Studies on Trapa of Korean, Japanese, and Chinese origins have been generally limited to currently living Trapa, thereby demonstrating the lack of phylogenetic approaches. In the present study, we conducted a numerical taxonomic study on 34 Korean origin Trapa species newly discovered in peat deposits. By using the numerical taxonomy as well as geological data, we created an appearance map based on the periods and taxonomic groups of the Korean Trapa. Further, by using this appearance map, we reviewed the limitations that exist in the taxa and simultaneously discussed the adaptational environment of Trapa in each period. Although other studies have discussed new variants of Trapa worldwide, including T. litwinowii V. vassil. var. chihuensis S.F.Guan & Q.Lang of China (Guan and Lang, 1987), the present study is significant because it provides data on the origin of Korean Trapa species. The availability of such data is essential in determining the adaptational environment of the presently living Trapa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of approximately 10 newly discovered and other presently living species of Trapa. Further, the appearance map in the present study allows the use of the 10 newly discovered species and variants of 34 Trapa species indigenous to South Korea for over 1000 years, for a comparison with the currently living Trapa species. Thus, the present study results could serve as important basic data to understand the adaptational environment of the genus Trapa. from the past to the present in Korea.
Background : This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow) extract. Methods and Results : The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 100% methanol extract of water chestnut were investigated. The methanol extract was evaluated for its total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH•(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity,reducing power, andeffect on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The total phenolic content was 438.31 ㎍ allic acid equivalent (GAE)/㎎ extract and the total flavonoid content was 61.40 ㎍ quercetin equivalent (QE)/㎎ extract. In addition, results revealed the extract possessed antioxidant activity (DPPH• free-radical scavenging activity) with IC50 value of 5.28 ㎍㎖ The reducing power of the extract was assayed spectro photometrically and showed Abs of 0.71 at 100 ㎍㎖ Furthermore, extracts of water chestnut exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the NO assay revealed that LPS-induced NO production was significantly inhibited following treatment with water chestnut extracts. The expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The water chestnut extract also decreased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release. Conclusion : Therefore, the present findings provide scientific evidence for the nutritional potential, chemical composition, and biological activities of Trapa japonica Flerow anddemonstrate its potential use as a functional food forapplication in the pharmaceutical industry
Background : This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extract from different parts of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow). Methods and Results : The total polyphenol content of pericarp and seed extract was 438.31 ㎎/g and 25.32 ㎎/g respectively. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 values) of pericarp and seed extract were 5.28 ㎍/㎖ and 355.51 ㎍/㎖ respectively. In addition, the pericarp extract showed strong reducing power. In the MTT assay, the pericarp extract significantly inhibited the viability of A549, AGS, HeLa, PC-3, HCT116, HT29 and SW620 cell lines compared with the seed extract. Conclusions : These results suggest that T. japonica Flerow extracts have significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity.
자외선은 외부적인 스트레스 자극인자로 작용하여 사람 각질형성세포에서 reactive oxygen species (ROS)와 비활성 코르티손을 활성 코르티솔로 전환시키는 효소인 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)의 발현 및 활성을 증가시킨다고 알려져 있다. 또한, ROS가 증가된 피부에서는 염증 유발 사이토카인과 염증 매개 인자의 발현이 증가되어 결과적으로 염증반응을 일으키게 되는 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 각질형성세포(HaCaT)에서 11β-HSD1 억제제가 ROS 분해효소인 catalase의 생성을 회복시킴에 착안하여, 11β-HSD1의 발현을 저해함과 동시에 ROS로부터 유도되는 염증 반응을 억제하는 천연물 소재를 발굴하고자 하였다. 그 중 능실 추출물과 그 분획물은 각각 11β-HSD1의 발현과 ROS 생성 증가를 억제하고, 염증성 사이토카인인 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β의 발현을 억제하였다. 또한, 자외선에 의해 유도되는 염증 매개인자인 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)의 생성을 저해하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과로부터 능실 추출물 및 그 분획물은 11β-HSD1의 발현을 억제함과 동시에 ROS에 의해 유발된 피부 염증 반응을 효과적으로 저해함을 확인하였다.
자외선은 피부의 구조적, 생리학적 변화를 일으키는 대표적인 외부 환경 인자로서 광노화, 일광화상 및 피부암을 일으키는 원인이 된다. 이러한 자외선은 외부적인 스트레스 자극 인자로 작용하여 피부 세포 내에서 비활성 코르티손을 활성 코르티솔로 전환시키는 효소인 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)의 발현 및 활성을 증가시킨다. 이에 본 연구에서는 UVB에 의해 증가된 11β-HSD1의 발현을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있는 천연 추출물을 발굴하고자 하였다. 사람 섬유아세포에 다양한 천연물을 스크리닝한 결과, 능실 추출물이 유의한 효과가 있음을 확인하고, 능실 추출물을 추가 분획하여 사람 섬유아세포와 3D skin model에서 피부 광노화 억제 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 능실 추출물 및 분획물은 섬유아세포에서 11β-HSD1의 발현을 억제함과 동시에 자외선에 의한 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3, 9 및 염증성 싸이토카인(IL-6, 8)의 발현 증가를 억제하였다. 또한, 3D skin model을 이용한 평가에서, 능실 추출물은 UVB에 의한 MMP-1 단백질 발현을 억제하였고, UVB에 의한 표피 두께 감소 및 각질형성세포의 증식 감소를 회복시켰다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과로부터 능실 추출물 및 분획물은 UVB에 의한 11β-HSD1의 발현 증가와 이에 수반하는 광노화를 효과적으로 예방함을 확인하였다.