미셀반응, 유화중합, 상간이동촉매반응 등에 이용되는 계면활성제가 갖고 있는 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 반응 후 분해되는 분해성 계면활성제를 합성하였다. 케탈이나 아세탈반응에 의하여 이루워진 1,3-디옥솔란 고리가 산수용액 중에서 불안정해 쉽게 가수분해로 계면활성을 띠지 않는 분해성 계면활성제를 합성하였다. 합성된 화합물은 백색결정상태로 얻었으며 수율은 90% 이상이었다. 그리고 이 화합물과 중간생성물은 얇은막 크로마토그래피와 컬럼 크로마토그래피로 분리하여 적외선과 수소핵자기공명 및 원소분석 스텍트라로 그 화합물들의 구조를 확인하였다.

각종 세정제의 난용 및 과대 사용으로 인한 수질오염이 날로 심각해지고 있으며 이 때 수질오염의 원인은 주로 계면활성제에 의해 발생한다. 본 연구는 이미 다졸린으로부터 유도된 9종의 양쪽성계면활성제와 석유 화학물질로부터 제조하여 대량 사용하고 있는 sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS)에 대한 세정성을 비교하여 보다 우수한 계면활성제를 선정하고자 한다. 또한 세정성의 비교는 세정력의 측정과 세정에 관한 물리화학적 측면에서 그 원인을 규명하고자 한다. 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-(3-sulfonatedropy)-2-undecyl-2-imidazolinum [IV]는 세정성 및 다른 기초적 물성이 우수하여 세정제에 응용할 경우 세정성이 우수한 계면활성제 일수록 오염 부착에 필요한 일이 적게 나타나 오염이 쉽게 제거될 수 있음을 증명하였으며 그로 인한 공업적 응용성에 기대가 크다.

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-undecyl-2-imidazoline[I] was converted into various types of sulfonated or sulfated amphoteric surfactants as following. 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-(3-sulfonatedpropyl)-2-undecyl-2-imidazolium[III] 1-(2-sulfatedethyl)-1-methyl-2-undecyl-2-imidazolium[IV] 1-dioxylethylene methyl sulfonated-1-methyl-2-undecyl-2-imidazoliun[V] N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(3-sulfonatedpropylammonio]ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VI] Mono sodium N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N'-disulfonatedpropylammonio]ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VII] N-[N'-(2-hydroxyethyl-N'-(2-hydroxypropl-N'(3-sulfonatedpropyl)ammonio] ethyl dodecanoyl amide[VIII] The alkylimidazolines could be readily hydrolyzed to give amidoamines, but by quaternerization, hydrolysis stability of imidazoline and amide type amphoteric surfactantes were increased in the alkali and acid conditions. Also, at least three carbon chains introduce to the main group, water solubility was sparingly increased.

Amphoteric surfactants were synthesized by the cyclization of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-undecyl-2-imidazoline [I] with acrylic acid ethyl ester. Compound [I] was easily hydrolyzed with water, especially in the presence of a alkali, to afford amidoamines. After [I] was hydrolyzed, the reaction mixture was allowed to react with acrylic acid ethyl ester and then soapoinfied. Only sodium salts of N- -(2-carboxyethyl)-N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminoethyl]dodecanoyl amide[III] was obtained. However, when the reacton of [I] with acrylic acid ethyl ester was carried out in the presence of water, followed by soapnification, ring cleavage of [I] occurred at 2, 3 position, different from hydrolysis of [I] where the cleavage occurred at 1, 2 position, to give sodium salts of N-[N'-(2-carboxyethyl)aminoethyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanoyl amide [IV] and N-[N', N'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)aminoethyl]-N(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanoyl amide [V] as main products.

I am going to survey major topics relating to the title by analyzing the following statistical data. 1 : Global trend of production and import of oil and relating materials 2 : Global trend of major oil production 3 : Capacity of Japanese factory for oil production 4 : Situation of mechanical expression based on raw materials 5 : Change of production amounts of Oil products 6 : Oil production of each items 7 : Imported amounts of oil products 8 : Vegetable oil meals, production, import and global trend 9 : Production of mayonnaise, dressing and edible processing oils 10 : Intake of nutrients, supply of lipids, and consumption of oils 11 : Global production of oleochemicals 12 : Sales amount of oleochemicals 13 : Capacities of fatty acid and fatty alcohol factories 14 : Oleochemical production in 1995 15 : Oleochemical procuction in asia 16 : Production of surfactants for industrial use 17 : Sales amount of detergents and washing materials 18 : Production of soap and synthetic detergent in Japan 19 : Consumption of soap. detergent, and synthetic detergent 20: Relation beween synthetic detergent production and popularization 21 : Biodegradability of soft detergent

All the activities and physical properties including surface tension' foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power, dispersion effect of 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxyY-1-propane sulfonate (HSB)류와 3-CN-alkylamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamm-onjo)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate (APSB) aquous solution were measured and critical micelle concentration was evaluated. Their cmc of hydroxy sulfobetaine derivatives evaluated by the surface tension method was 1.0×10-3~1.0×10-4 mol/l, and surface tension of the aquous solution was decreased to 27~38dyne/cm. The experimental results for foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power in liquid paraffin showed a good surface active properties, especially, dispersion effect in ferric oxide exhibited some efficient surface active properties, and then it would be expected to application as detergent and dispersion agent.

In order to review industrial application of amphoteric surfactants, new types of hydroxy sulfobetaine, 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate and 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-acylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate were prepared by the reaction of quaternized sodium 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonate with N, N-dimethyl-N-alkylamine and N, N-dimethyl N-acylamido propylamine that have a straight chain radical of 12, 18 carbon atoms respectively in the presence of alkali catalyst. All the reaction products could be separated by means of column and thin layer chromatography, and the yields of all products ranged in 85~90%, the structure of them could be confirmed from IR and 1H-NMR spectra.

The synthesis and solution properties of polyglycerol alkyl ether(R12Gn) are described. The phase behavior, surface tension, cloud point and HLB value of polyglycerol dodecyl ether in aqueous solution and in mixed solution of surfactant /water /oil have been investigated and compared with values of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether. The surface tension showed that R12Gn have sufficiently low values of surface tension and cmc to serve as useful polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. The mesophases appearing in the R12Gn systems were more stable in a high temperature range than the mesophases of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether systems. The cloud point and HLB data indicated that addition of one glycerol group was equivalent to the addition of three oxyethylene group units, as far as the hydrophilic property was concerned. The phase diagrams of the polyglycerol alkyl ether /dodecane /water systems showed that the solubilizing and emulsifying powers of R12Gn were greater than those of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. It is concluded that the polyglycerol chain can be even more useful as hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants than the polyoxyethylene chain.

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-alkoxyethylcarboxybetaine series were synthesized via Schotten-Baurnman reaction between four alkyl chlorides contaning 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl group and dimethylaminoethanol to give the intermediate products, alkoxyethyldimethylamine, Quaternization of these intermediates was permitted to form 2-(alkoxyethyldimethylarnmonio) acetates, whose structures were identified by elemental analysis. IR spectrophotometry and 1Hnmr spectrometry. The yield of the final products was shown in the range of 74~77% based on the yield of the intermediate products, Surface tension of the aqueous solution of the final products was measured. and the critical micelle concentrations(cmc) were shown in the range of 2.82×10-3~2.67×10-6mol/l, and the surface thension at erne was 35~43dyne/cm. Cmc was lowered gradually by the increase of carbon numbers in N-alkyl ether containing group. The isoelectric point was shown in the range of 4.08~6.03. It showed a tendency to lean toward the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. A linear relationship between log erne and the number of carbon atoms(N) in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was shown in the relative equation of log cmc=2.49-0.50N.

N-alkyl carboxy pyridinium chlorides such as N-lauryl carboxy-pyridinium chloride, N-myristyl carboxy pyridinium chloride, N-cetyl carboxy pyridinium chloride and N-stearyl carboxy pyridinium chloride were synthesized by the reaction of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid with long chain alkyl chlorides, and N-alkyl pyrinium carboxylates such as N-lauryl pyridinium carboxylate, N-myristyl pyridinium carboxylate. N-cetyl pyridinium carboxylate and N-stearyl pyridinium carboxylate were prepared from N-alkyl carboxy pyridinium chlorides. These reaction products could be separated by both column chromatogrphy, and paper chromatography, and there dissociation constants of N-alkyl pyridinium carboxylates were found to pKa 1.0×1013~6,31×1014

Background : The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. Poor water solubility of the active compounds from A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to bioavailability. Methods and Results : This work aimed to enhance the solubility of active compounds by a chemical (viz. surfactant) and physical (HME, hot melt extrusion) crosslinking method (CPC) in A. gigas Nakai. Infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed multiple peaks in extrudate solids representing new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the extrudate showed lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and lower enthalpy (ΔH) [Tg: 43℃; ΔH: <6 (J/g)] compared to the non-extrudate (Tg 68.5℃; ΔH: 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed amorphization of crystal materials in extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid compared to non extrudate (36%, 1499 ㎚, respectively). Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusion : We conclude that the HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations. human dermal fibroblasts, which is, associated with the regulation of procollagen biosynthesis resulting from AMRP-induced TGF-β1 expression and the mitogenic activity in HDF cells, and therefore, is expected to reduce the age-dependent loss of extracellular matrix proteins.

Background: The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. However, the poor water solubility of the active components in A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to its bioavailability. Methods and Results: This work aimed at enhancing the solubility of the active compounds of A. gigas Nakai by a chemical (using a surfactant) and physical (hot melt extrusion, HME) crosslinking method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed multiple peaks in the case of the extrudate solids, attributable to new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes, and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the extrudate soilid had a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and enthalpy (ΔH) (Tg : 43℃, ΔH : < 6 J/g) as compared to the non-extrudate (Tg : 68.5℃, ΔH : 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the amorphization of crystalline materials in the extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and a higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid than in the non-extrudate (solubility : 36%, nanonization : 1,499 ㎚) formulation. Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusions: HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations.

녹차(Camellia sinensis L.)는 약용으로도 널리 사용되어 왔다. 하지만, 대부분의 연구는 녹차 잎을 연구의 대상으로 이루어졌으며, 지금까지도 잎 외의 다른 부분은 연구가 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 외부환경의 미세먼지(particulate matter 2.5; PM2.5)에 의한 normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs)의 손상을 뿌리 추출물이 효과적으로 보호할 수 있는 효과를 확인하였다. 30년 된 녹차뿌리 표본은 아모레퍼시픽의 Dolsongi tea field에서 채취되었으며 70%의 에탄올로 추출한 녹차 뿌리 추출물은 총 순수 사포닌 함량이 54%로, 인삼 추출물보다 더 많은 사포닌을 함유한 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 PM2.5에 의한 손상으로부터의 보호 효과를 평가하기 위해 건선환자의 특이적 바이오 마커인 IL-36G를 관찰한 결과 IL-36G mRNA 발현량은 PM2.5 처리시 녹차 뿌리 추출물 처리를 통해 IL-36G 식의 유의적인 감소를 확인할 수 있었 다. 결론적으로, 30년 된 녹차뿌리 추출물은 사포닌 함량이 높은 자연 계면 활성제로 사용될 수 있으며, 또한 피부질환마커인 IL-36G 발현의 억제를 통해 PM2.5에 의해 유발되는 손상에 대한 보호 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of surfactant to extract higher phenolic compound, flavonoid and antioxidant activity from Tartary buckwheat and evaluate the potentiality of surfactant as a screening agent for breeding purpose. Primarily, we employed two types of surfactant (Hydrophilic: Tween 20 and Lipophilic: Span 80) to select the suitable surfactant agent for the extraction of optimum bioactive compounds. Between two surfactants, Tween 20 showed highest efficiency at 4 mM concentration to extract total phenolic content (TP), total flavonoid (TF) and antioxidant activity (AA). Tween 20 at 4 mM concentration was fixed for further analysis along with hot water (90℃) treatment as a control. In our findings, highest TP (118 ㎎/g), TF (38 ㎎/g) and AA (76%) was achieved in KW21 and KW22 among the fifteen accessions of Tartary buckwheat. In other way, TP, TF and AA was 200%, 120% and 110% higher in surfactant formulation compared with control treatment, respectively.

Background: Purple potato contain sufficient phenolic compound and flavonoid which has high antioxidant capacity. Due to poor water solubility of phenolic compounds and quick oxidation of anthocyanin, we could not get maximum health benefits from purple potato. Therefore, we developed surfactant based aqueous nano suspension to enhance the solubility of phenolic compounds and protect the oxidation of anthocyanin from purple potato. Methods and Results: Two types of surfactant were used in this experiment based on hydrophilic-lycophilic balance viz. Brij and Span. In our study, lycophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in TP extraction compared to water and lipophilic surfactant below 10 mM concentration. On the other hand, lipophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in extracting flavonoid content. Conclusion: It is concluded that hydrophilic surfactant was significantly increased phenolic compounds five times, and lipophilic surfactant increased flavonoid two times, and anthocyanin three times compared to control. Therefore, total antioxidant capacity was increases two times compared to control.

This study investigated the properties of foamed concrete by using surfactant foaming agent and synthetic foaming agent. The effects of foaming agent types on the compressive strength, density and pore structure of the concrete were investigated. The samples were assessed by XRD analysis and simultaneous SEM was used to study their pore distribution. This study showed the improvement of important properties of foamed concrete. Lower pore distribution and correspondingly higher compressive strength values were reached. Also, synthetic foaming agent had more positive effect on the strength of foamed concrete.

This study investigated the properties of foamed concrete by using surfactant foaming agent and synthetic foaming agent. The effects of foaming agent types on the compressive strength, density and pore structure of the concrete were investigated. The samples were assessed by XRD analysis and simultaneous SEM was used to study their pore distribution. This study showed the improvement of important properties of foamed concrete. Lower pore distribution and correspondingly higher compressive strength values were reached. Also, synthetic foaming agent had more positive effect on the strength of foamed concrete

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of chromium propionate (Cr-P) and lysophopholipid (LPL) in diet on blood parameters and meat quality of Hanwoo steer. Feeding trial was performed from late fattening period to slaughter and blood parameters (insulin, blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration) and meat quality were examined. Total 4 experimental groups including control (no addition), T1 (Cr-P 0.2%), T2 (LPL 0.2%) and T3 (Cr-P 0.1% + LPL 0.1%) were employed. For blood parameters, insulin concentration in T1 and T3 showed an elevating patterns from 3.13 μU/mL to 3.35 μU/mL (T1) and from 4.38 μU/mL to 5.23 μU/mL (T3). The changes of NEFA in all groups were detected as a decreasing patterns according to days of feeding. However, significant difference was not found. In growth performance, T2 showed greater daily gain and T1 showed greater carcass yield compared to others. However, there were no significance in difference. In meat quality, T1 showed greater yield and intra-muscular fat levels and lower sharing force compared to others. However, significant differences were not detected.

유중 수형 에멀젼은 우수한 수분 증발 차단력 및 통기성 밀폐막 형성 등의 장점에도 불구하고 저점도 안정화가 쉽지 않아 다양한 화장품 제형 적용에 한계성을 지녀왔다. 본 연구에서는 유중 수형 에멀젼 형성에 있어 비이온성 유화제와 분체, 양이온성 유화제 간의 상호 관계가 제형의 안정성에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 비이온성 유화제와 분체 존재 하에 양이온 유화제의 농도가 증가함에 따라 초기에는 유화 안정성이 향상되다가 일정 농도 이상에서는 하락되고, 더욱 농도가 증가하면 전상이 일어나는 경향성이 관찰되었다. 이를 통해, 비이 온성 유화제 1.0 ∼ 4.0 wt% 사용 조건에서 실리콘 계 마이크로 사이즈 분체 2.5 wt%와 양이온 유화제 0.1 ∼ 0.5 wt%를 사용할 경우 흐름성 있는 범위의 점도까지(2000 ∼ 5000 cps) 낮추면서도 분체의 분산성과 안정성을 효과적으로 높인 유중 수형 에멀젼의 제조가 가능함을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 sigle-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs)에 재조합된 고정산화효소를 부착한 고정효소제제를 이용하여 방향족 탄화수소의 생화학적 분해를 고찰하였다. Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6로부터 복제 및 대량발현 하여 얻어진 hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase는 방향족 탄화수소의 ring-fission를 활성화하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 재조합되어 획득된 dioxygenase를 SWCNTs에 고정시켰다. SWCNTs의 표면은 비이온계 계면활성제로 표면처리/활성화하였고, 이를 통해 SWCNTs의 수용액상 dispersivity가 크게 증가함을 확인하였다. 고정화 수율은 62%였고, 효소고정이후 효소활성도의 60-70%가 유지되었다. 효소의 동역학적 분석 결과, 기질이용률(Vmax)과 촉매효율(Vmax/KM)의 측면에서 고정된 효소는 동역학적 특성이 거의 유사하게 나타나 고정된 효소의 활성도 손실이 최소한으로 유지될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 고정화 된 효소는 pH, 온도, 이온강도의 변화에도 자유 효소보다 더 높은 안정도를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 효소 재사용 시에도 활성도가 높게 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 계면활성제를 이용한 SWCNTs의 표면처리 및 효소고정 기법이라는 새로운 효소 고정화 기술 개발에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 본 연구에서의 CNT를 이용한 효소고정제재를 이용한 고효율의 친환경적, 경제적인 난분해성 유기오염물질의 생화학적 분해 기법 개발의 기초를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.