PURPOSES : Pavement surface friction depends significantly on pavement surface texture characteristics. The mean texture depth (MTD), which is an index representing pavement surface texture characteristics, is typically used to predict pavement surface friction. However, the MTD may not be sufficient to represent the texture characteristics to predict friction. To enhance the prediction of pavement surface friction, one must select additional variables that can explain complex pavement surface textures. METHODS : In this study, pavement surface texture characteristics that affect pavement surface friction were analyzed based on the friction mechanism. The wavelength, pavement surface texture shape, and pavement texture depth were hypothesized to significantly affect the surface friction of pavement. To verify this, the effects of the three abovementioned pavement surface texture characteristics on pavement surface friction must be investigated. However, because the surface texture of actual pavements is irregular, examining the individual effects of these characteristics is difficult. To achieve this goal, the selected pavement surface texture characteristics were formed quantitatively, and the irregularities of the actual pavement surface texture were improved by artificially forming the pavement surface texture using threedimensionally printed specimens. To reflect the pavement surface texture characteristics in the specimen, the MTD was set as the pavement surface texture depth, and the exposed aggregate number (EAN) was set as a variable. Additionally, the aggregate shape was controlled to reflect the characteristics of the pavement surface texture of the specimen. Subsequently, a shape index was proposed and implemented in a statistical analysis to investigate its effect on pavement friction. The pavement surface friction was measured via the British pendulum test, which enables measurement to be performed in narrow areas, considering the limited size of the three-dimensionally printed specimens. On wet pavement surfaces, the pavement surface friction reduced significantly because of the water film, which intensified the effect of the pavement surface texture. Therefore, the pavement surface friction was measured under wet conditions. Accordingly, a BPN (wet) prediction model was proposed by statistically analyzing the relationship among the MTD, EAN, aggregate shape, and BPN (wet). RESULTS : Pavement surface friction is affected by adhesion and hysteresis, with hysteresis being the predominant factor under wet conditions. Because hysteresis is caused by the deformation of rubber, pavement surface friction can be secured through the formation of a pavement surface texture that causes rubber deformation. Hysteresis occurs through the function of macro-textures among pavement surface textures, and the effects of macro-texture factors such as the EAN, MTD, and aggregate shape on the BPN (wet) are as follows: 1) The MTD ranges set in this study are 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2, and under the experimental conditions, the BPN (wet) increases linearly with the MTD. 2) An optimum EAN is indicated when the BPN (wet) is the maximum, and the BPN decreases after its maximum value is attained. This may be because when the EAN increases excessively, the space for the rubber to penetrate decreases, thereby reducing the hysteresis. 3) The shape of the aggregate is closely related to the EAN; meanwhile, the maximum value of the pavement surface friction and the optimum EAN change depending on the aggregate shape. This is believed to be due to changes in the rubber penetration volume based on the aggregate shape. Based on the results above, a statistical prediction model for the BPN (wet) is proposed using the MTD, EAN, and shape index as variables. CONCLUSIONS : The EAN, MTD, and aggregate shape are crucial factors in predicting skid resistance. Notably, the EAN and aggregate shape, which are not incorporated into existing pavement surface friction prediction models, affect the pavement surface friction. However, the texture of the specimen created via three-dimensional printing differs significantly from the actual pavement surface texture. Therefore, the pavement surface friction prediction model proposed in this study should be supplemented with comparisons with actual pavement surface data in the future.

본 연구는 도로 노면의 결빙을 방지하기 위해 열적 특성을 갖는 콘크리트를 개발했습니다. 팽창 점 토에 상변화 물질(PCM)을 함침 시키고, 고열 전도성 에폭시와 실리카 흄으로 이중코팅을 하여 PCM 물질의 유출 방지, 골재의 부착성 개선, 열적 성능 개선을 하였으며 이를 DSC를 통해 열적 성능 평가 를 진행하여 확인했습니다. 또한 상변화 물질과 경량골재의 사용으로 인한 강도 감소 개선을 위한 CNT 혼합으로 강도 감소를 25% 개선하였습니다.

2016년 경주지진(규모 5.8) 및 2017년 포항지진(규모 5.4)은 1978년 대한민국 지진 관측 이래 국내 에서 발생한 지진 중 가장 큰 피해가 발생한 지진으로 기록되었다. 지진의 피해사례는 다양한 분야에 서 발생되었으며, 그중 교량 구조물에도 부분적인 피해가 다수 발생하였다. 국내에서는 교량구조물에 대한 내진보강 사업을 지속적으로 진행하고 있으며, 내진 보강의 공법 중 면진받침을 적용하여 구조물 의 내진성능을 확보하는 사례는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 펜들럼 교량받침은 중간판의 기 하학적인 곡률과 고강도 마찰재를 이용하여 감쇠 기능뿐 아니라 복원 기능을 구비하고 있는 면진받침 으로써 제품 크기가 작아 시공성, 경제성이 우수하여 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 대표적인 면 진장치이다. 펜들럼 받침의 경우 지진력 감쇠 및 회전, 이동량 수용을 위하여 2면의 곡면 구조로 진자 운동을 하므로 수평 변위 발생 시 필수적으로 수직 단차가 발생하는 구조이다. 또한 면압에 따라 마찰 계수가 달라지는 마찰재의 특성을 고려한 특성치 산출이 필요한 제품이다. 이 연구에서는 펜들럼 받침 의 다양한 면압에 따른 동적 시험을 실시하여 실제 거동과 일치하는 설계 특성치 산출법을 정립하였 다. 또한 펜들럼 면진받침의 진자 운동을 반영한 모양의 가이드와 프리세팅 전, 후에도 받침 상판의 수평을 유지할 수 있는 장치를 실물 크기로 제작하여 공인기관에 의뢰하여 프리세팅 시험 및 완제품 성능 시험을 실시하여 그 성능을 검증하였다. 성능 시험 결과 곡률에 따른 프리세팅이 가능함을 확인 하였다. 또한, 곡률형 프리세팅을 적용한 펜들럼 면진받침이 구조적으로 안전함을 확인하였다.

In South Korea, the level of Highway Pavement Management System (HPMS) was developed since early 2000. During this time numbers of professional pavement condition monitoring equipment were developed and applied in the actual field. One of the remarkable results is 3D Pavement condition Monitoring profiler vehicle (3DPM) designed and developed in Korea Expressway Corporation Research Division (KECRD). Thanks to this equipment, The surface condition of current pavement can successfully be monitored and proper following management strategy cab be established. However, the inner condition of pavement layer cannot be monitored dur to limitation of 3DPM equipment. In this paper, Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) mixture creep test was performed to verify the effectiveness of current 3DPM equipment. It was found that the current 3DPM equipment has reasonable feasibility on surveying pavement condition.

Evaluation of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture is significant not only for mitigating transverse thermal cracking but also for preventing potential traffic accidents. In addition, the engineers in pavement agency need to inform the proper pavement section where urgent management is needed. Since early 2000, Korea Expressway Corporation Research Division (KECRD) developed an 3D Pavement condition Monitoring profiler vehicle (3DPM) to survey expressway pavement surface condition precisely. The management of whole expressway network became more precise, effective and efficient than before due to application of 3DPM and HPMS. One thing recommended is: performing extensive mechanical test and corresponding data analysis work procedure to further strengthen the feasibility of current 3DPM approach and HPMS. In this paper two activities were considered: first, the pavement section where the urgent care is recommended is selected by means of 3DPM approach. Then asphalt mixture cores were acquired on that specified section then low temperature fracture test: Semi Circular Bending (SCB) test, was performed. The mechanical parameters, energy release rate and fracture toughness were computed then compared. It is concluded that the current 3DPM approach in KEC can successfully evaluate and analyze selected pavement condition. However, more extensive experimental works are needed to further strengthen the current pavement analyzing approaches.

노면 마찰력은 포장 표면과 타이어의 마찰력으로 인해 발생하는 현상으로 높은 노면의 마찰력은 제동 중 차량의 안정성과 조종성을 향상시킨다. 노면 마찰력이 증가함에 따라 교통사고 횟수가 감소하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 습윤 상태의 노면에서 교통사고가 증가하 는 것으로 알려져있다. 따라서 교통사고 발생 억제와 도로 안전의 확보를 위해서는 적정 수준의 노면 마찰력, 특히 습윤 상태의 노면 마찰력을 확보하는 것이 중요하다. 노면 마찰력은 adhesion과 hysteresis로 분류되며 특히 습윤상태 도로에서 hysteresis가 중요한 역 할을 한다. hysteresis는 고무의 변형에 의해 발생하기 때문에 고무 변형에 영향을 미치는 노면 조직 변수를 선정하여 노면 마찰력을 예측하고자 한다. 노면 마찰력은 노면 조직 특성과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 이에 따라 노면 조직 특성을 나타내는 지수 중 하나인 MTD(Mean Texture Depth)가 노면 마찰력 예측을 위한 인자로 사용되고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 MTD는 노면 조직 깊이만을 평가하 는 인자로 다양한 요소가 결합되어 있는 노면 조직 특성을 모두 설명할 수 없으며, 노면 마찰력 예측을 위해서는 복잡한 노면 조직을 설명할 수 있는 추가 변수의 선정이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 노면 마찰력의 메커니즘 분석을 토대로 노면 마찰력에 영향을 미치는 노면 조직 특성을 분석하였고, wave-length와 노면 조직의 형태, 노면 조직 깊이가 노면 마찰력에 미치는 영향이 클 것으로 예상하였 다. 이를 검증하기 위해서는 3가지 노면 조직 특성이 노면 마찰력에 미치는 영향에 대한 검토가 요구되나 실제 도로의 노면은 노면 조직이 불규칙하게 형성되어 있어 노면 조직 특성의 개별적 영향을 검토하기 어렵다. 이를 위해서는 선정한 노면 조직 특성의 정량적 형성이 요구되며 3D 프린팅 시편을 제작해 노면 조직을 인위적으로 형성함으로써 실제 도로 노면 조직의 불규칙성을 개선하였다. 노 면 조직 특성을 시편에 반영하기 위해 노면 조직 깊이는 MTD, wave-length는 노출 골재의 개수를 뜻하는 EAN을 변수로 설정하였 다. 또한 EAN(Exposed Aggregate Number)은 노출 골재의 형성이 필수적이므로 골재의 형상을 제어하여 노면 조직의 형태를 시편에 반영하였으며 골재 형상과 노면 마찰력의 통계학적 분석을 위해 형상 지수를 산출하여 분석하였다. 3D 프린팅 시편은 크기에 제한이 있어 좁은 영역에서 측정이 용이한 BPT(British Pendulum Test)를 사용해 노면 마찰력을 측정하였고, 습윤한 노면에서는 수막으로 인해 노면 마찰력이 크게 감소하여 노면 조직의 영향이 커지므로 습윤 상태에서 노면 마찰력을 측정하였다. 측정 데이터를 통한 분석 결과 노면 조직 변수인 MTD가 증가할수록 BPN(wet)이 선형적으로 증가하는 것이 확인되었으며, EAN에 따라서 BPN이 증가했다가 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이는 EAN이 과도하게 많아지면 고무가 침투할 공간이 줄어들어 hysteresis가 감소하기 때문으로 사료된 다. 또한 골재 형상에 따라 노면 마찰력의 최댓값과 optuimum EAN의 변화가 있었다. 이는 골재 형상에 따른 고무 침투 부피의 변화 에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 위의 결과를 통해 MTD, EAN, 골재 형상과 BPN(wet)의 관계를 통계학적으로 분석하여 BPN(wet) 예측 모 델을 제안하였다.

The optimization of deacetylation process parameters for producing chitosan from isolated chitin shrimp shell waste was investigated using response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD). Three independent variables viz, NaOH concentration (X1), radiation power (X2), and reaction time (X3) were examined to determine their respective effects on the degree of deacetylation (DD). The DD of chitosan was also calculated using the baseline approach of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the yields. RSM-CCD analysis showed that the optimal chitosan DD value of 96.45 % was obtained at an optimized condition of 63.41 % (w/v) NaOH concentration, 227.28 W radiation power, and 3.34 min deacetylation reaction. The DD was strongly controlled by NaOH concentration, irradiation power, and reaction duration. The coefficients of correlation were 0.257, 0.680, and 0.390, respectively. Because the procedure used microwave radiation absorption, radiation power had a substantial correlation of 0.600~0.800 compared to the two low variables, which were 0.200~0.400. This independently predicted robust quadratic model interaction has been validated for predicting the DD of chitin.

Painting pretreatment is an important task in determining the life of painting as it removes rust or foreign substances from the painting surface and gives adhesion between the painting surface and the painting surface. Since painting pretreatment is an important task, IMO strictly requires that the painting pretreatment surface be maintained at a Sa 2.5 grade and the surface roughness is 30μm~75μm. Painting pre-processing is an important task that determines the lifespan of a painting, but it is done through visual inspection by the inspector, and the quality varies depending on the inspector. In this study, in order to develop a quality measurement system for the painting pretreatment surface, Matlab2023b was used to determine the range of appropriate quality brightness by comparing the brightness of the painting pretreatment surface and surface roughness.

한국 남해 동부 해역인 통영해역에 설치된 연안 수온 분석 결과, 태풍이 남해안에 상륙하기 전에 수온이 급격하게 상승한 것으 로 나타났다. 수온 상승은 표층(5m)은 물론 저층(15m)까지 같이 발생하였다. NOAA 위성에서 관측한 표면수온자료 분석 결과, 태풍이 상 륙하기 전 한국 남해 동부 해역의 동쪽 해역에 30℃의 수온을 가지는 해수가 존재하였다. 한국 남동해역은 대마난류에 의해 서쪽에서 동 쪽으로 해류가 우세한 지역이나 위성 자료 분석 결과, 30℃의 해수는 동쪽에서 서쪽으로 이동한 것으로 나타나 태풍 상륙 전에 태풍에 의 한 에크만 수송의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 남해 동부 해역은 한국 동해 해역과 달리 수심이 깊지 않기 때문에 바람에 의한 연 직 혼합으로 인해 전 수층의 수온이 일정하게 나타날 수 있다. 수층별 수온 상승이 같은 날에 발생하였기 때문에 저층 수온 상승은 연직 혼합에 의한 결과라 볼 수 있다. 따라서 한국 남동해역은 태풍의 접근 방향과 고수온의 형성 위치에 따라 에크만 수송에 의해 수온이 급 상승할 수 있는 해역임을 알 수 있다.

In this study, the seasonal distribution was surveyed using acoustic in the coastal waters around nuclear power plants. Acoustic surveys were conducted in June, September, December 2022, and March 2023 in the coastal waters of Uljin-gun. According to the results of this study, zooplankton were distributed at the depths from 0 m to 50 m in the waters around nuclear power plants. Zooplankton appeared in summer (June), autumn (September), and spring (March). In the survey area, fish were distributed at the depths from 25 m to 190 m, appearing in the summer (June), autumn (September), winter (December) and spring (March). The SV of zooplankton appearing in the survey area ranged from -98.0 dB to -78.0 dB, and it exhibited a one-class in the frequency distribution of SV. The SV of fish appearing in the survey area ranged from -36.0 dB to -35.0 dB and -98.0 dB to -53.0 dB, and it exhibited two-class in the frequency distribution of SV.

The present research focuses on the tribological behavior of the AA5083 alloy-based hybrid surface composite using aluminosilicate and multi-walled-carbon nanotube through friction stir processing for automotive applications. The friction stir processing parameters (tool rotation and traverse speed) are varied based on full factorial design to understand their influence on the tribological characteristics of the developed hybrid composite. The surface morphology and composition of the worn hybrid composite are examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope and an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscope. No synergistic interaction is observed between the wear rate and friction coefficient of the hybrid composite plate. Also, adhesive wear is the major wear mechanism in both base material and hybrid composite. The influence of friction stir process parameters on wear rate and the friction coefficient is analyzed using the hybrid polynomial and multi-quadratic radial basis function. The models are utilized to optimize the friction stir processing parameters for reducing the rate of wear and friction coefficient using multi-quadratic RBF algorithm optimization.

This study is concerned with the optimization of the manufacturing process of a hot water extract containing antioxidant activity from Lycium barbarum, traditionally known to have various physiological activities. For the establishment of the optimization process, the central composite design of response surface methodology(RSM) was used. Thirteen extraction processes were performed by encoding the independent variables, extraction temperature (65.9oC–94.1oC) and extraction time (2.59 hr–5.41 hr). As a result of the experiment, the optimal manufacturing conditions for the extract were 340.0 mg/100 g of GAE at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 5 hr. The maximum yield of flavonoids was 22.44 mg/100 g of HES at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 4 hr. The conditions for producing the extract with the maximum antioxidant capacity (DPPH 92.12%) were 90oC and 4.5 hr extraction time. Therefore, the optimal manufacturing process conditions for extracts containing total phenol content, flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, which are dependent variables, were extraction temperature of 90-95oC and extraction time of 4 hr, which were not significantly different from the actual values. Therefore, Lycium barbarum extract rich in total phenol and flavonoid content related to antioxidant function is expected to be used as a functional food and cosmetic material.

As technologies have been more quickly developed in this 4th Industry Revolution era, their application to defense industry has been also growing. With these much advanced technologies, we attempt to use Manned-Unmanned Teaming systems in various military operations. In this study, we consider the Location-Routing Problem for reconnaissance surveillance missions of the maritime manned-unmanned surface vehicles. As a solution technique, the two-phase method is presented. In the first location phase, the p-median problem is solved to determine which nodes are used as the seeds for the manned vehicles using Lagrangian relaxation with the subgradient method. In the second routing phase, using the results obtained from the location phase, the Vehicle Routing Problems are solved to determine the search routes of the unmanned vehicles by applying the Location Based Heuristic. For three network data sets, computational experiments are conducted to show the performance of the proposed two-phase method.

The purpose of this study was to propose an operational concept for a ship in a fleet equipped with an interceptor missile system, a naval surface to air defense system, and to develop a simulation program that reflects it. The results of the defense activities of other ships in the fleet can be reflected by receiving information about the status of the enemy missiles. The allocation of defensive assets is based on the survival probability of the ship, not on the destruction of enemy attacks, which can be obtained as the product of the expected survival probability for each enemy missile. In addition, the concept of predicted survivability was introduced to assess the loss of future defense opportunities that would result from assigning a new command. A simulation program was also developed as a tool for realizing the proposed concept of operations, which generated cases.

In this study, a high-resolution integrated real-time visualization device using surface plasmon resonance was designed and considered to overcome the measurement limitations of existing optical systems. For precise measurements, resonance angle and reflectivity were calculated using theoretical equations, and the designed surface plasmon resonance visualization system was verified by comparison with experimental values using a He-Ne laser. Surface information of the droplet was acquired using polarized, single-wavelength converted white light, and quantified through image processing. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that when light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm is incident on the Kretchmann structure prism-metal thin film-dielectric (air/water), it is not totally reflected at an angle above the critical angle and the reflectivity is rapidly reduced due to the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon. As a result of quantifying the image, it was confirmed that the droplet reflectivity was similar to the theoretical reflectivity at each resonance angle.

해상풍은 대기-해양의 상호작용을 이해하는데 중요한 요소일 뿐만 아니라, 해양에서 기인하는 위험기상을 예측하는데 중요한 입력자료이다. 정확한 예측을 위해서는 정확한 해상풍 자료가 요구되지만, 육상과 달리 해상은 관측이 제한적이기 때문에 관측 자료가 많 지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 장기간의 고해상도 해상풍 자료 구축을 목표로 하였다. 먼저 장기간에 대해 활용 가능한 ERA5 재분석 바람장을 고해상도로 재격자화 하였고, 재격자화 한 ERA5 바람장을 수치모형 ADCIRC (ADvanced CIRCulation model)의 GAHM (Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model)을 이용하여 산출한 비대칭형 태풍 바람장과 합성하였다. 산출된 비대칭형 태풍 합성 바람장은 기상 청 (Korea Meteorological Administration, KMA) 및 일본 기상청 (Japan Meteorological Administration, JMA) 관측자료를 이용하여 정확도를 평가 하였다. 평가결과, ERA5 바람장 및 Holland 식을 이용하여 산출한 대칭형 태풍 합성 바람장보다 비대칭형 태풍 합성 바람장이 관측값을 매우 유사하게 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 생산한 해상풍 자료는 향후 폭풍해일 후측 자료 구축, 폭풍해일고 빈도 분석, 해상 풍 빈도 분석 등 다양한 연구의 기초자료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

상시미동을 이용한 수평-수직 스펙트럼 비 방법은 해당부지의 공명주파수와 지반증폭 계수를 추정하여 퇴적층 두께 및 부지응답 등 지반특성을 평가하기 위해 널리 사용된다. 이 연구는 배경잡음을 관측한 깊이와 풍속 변화가 HVSR 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지표형 지진계와 지중형 지진계가 설치되어 있는 8개 지진관측소를 선택하여 연구를 진행하였다. 분석결과를 종합해서 지진센서가 설치된 깊이에서의 지질학적 특성이 HVSR 결과에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 결정된 공명주파수는 지진센서가 설치된 퇴적층 전체 두께를 지시한다. 지표에서 관측한 배경잡 음을 분석하면 풍속 변화에 따라 공명주파수가 다르게 추정된다. 이번 연구에서 분석한 결과는 지중 20-66 m 깊이에서 관측한 배경잡음은 풍속 변화에도 불구하고 공명주파수가 일정하게 추정되었다. 지중 100 m 이상의 깊은 깊이에서 수 집한 상시미동 자료를 HVSR 분석하는 것은 결과가 불안정하다. 이번 연구는 지진계를 얕은 깊이(~0.3 m)에 매설하고 약한 풍속에서 관측한 자료를 사용하여도 HVSR 분석 목적을 달성하기에 충분한 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to improve the service life of asphalt pavement using basalt aggregate in Jeju Island by evaluating the performance of asphalt pavement through analysis of material and structural aspects. METHODS : To evaluate the performance of Jeju Island's asphalt pavement, cracks, permanent deformation, and longitudinal roughness were analyzed for the Aejo-ro road, which has high traffic and frequent premature damage. Cores were collected from Aejo-ro sections in good condition and damaged condition, and the physical properties of each layer were compared and analyzed. In addition, plate cores were collected from two sections with severe damage and the cause of pavement damage was analyzed in detail. RESULTS : About 45% of the collected cores suffered damage such as layer separation and damage to the lower layer. The asphalt content of surface layer in the damaged section was found to be 1.1% lower on average than that in the good condition section, and the mix gradations generally satisfied the standards. The density difference between the cores of each layer was found to be quite large, and the air voids was found to be at a high level. CONCLUSIONS : Test results on the cores showed that, considering the high absorption ratio of basalt aggregate, the asphalt content was generally low, and the high air voids of the pavement was believed to have had a significant impact on damage. High air voids in asphalt pavement can be caused by poor mixture itself, poor construction management, or a combination of the two factors. Additionally, the separation of each layer is believed to be the cause of premature failure of asphalt pavement.

최근 여러 연구에서 Hg2+에 선택적으로 반응해 형광을 강화시키거나 소광시키는 thiophene을 기반으로한 probe가 많이 개발되어 왔지만, 이에 따른 분광학적 현상에 대한 정확한 분자적 수준의 이론적 해석이 이루어지지 않 았다. 이에 따라 우리는 Hg2+와 thiophene간 상호작용을 면밀히 분석하기 위해 Hg2+와 thiophene간 거리에 따른 에너 지 포텐셜을 구하였다. Hg2+ 이온에 대한 모든 전자(all electron, AE) basis set인 x2c-TZVPPall와 effective core potential (ECP) 기반인 LANL2DZ는 모두 상대성 효과가 고려된 바닥 상태에서 Hg2+와 thiophene이 결합력이 없이 해 리가 되는 에너지 포텐셜을 보여주었지만, 용매인 물이 고려된 시스템에서는 Hg2+와 thiophene이 결합력을 가지는 것 을 보였으며 이것은 실험적인 결과를 잘 재현하는 것이었다. 따라서 Hg2+ 이온을 포함하는 착화합물 시스템에서 올바 른 에너지 상태를 구하기 위해서는 상대성효과와 더불어 solvent 영향도 잘 고려돼야 함을 알 수 있다.