The study presented attempts to analyze and categorize Chosun’s food ingredients and culture through a Western perspective based on 32 representative Western documents pertaining to old Korea. Before modernization, Westerners visited Chosun during their visits to old China or Japan. Westerners were most active in Chosun from the open port period to the annexation of Korea to Japan occupation. They were teachers, missionaries, diplomats, and doctors visiting Chosun with personal goals. In 31 book traveler’s journal, it records Chosen’s mainly produced ingredients, such as grains, spices, fruits, cabbage, chicken, and chestnuts; foods from Chosen include kimchi, soup, and tofu. Foreigners especially liked foods made of eggs and chicken, but they did not enjoy Chosun’s lack of sugar and dairy. Thirty-one book foreigners’ records describe Chosun’s Ondol, kitchen, crock, fermented foods, low dining tables, and chopsticks. Chosun people liked dog meat, unrestrained drinking culture, sungnyung, and tea culture. Foreign documentation on Chosun’s food culture allows modern scholars to learn about Chosun people’s lifestyles, as if their lives were a vivid picture

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze paejang system of the castle constructions in the late period of Chosun dynasty. Moreover, this study aimed to examine effects and influences of its constructional productivity. The results are as follow ; 1. Paejang was originally a sort of military positions. Thereafter it had been adopted to the various fields like soonrapaes. Pae, which was a regular working unit organized with 30~50 laborers, took charge of the works allocated with its own chargeable section. 2.The first adoption of paejang system was found at the construction of Ganghwa-oyseong in 1690. Since the period of King Yeongjo and Jeongjo, it was generally used as a working system. 3. Yoo Hyeongwon had early suggested that this system should be adopted as a reformative system because it had a perfect command system like Soko-je, the provincial military system. 4.At the constructions of Dongnae-upseong, Jeonjoo-upseong and Daegoo-upseong in the period of King Yeongjo, paes were organized to 40~60units, and worked in the fields of masonry, carriage and picking of stones. 5.At the construction of Soowon-seong in the period of King Jeongjo, a large number of various paejangs participated in all of working fields. Especially masonry-paes were usually organized with over 100 units. 6.It was estimated that paejang system surely could guarantee saving labors and term of works. Moreover, it was a basis for the further development form of dogup-je, a contracted work system. 7. Paejang system was applied in the constructions of Buddhist temples since the middle period of 1700s and later, it was widely used in the constructions of palaces.

This study presents the food culture as analysis food material, food and cooking tools in the novel literature and examines the food as a code of current cluture of common social through five Pansori texts among the twelve Pansori texts into written form. It is a many Pansori, but this study is analysed to select early copying papers. It can be found rice, Kimchi, salted fish as the common people food in Simchong-ga text. It can be known characteristics of Jeolla-do Area food used many food material and acceptance of foreign crops in the late period of the Chosun in Chunhyang-ga text. In Hungbo-ga text, it can be found the popularity food is rice cake and meat and looked the special feature of dog meat, rice cake, scorched rice-tea. In Toebyol-ga text, it can be looked many sea food and medicine beverages, and in Chokpyok-ga text, it can be found peculiarity of drink for making excitement during a war. Moreover, in five Pansori texts, that is seemed characteristics such as cover of tableware, spoon and chopsticks, tableware china, a cauldron, a charcoal burner, a brass chafing dish, a table, a flail and a mill.

This study was started with its consideration as materials showing original shapes of temple buildings in the late period of Chosun the photographs and drawings which contained in $\ulcorner$A Survey Report of Korean Architecture$\lrcorner$ made by Sekino Tadashi through his survey for 62 days(July 5${sim}$Sep. 4, 1902). Results of the study can be summarized as follows. During the period of Japanese occupation, Beomesa temple experienced frequent changes in building layout including the transfer and removal of buildings. Such frequent change began in spring, 1936 when a Buddhist monk of Beomeosa temple, Cha Woon Ho moved Gwaneumjeon, originally located to the light of the main building, to the left of the building and, on its original site, built up a 7-storied sarira tower. Though it is difficult to say that the study provides everything about Beomeosa temple, the researcher expects that the study would be the very basis on which changes in the building layout of the temple since the late period of Chosun can be researched. In conclusion, the researcher hopes that the above mentioned restoration plan would help originally restore or enlarge temples, further transmitting such restored or enlarged establishments as valuable cultural remains from generation to generation. In this respect, the researcher expects such restoration plan to be made in continuous and more detailed ways.

본고는 19세기 후반 이후 영남 우도지역에서 일정한 영향력을 발휘한 蘆沙學 派 문인들의 학문적 연원이 되는 蘆沙 奇正鎭(1798∼1879)의 학문 활동을 韓 末 畿湖學界의 동향과 관련하여 고찰한 것이다. 門戶 分立에 따른 학파 분화, 그리고 이에 따른 다양한 학문적 입장의 대두 속에서 기정진의 主理的 학문 경 향이 가지는 위상을 검토하였으며, 특히 20세기 초반 기호학계의 논란이 되었 던 理 중심의 이기론과 호락논쟁에 대한 입장을 살펴보았다. 기정진은 호남을 중심으로 꾸준히 강학활동을 펼치면서 그 학문적 영향력을 확대하였을 뿐만 아니라 기호학계의 학문 연원이 되는 栗谷 성리설에 대한 비 판적 입장을 제시하며 자신의 학설을 구체화하였다. 그리고 당시 기호학계의 최대 논란 대상이었던 호락논쟁에 대해 인성물성동이를 중심으로 비판적 지양 의 입장을 취하였다. 리를 중심으로 한 그의 성리설은 실천적 위정척사로 현실 화되었으며, 이러한 그의 학문관은 그의 문인에게 계승되어 호남과 영남 우도 지역에서 적지 않은 영향력을 발휘하였다. 본고는 이러한 그의 학문 활동을 영 남 우도의 학계 지형에 유의하여 전반적으로 검토한 것이다.

이 글은 조선조 말엽 유행한 명현록에 나타나는 명현가의 전국적 현황과 도별 양상, 경상도 지역 명망 문중 및 그 현조에 대해 고찰한 것이다. 명현록은 처음 ‘道學’의 계보에 연결되는 인물을 수록하는 것에서 비롯되었으나, 점차 道學 뿐 만 아니라 忠節이나 여러 방면의 업적으로 현저한 국가적 공헌이 있는 인물로 수록 범위가 확대되고, 이후 각 성관별로 이를 정리, 수록하는 형태로 진전되었 다. 각 성관별 명현을 수록한 명현록은 뒷 시기로 가면서 명현 후손의 세거지와 사승 관계를 명시하는 것이 기록상 중요시 되고, 뒤이어 이를 경상도라는 일정 권역에 한정해서 명현가와 그 현조의 휘·호·본 정도를 간략히 명시 수록하는 경 우로 나타난다. 한편 이 단계에 이르면 명현록에 등재된 인물은 조선조의 수많 은 명현들 가운데 그들의 후손이 동족 마을을 형성하고 있는 인물만을 대상으 로 하게 된다. 전국의 각 성관별 명현의 후손 거주지를 볼 때 서울이 압도적 다수를 점하여 조선조 말엽에 있어서 서울은 여러 명현가의 소굴로 나타나며, 경상도가 타도 에 비해 많은 등재 인물수를 보임이 주목된다. 고을로는 청주, 진주, 양주, 안동, 성주 등의 순으로 등재 인물의 후손 세거지가 많은 것으로 나타나, 명현가가 지 방 행정의 중심지에 비교적 많이 집중되어 있는 점도 주목된다. 경상도 각읍 명현가를 등재 수록한 수종의 명현록을 통해서 특정 성씨 앞에 특정 촌명을 冠하여 ‘○○金氏’와 같이 불리워진 5백 수십여 문중의 존재가 조 선조 말엽 경상도 지역에서 확인되며, 이들 가운데는 200여 내외의 숫자에 달 하는 명망 문중의 존재도 추측된다. 경상도 각읍 가운데 진주는 도내에서 가장 명현가의 수가 많은 고을로 나타나며, 우도가 좌도에 비해 2배나 등재 인물이 많은 것으로 나타난다. 이는 이들 지역에서 특정의 현조를 중심으로 동성의 씨 족이 결집되는 움직임이 활발하였음을 반영하는 것으로 본다. 명현록에 등재된 경상도 각읍 명현가의 현조는, 단성 지역을 중심으로 살필 때, 주로 남명학파가 형성되고 당쟁이 전개되던 선조-인조 년간의 시기에 즈음 하여 지역 사회에서 주목되는 활약을 보였던 유명 인사인 것으로 나타난다. 이 들 유명 인사의 후손은 17-18세기에 걸쳐 향권을 지속적으로 장악하는 유력 씨족으로 자리를 잡았고, 이후 19세기 말엽에 이르러서도 문집을 남기는 인사 를 많이 배출하는 등으로 해서 여전히 명망을 유지하는 씨족으로 나타난다. 이 같은 제조건을 충족하는 유력 씨족이 조선조 말 명현가로 알려져 여러 명현록 에 기록되어 나타나는 바, 이는 비단 단성 지역만이 아니라 경상도내 다른 고을 의 경우도 마찬가지였을 것으로 본다.