The Jeju 4 3 Incident, which occurred on Jeju Island during the US military rule, was the second most tragic event in modern Korean history after the Korean War(Jeju 4 3 Incident Investigation Report Planning Team 2003). It is an unprecedented historical event in which even the basic human rights that everyone should have were violated under historical reasons. However, in order not to repeat this kind of history, we need the courage to think about what we must do, find the answers, and put the found solution into action. To do this, we need to know what human rights have been violated, and what kind of pain those who have been violated and their descendants have suffered. Just knowing is not enough. Knowing with your head and empathizing with your heart makes a difference in behavior. Because I react differently to what happens to me and what happens to others. I wonder why they would react differently. The thought that I could not empathize was the beginning of this article. The social healing of 4.3 cannot be completely healed without forming a consensus.

Cold, salt and heat are the most critical factors that restrict full genetic potential, growth and development of crops globally. However, clarification of genes expression and regulation is a fundamental approach to understanding the adaptive response of plants under unfavorable environments. In this study, we applied an annealing control primer (ACP) based on the GeneFishing approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Italian ryegrass (cv. Kowinearly) leaves under cold, salt and heat stresses. Two-week-old seedlings were exposed to cold (4°C), salt (NaCl 200 mM) and heat (42°C) treatments for six hours. A total 8 differentially expressed genes were isolated from ryegrass leaves. These genes were sequenced then identified and validated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. We identified several promising genes encoding light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, alpha-glactosidase b, chromosome 3B, elongation factor 1-alpha, FLbaf106f03, Lolium multiflorum plastid, complete genome, translation initiation factor SUI1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These genes were potentially involved in photosynthesis, plant development, protein synthesis and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, this study provides new insight regarding molecular information about several genes in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Additionally, these genes may be useful for enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance in fodder crops as well a crop improvement under unfavorable environmental conditions.

Differentiated nuclei can experimentally be returned to an undifferentiated embryonic status after nuclear transfer (NT) to unfertilized metaphase II (MII) oocytes. Nuclear reprogramming is triggered immediately after somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) into recipient cytoplasm and this period is regarded as a key stage for optimizing reprogramming. In a recent study (Dai et al., 2010), use of m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) as a histone deacetylase inhibitor during the in vitro early culture of murine cloned embryos modifies the acetylation status of somatic nuclei and increases the developmental competence of SCNT embryos. Thus, we examined the effects of CBHA treatment on the in vitro preimplantation development of porcine SCNT embryos and on the acetylated status of histone H3K9 on cloned embryos at the zygote stage. We performed the three groups SCNT: SCNT (NT), CBHA treatment at the porcine fetus fibroblast cells (PFFs) used as donor cells prior to SCNT (CBHA-C) and CBHA treatment at the porcine SCNT embryos during the in vitro early culture after oocyte activation (CBHA-Z). The PFFs were treated with a 15 μM of CBHA (8 h) for the early culture and the porcine cloned embryos were treated with a 100 μM concentration of CBHA during the in vitro early culture (10 h). Cleavage rates and development to the blastocyst stage were assessed. No significant difference was observed the cleavage rate among the groups (82.6%, 76.4% and 82.2%, respectively). However, the development competence to the blastocyst stage was significantly increased in CBHA-Z embryos (22.7%) as compared to SCNT and CBHA-C embryos (8.6% and 4.1%)(p<0.05). Total cell numbers and viable cell numbers at the blastocyst stage of porcine SCNT embryos were increased in CBHA-Z embryos as compared to those in CBHA-C embryos (p<0.05). Signal level of histone acetylation (H3K9ac) at the zygote stage of SCNT was increased in CBHA-Z embryos as compared to SCNT and CBHA-C embryos. The results of the present study suggested that treatment with CBHA during the in vitro early culture (10 h) had significantly increased the developmental competence and histone acetylation level at the zygote stage.

첨단교통정보시스템(Advanced Traveler Information System : ATIS) 환경에서 운전자는 최단거리나 최소시간 이외의 다른 기준에 의한 운전경로를 원하기도 한다. 이 연구에서는 최단거리, 최소시간, 최소사고, 최소교차로, 최다차선 등의 다양한 기준을 적용하기 위하여 교통패턴데이터를 이용한 운전자정의 경로안내 App을 구현하였다. 실험을 위한 교통패턴데이터는 3개월 간의 서울시 UTIS (Urban Traffic Information System) 자료로부터 생성하여 서버 DBMS (database management system)를 통해 제공되도록 하였다. 교통패턴데이터에 기초한 운전경로는 클라이언트 측 스마트폰앱에서 표출되며, 서버와 클라이언트 사이의 통신은 중개 미들웨어가 담당하도록 구성하였다. 강남구를 대상으로 한 실험평가에서는 첨두시와 비첨두시 모두 최소사고 경로가 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 운전자정의 경로안내는 정보가 제한적인 운전자들에게 유용하며, 스마트기기를 통해 맞춤형정보로 제공될 수 있다.

Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has successfully been produced cloned animals in several species, the cloning efficiency is extremely low. It is generally believed that the low cloning efficiency is mainly attributed to faulty epigenetic modifications underlying the aberrant reprogramming of donor cell nuclei in recipient cytoplasm after SCNT. The nuclear reprogramming process involves epigenetic modifications, such as DNA demethylation and histone acetylation, which may be a key factor in improving the cloning efficiency. Recently, the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), such as trichosatin A (TSA) and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA), to increase histone acetylation have been used to improve the developmental competence of SCNT embryos. Therefore, we compared the effects of TSA with CBHA on the in vitro developmental competence and pluripotency-related gene expressions (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) in porcine cloned blastocysts. The porcine cloned embryos were treated with a 50 nM concentration of TSA or a 100 μm concentration of CBHA during the in vitro early culture (10h) after cell fusion and then were assessed to cleavage rate, development to the blastocyst stage and pluripotency-related gene expressions in NT blastocysts. All data was analyzed by chi-square. Following 4-5 replicates (245, 200 and 222 for NT, TSA and CBHA treated NT embryos respectively) there was no difference between normal NT and CBHA treated NT embryos, whereas TSA treated NT embryos was significantly decreased for cleavage rate (p<0.05). The developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in CBHA treated NT embryos (18.9%) significantly increased than that of normal NT and TSA treated NT embryos (9.4% and 11.5%) (p<0.05). In addition, all of pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) were highly expressed in the CBHA treated NT embryos, however, Sox2 and Oct3/4 were expressed in TSA treated NT embryos and Sox2 was only expressed in normal NT embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment of CBHA as a histone deacetylase inhibitor significantly increased the developmental competence of porcine NT embryos and pluripotency- related gene expressions (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) in NT blastocysts.

Environmental stress is a growing problem for the productivity of forage crops. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation due to several abiotic stresses is a fundamental process that interrupts several physiological processes and causes a significant reduction on growth and yield of many forage crops. Molecular breeding such as genetic transformation has become a popular biotechnological tool for improving forage quality as well as improves tolerance to various abiotic stresses. As a first step of genetic transformation in tall fescue, we established an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation protocol using mature seed-derived embryogenic callus. After optimization of the transformation system, several genes of interest have been used to generate abiotic stress tolerant forage grasses. We generated transgenic tall fescue plants expressing NDPK genes under the control of the oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter. Transgenic plants showed enhanced tolerance to several abiotic stresses. Results in the current study, suggest that NDPK mediated multiple stress tolerance by increasing the expression of genes involved in antioxidant and protective functions, possibly through activation of an MAPK cascade.

Objetive : The cold feeling disease is feeling a cold at normal temperature in specific part of body and it can be felt by oneself and the others. This disease let the person who has the disease take various inconvinience in daily life but they don't take any specific care and actucally there are not efficient care. In this study we took Tae-gye(KI3) which is one of the nine point that circulating energe to whole body(回陽九針穴) and observe the efficiency conpare with non acupoint Methord : We used infra-red thermometer to measure the temperature of hand and arm. Acupuncture is treated using Park-sharm device for double-blinding test. Temperature of PC8 is compared with LU4 for measure the coldness of hand. Results : Taking the temperature of Before-state, average temperature of PC8 is lower then LU4 at 0.3℃ degree. Right about acupuncturing, temperature of PC8 got lower at 0.238℃ degree comparing LU4 in treatment group and , got higher at 0.5℃ degree in control group, but both of them have no significance(p>0.05) During the acupuncturing, temperature of PC8 got higher at 0.388℃ degree then LU4 in treatment group and got higher at 0.975℃ degree in control group, but both of them have no significance(p>0.05). After remove the acupuncture, temperature of PC8 got lower at 0.013℃ degree then LU4 in treatment group and got higher at 0.713℃ degree in control group, but both of them have no significance(p>0.05). In control group, the differences of change are very intense for each grade and they had large standard deviation. In treatment group the differences are decreased gradually and they had small standard deviation(SD=0.424) compare with control group (SD=0.723) but there are no significant difference. Conclusion : The results suggested that KI3 can decrease the difference of temperature between PC8 and LU4, and reduce the coldness of hand. After this, study with more group is needed to verify the possibility.

RI 폐기물 내에 있는 낮은 방사능의 요오드의 함량을 결정하기 위해 산분해법과 BPGe 감마 선분광계를 이용하는 방법이 개발되었다. 분석에 앞서 모의시료인 제염지 내에 이 일정량 첨가되었으며, 100 mL의 0.4 N 와 100 mL의 9 M , 10 mL의 30% , 1 mL의 를 넣고 산분해과정을 거치면서 증류된 용액을 응축하여 포집하였다. 의 용매추출에 의한 화학 분리과정을 거친 후 를 첨가해서 얻은 AgI 침전물을 여과하고 건조하여 측정하였다. 산분해 과정, 화학 분리과정, 여과 및 침전과정 등 세 단계로 나눠 회수율을 측정한 결과, 각각 94% 이상의 회수율을 나타냈으며, 본 연구의 측정조건에서 최소검출방사능은 0.6 Bq/g이었다.

Small heat shock proteins (Hsps) are one of most conserved molecular chaperones that protect stress-inducible denaturation of substrates in living organisms. Small Hsps consist of a large subfamily categorized by subcellular localization ranging in size from 12 to 40 kDa. Here, we identified and characterized a small Hsp 16.9 gene (EsHsp16.9) from Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.). EsHsp16.9 is a 456-bp cDNA with an open reading frame predicted to encode a 151-amino acid protein. It possesses a conserved ɑ-crystallin domain, which is a unique domain for small Hsps; shares high sequence similarity with cytosolic class I small Hsps among the small Hsp subfamily in Arabidopsis; and is close (96% similarity) to small Hsp in wheat. Northern blot analysis showed that EsHsp16.9 transcripts were enhanced by heat, drought, arsenate, methyl viologen, and H2O2 treatments. Moreover, we expressed and purified recombinant EsHsp16.9 proteins in Escherichia coli to confirm its activity as a molecular chaperone. We found that recombinant EsHsp16.9 exhibits effective molecular chaperone activity, as determined by inhibition of thermal aggregation of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which is broadly used as a model substrate.

복지 발전과 비례로 장애인에 대한 인식의 변화가 함께 변하기보다는 장애인 시설에 대한 님비현상이 심하게 됨으로 시설에서 지역주민들과의 교류가 필요하지만 잘 이루어지지 않는 실정이다. 이와 함께 장애인은 지역사회에서 떨어져서 시설에서만 생활하다보니 사회적인 능력이 약하고 여러 가지 문제 행동이 나타났다. 이에 일반인과 장애인이 함께 통합 할 수 있는 원예치료 프로그램을 통해서 장애인에게는 행동적 변화와 대인관계능력의 향상을 일반인에게는 자아존중감과 시설에 대한 인식도에 대한 변화를 주고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 원예치료를 일반인과 지적장애인이 함께 함으로 일반인과 장애인에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 I시의 S시설 지적 장애인 8명과 지역주민 8명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 실시한 결과 생활에서는 장애인과 사회심리정서적 행동과 대인관계 능력이 향상되는 것을 볼 수 있었고 일반인 자아존중감과 장애 시설에 대한 인식도가 향상된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 지적장애인에게 원예치료를 실시한 연구와 유사하며 일반인에게도 실시한 연구와도 비슷한 결과를 볼 수 있었다. 이는 원예치료가 장애인과 일반이 함께 원예치료를 즐기고 이를 반복적으로 하면서 성취감을 느끼게 하기 때문이다. 장애시설에서 단순히 지역주민에게 도움을 받는 것만이 아니라 함께 나누고 즐길 수 있는 프로그램을 실시 함으로 시설에 대한 부정적인 인식을 줄이고 장애인은 지역주민 함께 하면서 삶이 더 윤택할 수 있도록 할 수 있는 것을 알아보았다. 추후에 기간을 길게 하고 다양한 계층과 교류할 수 있는 원예치료 프로그램을 다양화 하며 이에 대한 개발이 필요하다고 생각된다.