Purpose: Since the advent of smart phones, the amount of time spending on their use has rapidly increased and there are several health concerns regarding sight, causing prolonged smart phones viewing. The purpose of this study was to estimate how much eyes become fatigued based on quantitative electroencephalogram(qEEG) and to analyze the correlation between the fatigue and attention using event-related potentials(ERPs) as objective assessments. Methods: here were thirty, healthy, right-handed subjects(male 15, female 15) participating in this study. 64-channel of qEEG data with their eye-closed was collected and they performed Go/Nogo tasks before and after watching smart phones. A questionnaire regarding the visual fatigue was also collected in both conditions. The changes of pre- and post-task of watching smart phones were analyzed and compared in terms of four wavebands and algorithms, delta(δ), theta(θ), alpha(α), beta(β), (α+ θ)/ β, α/ β, (α+θ)/(α+β), and θ/ β for fatigue detection. Results: The results clearly show that all four energy values of qEEG and algorithms related to the fatigue in the post-viewing condition significantly changed than those in the pre-viewing condition. As seen in the results of ERP, nogo-N2 amplitude only on Fz electrode was slightly higher and nogo-P3 amplitudes on Fz and Cz were considerably lower in the post-task than in the pre-watching. However, there were no significant differences of go-N2 and P3 found at any electrodes. The results of behavioral performance demonstrate that the error rates(ER) of nogo-condition were obviously increased after using smart phones and there was a tendency for reaction time(RT) to be delayed compared with before watching it. Conclusions: This research denotes that it can be a fairly useful measure for using qEEG and ERP when assessing the visual fatigue. Its findings suggest that a sustained smart phone viewing leads to the visual fatigue and it can have adverse effects on distraction.

본 논문에서는 경험적 모드 분해 방법을 이용하여 시각자극 출현에 따른 과제 수행 시 발생하는 뇌 유발전위의 θ와 α 대역에 대한 진폭과 위상변화를 확인하였다. 과제수행에 대한 뇌 유발전위를 구성 주파수 대역 별로 분 해하기 위하여 경험적 모드 분해 방법을 적용하였고, 분해된 각 내재모드함수에 힐버트 변환을 적용하여 뇌 유발전위의 θ와 α 대역의 순간 진폭과 위상 변화를 확인하였다. 과제 수행 시 뇌 유발전위의 P2, N2과 P3지점에서 θ와 α 대역의 진폭이 크게 관찰되었으며, N1, P2부근에서 순간 위상의 변화가 최대가 되었다. 시각 자극 출현에 따른 응시 상태에서는 두 대역 모두 관련된 위상 변화시점이 확인되지 않았다. 대역통과필터 방법 적용 시, 경험적 모드 분해 방법에 비해 시간과 주파수 해상도가 떨어졌으며, 필터의 파라미터에 따라 위상 변화 시점의 결과 에 차이가 발생하였다. 연구를 통해 θ와 α 대역이 시각 자극 출현에 따른 과제 수행에 대한 뇌 유발전위의 주요 성분인 θ와 α 대역의 위상변화와 뇌 유발전위의 생성을 위상 변화와 연관 지어 해석하였다.

Previous studies have reported that decreased cognitive ability has been consistently associated with significant declines in performance of one or both tasks under a dual-task walking condition. This study examined the relationship between specific cognitive abilities and the dual-task costs (DTCs) of spatio-temporal gait parameters in stroke patients. The spatio-temporal gait parameters were measured among 30 stroke patients while walking with and without a cognitive task (Stroop Word-Color Task) at the study participant's preferred walking speed. Cognitive abilities were measured using Computerized Neuropsychological Testing. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to quantify the associations between the neuropsychological measures and the DTCs in the spatio-temporal gait parameters. Moderate to strong correlations were found between the Auditory Continuous Performance test (ACPT) and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.37), the Trail Making A (TMA) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.71), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length of Paretic (r=.37), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length Non-paretic (r=.36), the Trail Making B (TMB) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.70), the Stroop Word-Color test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.40), Visual-span Backward (V-span B) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.41), V-span B test and the DTCs of the Double Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.38), Digit-span Forward test and the DTCs of the Step Time of Non-paretic (r=-.39), and Digit-span Backward test and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Paretic (r=.36). Especially TMA test and TMB test were found to be more strongly correlated to the DTCs of gait velocity than the other correlations. Understanding these cognitive features will provide guidance for identifying dual- task walking ability.

  The objective of this research is to select the most effective technique among task related techniques(motion & time study, job redesign, physical environment improvement) for improving work efficiency in shipbuilding enterprise. This study consists of

The purpose of this study was to propose a task-related circuits program for stroke patients and to test the difference in functional improvements between patients undergoing conventional physical therapy and those participating in a task-related circuits exercise program. The subjects were 10 stroke in-patients of the Korea National Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. We measured the following variables: Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Tone Assessment Scale (TAS), speed of gait, rate of step, physiological costs index, age, weight, height, site of lesion, onset day and whether the subject participated in an exercise program. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 10.0/PC using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman's correlation. The results of the experiment were as follows: (1) In the pre-test and post-test for function, there was not a statistical significance between the group partaking in a task-related circuits program and the group of conventional physical therapy (p>.05). (2) In the MAS, BBS and speed of gait test, the group undergoing conventional physical therapy showed a statistical significance (p<.05). (3) In the MAS, BBS, speed of gait, PCI, TAS (passive, associated reaction, TAS total score), the group of task-related circuits program showed a statistical significance (p<.05). As a result, the group participating in a task-related circuits program had a more functional improvement than the group participating in conventional physical therapy. Therefore, an intervention recommended for a stroke patient would be a task-related circuits program consisting of a longer session of each task for a more improved functional recovery.

전후 일본의 독도 도발이 지속되는 가운데, 한국의 학자들은 영유권 공고화를 위해 다양한 분야에서 독도 연구를 전개해 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국에서 동·서양의 고지도를 중심으로 이루어진 독도 연구의 성과를 고찰하고, 나아가 연구 방향을 모색하는 것이다. 연구 결과 한국 에서 독도 관련 고지도 연구는 1980년 전후의 여명기, 1980년대 후반부터 1995년까지 공백기, 1990년대 후반부터 2005년까지 관심기, 그리고 2006년 이후 현재까지 확산기라고 할 수 있다. 연구의 초기에는 독도 관련 고지도를 소개하는 거시적 연구가 주류를 이루었다면, 최근에는 주제 중심의 미시적 연구가 증가하는 편이다. 그러나 여전히 독도 관련 고지도 연구는 중복이나 유사한 연구가 많은 편이다. 향후 새로운 사료 발굴에 따른 심층적 연구와 학제적 연구를 기대해 본다.

본 연구는 P300의 수행에서 성취 목표설정의 효과를 조사하기 위해 설계되었다. 121명의 남자 대학생이 Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire(Duda & Nicholls, 1989)를 성창훈(1995)이 한국어로 번안한 질문지를 통해 성취목표성향을 조사하여 이중 24명의 연구대상자를 선별하여 과제지향 집단(12명)과 자아지향집단(12명)에 할당되었다. P300의 자료는 12명의 과제지향 집단과 12명의 자아지향 집단을 비교하여 얻었는데, 200장의 사진(목표자극 40, 표준자극 160)을 무작위로 컴퓨터 모니터에 제시하여 연구대상자는 목표자극이 제시되었을 때만 버튼을 누르도록 하였다. 뇌파는 Fz, Cz, Pz 그리고 O1에서 P300의 진폭과 잠재기를 측정하여 자료를 수집하였다. 자료의 분석은 과제(2)×영역(4)×자극(2)의 3원혼합분산분석(three-way factorial ANOVA)을 통하여 실시하였다. P300을 분석한 결과 과제지향 집단이 자아지향 집단보다 P300의 진폭이 더 크고, 잠재기가 더 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 과제지향 집단이 자아지향 집단보다 더 많은 주의와 더 빠른 반응시간을 나타내는 것을 의미한다.