBP (n = 13) and (2) caregivers with CLBP (n = 18). LPS, KES, and KFS levels were measured. An independent t-test was used to compare the LPS, KES, and KFS between caregivers with and without CLBP. The statistical significance was set at α of 0.05. Results: The LPS and KES scores were significantly lower in caregivers with CLBP than those without. In contrast, the KFS did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: This study observed associations of both LPS and KES with CLBP among female caregivers.

Given the hazards posed by black ice, it is crucial to investigate the conditions that contribute to its formation. Two ensemble machinelearning algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were employed to forecast the occurrence of black ice using atmospheric data. Additionally, explainable artificial intelligence techniques, including Feature Importance (FI) and partial dependence Plot (PDP), were utilized to identify atmospheric conditions that significantly increase the likelihood of black ice formation. The machinelearning algorithms achieved a forecasting accuracy of 90%, demonstrating reliable performance. FI analysis revealed distinct key predictors between the algorithms: relative humidity was the most critical for RF, whereas wind speed was paramount for XGBoost. The PDP analysis identified the specific atmospheric conditions under which black ice was likely to form. This study provides detailed insights into the atmospheric precursors of frost/fog-induced black ice formation. These findings enable road managers to implement proactive winter road maintenance strategies, such as optimizing anti-icing patrol routes and displaying warnings on various message signs, thereby enhancing road safety.

“Mu mi” is a type of fragrant tree. Also known as honey fragrance, wood fragrance and other names in ancient books. And there are four major regions in the growth area of “Mu mi”. It often used in conjunction with “sandalwood”, and has significant importance in Buddhist activities. However, upon examination of Chinese Buddhist scriptures, it was found that the writing of “mi (櫁)” has various forms of variant script. This article integrates relevant variant texts in Buddhist scriptures, examining the use of characters in Buddhist scriptures from three perspectives: diachronic, synchronic, and edition. It explores the use of characters for the name of the “mu mi” tree and the relationships between various variant texts.

The cooking method {炒 (stir-frying)} is a commonly used verb in daily life, closely related to our existence. Its appearance in transmitted texts did not occur until the Han Dynasty. The term {炒} was historically represented by eight model of characters, though only six were actually used, each with numerous variant forms. During the Han Dynasty, {炒} was recorded using “𩱦” and “㷅”, with “𩱦” being the predominant choice. In the Six Dynasties period, “ ” remained the standard. After the emergence of “炒” and “煼”, both characters were widely adopted across subsequent dynasties, with “炒” becoming the conventional form, though it never fully supplanted “煼”. This trend was also interspersed with the use of simplified variants like “㷅” and “𩱦”. Investigating the historical graphic representation of {炒} holds significant importance for understanding the development of Chinese culinary techniques and interpreting related transmitted texts.

본 논문은 예이츠의 저술 기간 동안 아일랜드 가톨릭 중산층과의 관계 변화를 물질주의, 갈등, 공존의 주제에 집중하여 통시적 연구로 제시한다. 앵글로-아일 랜드계 출신인 예이츠는 문화 민족주의를 통해 아일랜드의 독립을 추구하는 과정에서 가톨릭 중산층의 물질주의와 몰예술성을 비판하며 대립 양상을 드러냈다. 이러한 갈등 은 1913년 9월 에서 뚜렷하게 나타나며, 예이츠의 비판 의식을 반영한다. 그러나 1916 년 부활절 봉기를 계기로 예이츠는 민족 정체성과 민족주의자들의 희생에 대해 복합적 인 시각을 갖게 되었다. 1916년 부활절 에서 예이츠는 봉기 지도자들에 대해 존경심 과 회의를 동시에 표현한다. 이후 다시 찾아간 시립 미술관 에서는 과거의 영웅들과 친구들을 회상하며 그들이 아일랜드 민족정신의 회복에 중요한 역할을 했음을 강조한 다. 본 연구는 아일랜드의 정치적·사회적 변화에 대한 예이츠의 반응을 추적하고, 그가 어떻게 시를 통해 사회적 대립을 넘어 공존과 문화적 통합으로 향했는지를 분석한다.

The monographic study is a targeted and in-depth study of a specific theme. It is an important supplement to the macroscopic description of general history and the microscopic analysis of individual cases, and it serves as an entry point to push the research on the history of learning deeper and more comprehensive. The theory of Chinese character studies is of utmost importance in monographic research. It plays a role in laying the theoretical foundation and defining the disciplinary connotations for the construction of the history of Chinese Grammatology. When researching the theory of Chinese Grammatology, one should “pay more attention to the overall situation and the system, and at the same time, pay attention to the connections and communication with linguistics, as well as archaeology, history, philology, cultural studies, etc., further expand the breadth and depth of the research on character studies, and establish theoretical systems of Chinese character studies with different styles, so that Chinese character studies can have its own discourse system on a world-class platform.” Western research on the theory of Chinese Grammatology involves multiple topics such as “the nature of Chinese characters” “the origin of Chinese characters” “the evolution of Chinese characters” “the ‘liushu’ Chinese Characters” “the structure of Chinese characters” “the pronunciation of Chinese characters” “the classification of Chinese characters” “the dissemination of Chinese characters” “the relationship between characters and words” and “the relationship between Chinese characters and the Chinese language.” Conducting re-research on the relevant studies of Western scholars from the perspective of academic history helps to provide an “other” perspective and a global vision for the research on the theory of Chinese Grammatology in China. This article takes the materials related to the theme of “the dissemination of Chinese characters” in Western Chinese Grammatology as the research object. Through the combination of research overviews and case analyses, it aims to gain a more in-depth understanding and recognition of the focuses, research spots, and research trends that Western scholars pay attention to when studying the dissemination of Chinese characters.

The circulation of modern Chinese-character neologisms in East Asia has attracted considerable scholarly attention, yet research on the Vietnamese context remains insufficient. This article reviews existing academic work on the topic and examines both the sources of Sino-Vietnamese neologisms and the routes through which they were transmitted. Primary source materials include Sino-Nôm “new books,” textbooks, dictionaries, newspapers, writings by Vietnamese students returning from Japan, and texts authored by communist revolutionaries. There are two main transmission routes for these neologisms into Vietnam: one from China, primarily through publications from Shanghai and revolutionary circles in Guangzhou; the other from Japan, via Vietnamese students involved in the Đông Du (Go East) movement. The study argues that Vietnam’s reception of these Chinese-character neologisms reflects its efforts toward linguistic modernization and highlights the complex network of cultural interactions within East Asia.

이 연구는 시설 내 노인학대의 지속적 증가와 구조적 요인에 주목하여, 시설 환경에 서 발생하는 노인학대의 구조적 특성과 교정적 개입 방안을 다각도로 분석하였다. 민･ 형사･행정 판례와 최근 국내외 선행연구를 종합 분석한 결과, 시설 내 노인학대는 인 력 부족, 낮은 근로환경, 조직문화의 결함, 감독 시스템 부재 등 복합적 구조적 요인이 작용함이 확인되었다. 특히 방임, 신체적･정서적･경제적 학대, 성적 학대 등이 반복 적･조직적으로 발생하고 있으며, 신고･처벌 위주의 기존 대응은 실질적 예방과 재발 방지에 한계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구는 구조적 개선과 함께, 가해자 대 상 교정적 프로그램 개발, 조직문화 혁신, 직원 교육 강화 등 다양한 정책적･실천적 제언을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 실효성 있는 예방 및 재발 방지 대책 마련에 기초 자료 로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigated dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and quality of life among elderly individuals living alone compared to those in multi-person households. Data were obtained from 5,311 individuals aged 65 years and older who participated in the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutritional intake was assessed by analyzing the proportion of individuals with insufficient intake relative to the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Quality of life was measured using the EQ- 5D instrument. The results showed that single-person households were more likely to be female, older, and have lower income and education levels compared to multi-person households. Additionally, single-person households were more likely to skip breakfast, eat at places other than home, eat alone, and dine out less frequently. Nutritional intake was lower among elderly individuals living alone. Furthermore, after adjusting for relevant variables, single-person households were significantly more likely to report poor quality of life (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.07-1.28)—defined as being in the lowest 20% of EQ-5D scores—compared to those in multi-person households. The findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional support and policy interventions to improve dietary intake and quality of life among elderly single-person households.

최근 한반도 주변 해역에서 해상사고로 인한 인명피해가 증가함에 따라 실종자 수색 및 구조 활동을 지원하기 위한 수중환경 정보 산출 기술 개발의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 끊임없이 변화하는 해양환경 속에서 수중시야를 예측하는 것은 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 인공위성 영상과 현장실험 자료를 활용하여 탁도와 수중시야 간의 상관 성을 분석하고, 한반도 서해 연안에 적합한 수중시야 산출 알고리즘을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 대천항 인근 해역의 두 정점을 선정하여 탁도 센서와 세키디스크를 이용해 깊이에 따른 탁도 및 수중시야를 측정하였으며, 동시에 고해상도 인공위성 영상을 수집하여 표층 원격반사도 자료를 획득하였다. 또한 서해 연안에서의 탁도 변화에 따른 수중시야의 공 간 분포를 비교하기 위해 Sentinel-2 위성의 560 nm 반사도를 활용하여 연구 해역의 탁도를 산출하고, 실측 탁도와 수 중시야 간의 상관성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 서해 연안에서는 2 .0- 3.0NTU 범위의 탁도가 분포하였으며, 수중거리는 1.5-3.5 m 사이의 값을 나타냈다. 특히, 만 지형이나 섬 주변에서는 상대적으로 낮은 수중시야가 관측된 반면, 대천해수 욕장 해안선을 따라서는 약 3.0m 이상의 높은 수중시야를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 실측 및 원격탐사 자료를 활용한 수중시야 산출 가능성을 확인하였으며, 위 결과는 향후 해상 실종자 수색 지원을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기 대된다.

This study analyzed the changes in sodium content across different types of kimchi over various storage periods, distinguishing between solids and seasoning (liquid), to better estimate actual sodium intake and improve the food composition databases. Six types (baechu-kimchi, oi-sobagi, buchu-kimchi, baek-kimchi, dongchimi, and nabak-kimchi) were analyzed using ICP-AES. The results were compared with salinometer readings, food composition databases, and nutrition labels from commercial products. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (=0.05). The findings showed that the seasoning had significantly higher sodium content than the solids and, except for baechu-kimchi and nabak-kimchi, accounted for more than 50% of the total sodium content. Sodium content varied across kimchi types and changed over storage time. Additionally, sodium content measured by ICP-AES significantly differed from those in the food composition databases and commercial nutrition labels, which often over or under-estimated values. Moreover, sodium content in commercial kimchi products exhibited up to a 581-fold difference between the minimum and maximum values. These results suggest that current databases and labeling systems, which do not distinguish between solids and seasoning, may misrepresent the actual sodium intake. Further research and regulatory measures are needed to improve sodium estimation and consumer guidance.

본 연구의 목적은 군 조직 내 리더 코칭에 관한 연구를 탐색해 보고 향후 군 조직에서 리더 코칭에 관한 연구 및 활용 방안을 제시하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 2000년부터 2024년까지 국내에서 발표된 문헌 17편을 선정하여 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 출판 현황은 2007년에 시작하여 2015년부터 본격적 인 연구가 진행되었으며 학술지 12편, 학위논문 5편이 게재되었다. 둘째, 연구 방법 면에서는 질적연구가 6편, 양적연구가 5편, 프로그램 개발 연구가 6편이었 다. 연구 대상은 간부가 6편, 간부와 병사가 3편, 병사가 1편, 생도 및 군사학 관 련 학생이 4편, 문헌이 3편이었다. 셋째, 연구 주제별로는 정책 및 제도 개선 제 안이 5편, 코칭 행동과 타 변인의 관계가 5편, 프로그램 개발 및 효과성 분석이 7편이었다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 리더십과 코칭의 이론적 토대 강화와 후속 연 구를 통한 연구 목적 달성, 다양한 연구 방법론의 적용과 연구의 확대, 코칭 문 화 확산과 코칭 대상 및 연구 참여자 확대, 민간 코칭과 군 조직의 협력적 연구 확대 등 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. 이러한 결과는 군 조직 내에서 리더 코칭 을 보다 유용하게 활용하고 조직 구성원의 성장과 조직 목표 달성을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하는 데 이바지할 수 있을 것이다.

As the transportation paradigm shifts from vehicle-oriented to pedestrian-oriented, active research has been conducted on road designs that consider the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and personal mobility users. This study aims to respond to this change by developing installation warrant factors and improving the minimum size design standards for triangular islands. This study involved reviewing domestic and international laws and guidelines, analyzing the current installation status of triangular islands, examining case studies of improvements, and assessing policy changes. Based on the findings, important insights were derived, and improvement plans to enhance the safety of pedestrians, vulnerable users, and other road users were proposed. This study identified several issues and confirmed that policies in both domestic and international contexts are shifting towards minimizing or removing the triangular islands. Based on these findings, this study developed 24 factors for installation warrants to determine the installation of triangular islands, such as the design speed and peak-hour volume for pedestrians. In addition, the proposed improvements suggest increasing the minimum size design standards from 9m2 to 22m2 to ensure the safety of users. The factors of installation warrants and improved minimum size design standards proposed in this study are expected to help shift the operation of triangular islands from a vehicle-oriented to a pedestrian-oriented approach.