예이츠는 아일랜드의 음유시적 전통과 당대 유럽의 지식사회에서 강한 영향력을 발휘한 부동의 미학을 연결지어 본인만의 독특한 비극론을 전개한다. 유럽 상징주의 드라마가 자신의 연극론 형성에 갖는 잠재력을 예리하게 간파한 예이츠는 특히 벨기에 극작가 모리스 마테를링크가 주창한 “정적 드라마”에 영향을 받는다. 동시에 그리스비극을 아폴로와 디오니소스적 욕망 사이에 존재하는 긴장의 산물로 바라보는 니체의 비극 철학에 매료된다. 본 연구는 예이츠의 비극 이론을 니체철학과 마테를링크의 극이론의 창의적 수용이라는 관점에서 바라보고 분석하며 그 장단점을 논의한다. 특히 ‘비극적 환희’라는 극적 효과가 극형식과 연계되는 지점에서 발생하는 문제들에 주시한다. 예이츠는 그가 가졌던 사실주의에 대한 강한 반감 때문에 마테를링크의 일상성과 니체의 아폴로적인 욕망에서 보이는 형식의 중요성을 간과하게 된다.

The Jeju 4 3 Incident, which occurred on Jeju Island during the US military rule, was the second most tragic event in modern Korean history after the Korean War(Jeju 4 3 Incident Investigation Report Planning Team 2003). It is an unprecedented historical event in which even the basic human rights that everyone should have were violated under historical reasons. However, in order not to repeat this kind of history, we need the courage to think about what we must do, find the answers, and put the found solution into action. To do this, we need to know what human rights have been violated, and what kind of pain those who have been violated and their descendants have suffered. Just knowing is not enough. Knowing with your head and empathizing with your heart makes a difference in behavior. Because I react differently to what happens to me and what happens to others. I wonder why they would react differently. The thought that I could not empathize was the beginning of this article. The social healing of 4.3 cannot be completely healed without forming a consensus.

Ms. Hee Choon Oh was a Jeju Haenyeo(woman diver) and one of the few surviving victims of the Jeju 4.3 (1948). As a Haenyeo: Jeju society was very poor at the time during the Japanese colonial period and the division of the two Korea, especially after the Korean War, so she had to work regardless of gender. It was hard to go into the sea, but it was the only thing to support my family. In retrospect, Going out to work in the sea was like a life-threatening adventure every day. While there were many emergency moments, She becomes one with the sea and forgot all the pain. After having spent a lot of time together with the sea, I had to stop working as a Haenyeo because it was hard to take care of nine children after having heart surgery. I was able to receive Honorary Haenyeo through continuous exchanges and dedication to the society. As a victim of the Jeju 4.3: I had no choice but to explain it why I had to do work as a Haenyeo and to understand my life. I am a woman who chose the job of Haenyeo, but I have lived through the pain of the dark modern and contemporary history of Korea. The unfair one-year prison life that I wanted to hide even from my children hurt me all my life. Over the past 70 years, sharing pain with the sea, neighbors, and family, serving the region, and hopefully waiting for a better society and justice to come. and finally It was not until 2019, 70 years after 1948, that I was officially acquitted by a Korean court. I regained my honor as a Haenyeo and was able to get rid of my deep sadness.

이 논문은 윌리엄 버틀러 예이츠의 「조각상」 , 「델픽 오라클을 위한 소식」 , 그리고 「긴다리 파리」 의 순서에 대한 중요성을 탐구하려한다. 본 연구자는 이 세 시의 순서는 예이츠의 위대한 예술에 대한 견해를 반영한다고 주장한다. 즉 예이츠는 위대한 예술은 비극으로 시작해서 기쁨 더 정확히 표현하자면 섹스로 끝난다고 쓴 적이 있다. 예이츠는 예술을 신혼 첫날밤의 기쁨 같은 존재에 비유하기도 했다. 「조각상」은 비극적인 시이고 「델픽 오라클을 위한 소식」은 섹스의 기쁨을 노래한 시인데 이 기쁨은 예이츠에게는 천국이요 유토피아의 세계이다. 이 두 시 다음에 「긴다리 파리」가 위치한 점을 눈여겨보아야 하는데 이 시 역시 비극과 섹스라는 같은 주제를 다루어 앞서 제시된 같은 주제를 확장하고 강화하려는 의도를 보여준다. 시를 통해 기쁨을 추구하려는 예이츠의 의도는 그의 정치적인 목적과 깊은 연관이 있다. 즉 아일랜드 국민을 유토피아로 이끄는 것이다. 여기서 시인이 꿈꾸는 유토피아는 고대 그리스보다 더 위대한 문명의 요람으로 세계에 우뚝 설 미래의 아일랜드이다.

예이츠는 지속적으로 이원론적 분열과 갈등을 다루지만, 그의 초기와 중후기 작품과는 차이가 있다. 시인에게 이러한 차이를 만들어 내게 한 것은 니체다. 예이츠 의 초기 시에 등장하는 인물은 현실과 이상사이의 갈등으로 인한 비극을 경험하고 삶을 부정한다. 1902년 니체를 만난 후, 그의 비극론은 예이츠에게 상당한 영향을 준다. 고통으로부터 삶을 보호하고 구원하는 아폴론적 힘과 이를 파괴하고 재창조하는 디오니소스 적 힘의 결합은 비극적 삶과 예술 그리고 “비극적 환희”에 대한 예이츠의 태도에 반영된다. 니체와의 만남 후 예이츠의 인물은 여전히 비극적 삶을 마주한다. 그러나 인물은 의지를 갖고 환희를 창조하며 삶을 긍정한다.

As Jeju people hopes to make an effort to find its place for 4.3 Grand Tragedy in the Sun, they will contribute to world peace beyond the Jeju 4.3 Tragedy. It will be a starting point that Jeju people propose to U.S. Congress “the Korea Jeju Human Rights and Peace Island Act 2021". It was meaningful that Jeju National University students suggested their idea about enactment of Jeju 4.3 Reconciliation Act to U.S. Congress at the meeting of both office of Congressman Mark Takano and Congresswoman Judy Chu on May 1, 2019. It may be going forward for us to do Jeju Massacre Consultation based on Jeju 4.3 Reparative Justice with cooperation of both U.N. lawyer and international law professors. It would be a historic achievement in the Human Rights and Democracy in 21st century similar to the Civil Liberty Act 1988 to Japanese Internment cases and the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 2019 to Hong Kong democratization.

The purpose of this study is to propose revisions to the Jeju 4.3 Special Law for the purpose of further investigation of Jeju 4.3 so that the complete resolution and appropriate legal solutions may come. The President, Moon Jae-In, who visited Jeju on April 3, 2018, promised a complete resolution of the Jeju 4.3 incident, defining the Jeju 4.3 incident as "violence perpetrated by state power." On Jan. 17, 2019, the Jeju District Court ruled in a retrial suit filed against the military tribunal by 18 surviving inmates under the leadership of the Jeju 4.3 Truth Commission and the Citizens' Solidarity for the Restoration of Honor. This is a very important case in which the military tribunal and their rulings were ruled invalid. Jeju 4.3 is still a painful history of Jeju that has not been resolved.

하디가 인식한 신이란 그 존재가 회의적이거나 존재한다 하더라도 인간사에 관심이 없거나 오히려 적대적인 존재이다. 『쥬드』는 이상적 신의 부재에 근원 한 염세주의 사상과 죽음의 문제를 인물들의 관계를 통해 재현함으로써 인간사 의 잔혹한 현실을 형상화한다. 하지만 상세한 텍스트 분석은 이 작품이 비극의 틀 안에서 아이러니에 의해 형성되는 희극성을 지닌 작품이라는 점을 드러낸다. 대조의 양상에서 형성되는 희극성은 현실과 이상의 대조로 인한 인물간의 대립 과 삶의 부조리를 상징적으로 재현한다. 이점에서 텍스트에 내포된 희극성은 독자로 하여금 희극과 비극의 모호한 경계선 위에서 작품의 비극적 의미를 더욱 효과적으로 인식하도록 하는 장치로서 작용한다. 결국 『쥬드』에 나타나는 비극성 속의 희극성은 희극적 완화(comic relief)로서 극적 효과를 높인다. 희극적 완 화의 효과는 작품에 나타나는 단순한 개인의 비극이라는 주제의 측면뿐 아니라, 이상적 신의 부재로 인한 냉혹한 우주 속에서의 인간의 삶과 죽음, 그리고 현실 의 부조리라는 비극적 효과를 강화시키며 작품의 비극성을 끊임없이 재음미하게 하는 역할을 한다.

If we patiently continue to share our vision and to strengthen our solidarity among us who know already something about Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea, we may be able to accomplish something when these few victims are still alive. I sincerely hope that the dream Dr. Martin Luther King announced at the march of Washington D.C. in 1963 be realized also to the victims of Jeju 4·3. A dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low. The rough places will be plain and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

본 논문은 예이츠의 긴 시적 인생에서 작품의 미학인 비극과 비극적 기쁨이 어떻게 궤적을 남기는지 추적하려는 시도이다. 그러나 이것은 복잡하고 큰 질문 이라서, 이 논문에서 다 다룰 수는 없고 미래의 이에 대한 연구의 가능성을 제시하려 한다. 이 주제에 대한 지금까지 간행된 것 중에서 가장 잘된 책은, 1900년대 초, 즉 1902년부터 10년까지 다룬 프란시스 네스빗 오펠의 『마스크와 비극』(1987년 간행)과 예이츠의 비극을 초창기에 명확한 판단을 한 러처드 엘만의 『예이츠의 진면목』(1954년 간행)인데 이 후자의 책은 예이츠와 프리드리히 니체와 차이점을 지적한다. 그리고 헬렌 벤들러의 『예이츠와 서정적 형식』(2007년 간행)과 마조리 퍼로프의 『예이츠 시의 라임과 의미』(1970년 간행)는 중요한 책이다. 그러나 벤들러와 퍼로프의 책은 비극을 다루지는 않지만, 비극과 시적 형식을 연결하고 예이츠의 서정시의 건축적 구조, 즉 예 이츠의 이상적 시형식을 가정하는 데 필요하다. 그리고 두 학자를 더 지명한다. 자한 라마자니는 예이츠의 만가를 다루고 테렌스 브라운은 예이츠의 『나의 작품세계에 대한 소개』를 소개하고 비극적 기쁨이 어떻게 예이츠의 새로운 미학이 되는지 설명한다.

Jeju ordinary people have a strong feeling of “Existing the Road to Resentment” from fact of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy. If we look at some kinds of phenomena or events during 2017 and 2018 during era of Moon Jaein Korean government, I would like to tell those symptoms at Korea and Jeju society. 4.3 Grassroots advocates, including victims, survivors’ families, teachers, students, lawyers, artists, filmmakers, local officials, business people, as well as Jeju, Korean, and international scholars, are fashioning next steps for Jeju 4.3 social healing. For instance, in April 2017, eighteen Jeju 4.3 victims asked the Jeju District Court to set aside unlawful 4.3 convictions based on false accusations and resulting in harsh imprisonment. In September 2018, the Jeju court agreed to reopen the survivors’ cases, granting re-trials. These Jeju survivors and their families’ lawsuit reveals the 4.3 Tragedy’s continuing damage and demonstrates the survivors’ courage in still fighting to clear their names and the names of the thousands similarly convicted during Jeju 4.3. In complementary efforts, in July 2017 a Jeju 4.3 delegation submitted to U.S. Congress foreign affairs committee members a signed petition urging U.S. participation in future 4.3 social healing efforts and asking for congressional hearings on the 4.3 Tragedy. And in December 2017, the Jeju people and Korean and international supporters proposed that the Korean government revise the 4.3 Special Act to authorize meaningful reparations for Jeju 4.3 victims and families. Additionally, Jeju justice advocates are in the process of memorializing the 1947 Jeju 3.1 National Liberation Independence Day demonstrations in the nonviolent spirit of the 1919 national liberty demonstrations. In that spirit, the Jeju people are registering the records of 1947 legal cases of 328 people involved in the demonstrations. With the Jeju peace island human rights movement, the justice supporters are also advocating for recognition of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy under the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme.

이 논문은 금병매의 여주인공인 반금련의 욕망분석과 그녀의 삶이 비극으로 치닫게 된 원인 연구를 주제로 한다. 금병매는 명 중엽 이후의 심학 사상의 영향으로 인해 욕망을 긍정하던 사회적 분위기 속에서 나온 소설이다. 그에 걸맞게 금병매 속의 모든 인물들은 각자의 개성을 드러내고 있으며 원초적이고도 다양한 욕망들을 사실적으로 드러내고 있다. 그 중에서 도 반금련은 여성이라는 사회적 약자의 지위에 있으면서도 삶에 순응하거나 외부적 제약을 받아들이기 보다는 적극적으로 삶을 개척하고자 하였고 자신의 욕망을 만족시키기 위해 수단과 방법을 가리지 않고 노력하였다. 본고에서는 반금련이라는 인물이 적나라하게 드러내고 있는 여러 욕망의 대상, 욕망 추구의 양상 등을 살펴보고 그녀가 맞이하게 되는 비극의 원인 을 개인적·사회적·사상적 배경 속에서 살펴보았다.

“The price of peace is eternal vigilance” (Thomas Jefferson) is the theme of this paper presented to the August 2017 Jeju World Peace Academy Bultuk and what we can do to achieve this. Gölbekli Tepe (12,000BP) is the oldest megalithic construction being a creation of a Peace Island, established by pre-urban, pre-agricultural nomadic human groups seeking to establish the natural condition of the human species in all times and in all places: peace. The first glimmer of settled urban peace flourished with the peace island civilizations of the Mediterranean. So, people – even “a small group of thoughtful, committed people” (Mead) such as those at the Naval Base protests at Gangjeong village on Jeju Island – can establish their own “Peace Island” on dry land (Gölbekli Tepe) or at sea (ancient Cyprus and Crete). The contemporary “Peace Island” concept that grew out of the “veiled state violence” (McCall) of the 4.3.1948 Tragedy has led to Jeju being declared a “Peace Island”; this concept can be franchised anywhere in the world with symbols and emblems and by any group of “thoughtful, committed people” using the Haenyeo Bultuk consultation methodology.

본 논문의 목적은 한국의 안보 시스템을 포괄적 안보를 중심으로 재편해야 할 필요성을 세월호 참사 사 례를 중심으로 탐색적으로 고찰하는 것이다. 2014년 4월 16일에 발생한 세월호 참사는 한국식 발전 국 가형 자본주의 모델을 근본적으로 수정하고, 한국 사회의 질적 향상을 위한 사회 시스템 구축의 필요성 을 확인시켜 준 역사적으로 매우 중요한 재난이었다. 당시 대부분의 박근혜 정부 조직들이 세월호 참사 에 우왕좌왕 대처한 것과 달리 국방부는 일사불란하게 움직였으나 생존자를 모두 구출하는 데에 실패하 였다. 이와 같은 결과는 한국의 안보 시스템이 포괄적 안보에 기반 하여 민-군 관계를 촉진할 수 있는 방향으로 개혁되어야 함을 시사한다.

The aim of this paper is to illuminate some aspects of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy (the Jeju Tragedy) education and informing process. We hope to not only with these aspects show some aspects of moral origin of the Jeju World Peace Island movement, but to share a culture of peace with world citizens through world civilization education cross the Pacific at a local, national and global level. In addition bring liberty to the cause of national freedom of the SAM IL movement of 1919 in Korea. it actualizes itself as a peace buffer zone locally, nationally and globally through the “Jeju World Peace Island Treaty JWPIT,” based on international agreement of the Six Talks Nations because “it is believed that that they (Jeju islanders) will follow the pattern of the SAM IL movement of 1919 with the participants imbued with the spirit of sacrifice to life and liberty to the cause of national freedom (G-2 Summary Report)” as a moral origin of Jeju World Peace Island. Globally, one New Haven teacher has been working on an elective course called “The Power of Culture in a Multicultural World” in which to use social studies tools to investigate the meaning and importance of culture. Jeju offers an excellent opportunity to explore a culture that few New Haven students are familiar with. It will be for students to use the Jeju idea of turning troubles into opportunities, as a vehicle for addressing local issues” (“New Haven Learn- Teach Jeju 4.3,” New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Another New Haven teacher in his history class explains the different components of genocide. “Although the Jeju 4.3 events are not deemed genocide by the international community, using this as a lens to understand broader concepts seemed really exciting.” Jeju offers educators an opportunity to teach the curriculum but instead of gratuitous death and violence, there is a legacy of hope, healing, reconciliation and remembrance.” (Ibid, New Haven Independent: March 29, 2017). Locally and partially on the global level, “The Resurgence of Jeju 4.3 Social Healing Advocacy of “PETITION FOR A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE” (March 27, 2014). The petition supports a combined solution to social healing for numerous survivors of Jeju 4.3. Based on interviews with members of the Jeju 4.3 Victim Family Association, 20% of them are now elderly and require expensive medical care and assistance. Many continue to suffer from psychological trauma (PTSD). It serves as a beacon of international peace in the same vein as May 24, 2015’s event, “Women Cross DMZ Demilitarized Zone.” Jeju itself aims to serve as a “Peace Buffer Zone” between the two Koreas among 6 Nations Talks within the framework of the Jeju World Peace Island Treaty, similar to Costa Rica. Never before has the need for a Peace Island in the region been so vital, with China stretching its reach across the ocean, and President Trump flexing his muscles against North Korea, the time has come for serious peacemaking, that is, prevention of conflict. It’s a real time to think about actualization of Jeju World Peace Island Treaty for Peace between two Koreas.

The National Museum of Taiwan History is holding a special exhibition titled: “Our 2.28: 70 Years After the 2.28 Incident”. The creation of this exhibition coincided with a push to get 2.28 registered as an UNESCO Memory of the World. With the continued development and recognition of the history of Taiwan 2.28 has led to the question about how to educate people about the events, especially their own students. In this paper, an introductory investigation into how various countries handles the teaching of state-sponsored tragic events to their students.

Even though we had a lot of obstacles to solve these issues, Jeju National University , Hokkaido University, Hawaii University, American Graduate School of the Paris, and University of Sydney have raised reparation topics through the Peace Island Forum, Peace Island Leadership School and Global Peace Bultuk Assemblies (Bultuk being a meeting place of Jeju woman divers surrounding stones at the sea side) since July of 2010. It was a cornerstone achievement that we presided over at "SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE: THE MASS KILLING OF KOREA JEJU ISLANDERS DURING U.S. PEACETIME OCCUPATION" with the University of Hawaii Law School and Hokkaido University together. Based on these gatherings we can start the Petition by Jeju people on Jeju Island Korea, which is calling for A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE to advance the mutual interests of Jeju residents and the governments and people of South Korea and the United States ( March 27, 2014).

I highlight morally relevant history - of Korea, of The United States and of The early years of the United Nations (UN), which tends to be ignored in the discussion of the Jeju tragedy - a seven year period of brutality on Jeju Island, South Korea, that lasted from March 1, 1947 to September 21, 1954. While discussions of these events acknowledge the responsibility of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), they overlook the connection of the tragedy to Korea’s earlier history - such as its Independence Movement in the early 1900s. Also overlooked is the way in which the US created machinery in the early years of the UN that was the sine qua non of the controversial UN monitored elections which were the flashpoint of the incident. This Pre-UN and early UN history is poignantly connected to the Jeju tragedy, as we will see, and is crucial for understanding its full significance. Sadly, however, this history is dimly understood. For the sake of understanding the full scope of moral responsibility for the Jeju tragedy, and for reconnecting to the values and virtues important for all people, this overlooked history must be brought to light.

It’s a time we prepare for a reparation agenda for Jeju 4.3 victims and their families. We should approach the USA government side collectively rather than individually for their lawsuits, because most of them are elderly, over 75 years old and need intensive medical care and assistance immediately. It’s up for us to recognize some tasks of actualizing Reparation, Reconciliation and Reconnection Agenda for “Environmentally Sustainable Peace Island” beyond Trauma of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy into the next Decade.

It was an honor to give my speech to the American public about the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy as one member of the Jeju 4.3 delegation. On March 27, 2015 I supported the “Petition for a Joint South Korea and United States Jeju 4.3 Incident Task Force on Social Healing through Justice.” On August 15, 2016, I was happy to write the foreword “Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy becomes Human Spirit in the Asia Pacific,” for the new book about Jeju 4.3 titled, “Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea : The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). On September 8, 2016, we proceeded with “Authentic 4.3 Jeju Tragedy Reconciliation as a symbol of Peace in Asia” at the Jeju 4.3 Tragedy Reconciliation Conference 2016 in Washington D.C.